The Library of Essays on Law and Privacy

Privacy has now become a major topic not only in law but in computing, psychology, economics and social studies, and the explosion in scholarship has made it difficult for the student to traverse the field and identify the significant issues across the many disciplines. This series brings together a collection of significant papers with a multi-disciplinary approach which enable the reader to navigate through the complexities of the issues and make sense of the prolific scholarship published in this field.

The three volumes in this series address different themes: an anthropological approach to what privacy means in a cultural context; the issue of state surveillance where the state must both protect the individual and protect others from that individual and also protect itself; and, finally, what privacy might mean in a world where government and commerce collect data incessantly. The regulation of privacy is continually being called for and these papers help enable understanding of the ethical rationales behind the choices made in the sphere of regulation of privacy.

The articles presented in each of these collections have been chosen for the quality of their scholarship and their utility to the researcher, and feature a variety of approaches. The articles which debate the technical context of privacy are accessible to those from the arts and humanities; overall, the breadth of approach taken in the choice of articles has created a series which is an invaluable and important resource for lecturers, researchers and student.

From the Land to Sea and Back Again? Using Terrestrial Planning to Understand the Process of Marine Spatial Planning

Over the last 5–10 years, marine spatial planning (MSP) has emerged as a new management regime for national and international waters and has already attracted a substantial body of multi-disciplinary research on its goals and policy processes. This paper argues that this literature has generally lacked deeper reflexive engagement with the emerging system of governance for our seas that has meant that many of MSP’s core concepts, assumptions and institutional arrangements have not been subject rigorous intellectual debate. In an attempt to initiate such an approach, this article explores the relationship between MSP and its land-based cousin, terrestrial spatial planning (TSP). While it is recognized that there are inherent limitations to a comparison of these two systems, it is argued that the tradition of social science debate over the purpose and processes of TSP can be used as a useful stimulus for a more rigorous reflection of such issues as they relate to MSP. The article therefore explores some of the parallels between MSP and TSP and then discusses some of the key intellectual traditions that have shaped TSP and the implications these may have for future marine planning practice. The article concludes with a number of potentially useful new avenues that may form the basis of a critical research agenda for MSP.

Towards a better understanding of the nature and contribution of the interflow to catchment dynamics.

A detailed understanding of flow and contaminant transfer along each of the key hydrological pathways within a catchment is critical for designing and implementing cost effective Programmes of Measures under the Water
Framework Directive.
The Contaminant Movement along Pathways Project (’The Pathways Project’) is an Irish, EPA STRIVE funded, large multi-disciplinary project which is focussed on understanding and modelling flow and attenuation along each of these pathways for the purposes of developing a catchment management tool. The tool will be used by EPA and RBD catchment managers to assess and manage the impacts of diffuse contamination on stream aquatic ecology. Four main contaminants of interest — nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment and pathogens — are being
investigated in four instrumented test catchments. In addition to the usual hydrological and water chemistry/quality parameters typically captured in catchment studies, field measurements at the test catchments include ecological
sampling, sediment dynamics, soil moisture dynamics, and groundwater levels and chemistry/quality, both during and between significant rainfall events. Spatial and temporal sampling of waters directly from the pathways of
interest is also being carried out.
Sixty-five percent of Ireland is underlain by poorly productive aquifers. In these hydrogeological settings, the main pathways delivering flow to streams are overland flow, interflow and shallow bedrock flow. Little is
known about the interflow pathway and its relative importance in delivery of flow and contaminants to the streams. Interflow can occur in both the topsoil and subsoil, and may include unsaturated matrix flow, bypass or macropore
flow, saturated flow in locally perched water tables and artificial field drainage.
Results to date from the test catchment experiments show that artificial field drains play an important role in the delivery of interflow to these streams, during and between rainfall events when antecedent conditions are
favourable. Hydrochemical mixing models, using silica and SAC254 (the absorbance of UV light at a wavelength of 254 nm which is a proxy for dissolved organic matter) as tracers, show that drain flow is an important end
member contributing to the stream and that proportionally, its contribution is relatively high.
Results from the study also demonstrate that waters originating from one pathway often mix with the waters from another, and are subsequently delivered to the stream at rates, and with chemical/quality characteristics,
that are not typical of either pathway. For example, pre-event shallow groundwater not far from the catchment divide comes up to the surface as rejected recharge during rainfall events and is rapidly delivered to the stream
via overland flow and/or artificial land drainage, bringing with it higher nitrate than would often be expected from a quickflow pathway contribution. This is contrary to the assumption often made in catchment studies that the
deeper hydrological pathways have slower response times in stream hydrographs during a rainfall event, and it emphasizes that it is critical to have a strong three-dimensional conceptual model as the basis for the interpretation
of catchment data.

Identifying research priorities on infections in older adults:Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop

Background: Infections pose a substantial burden to the health of older adults. In this report, we describe the proceedings of a workshop to formulate and prioritize research questions about infections in older adults using an interdisciplinary approach. Methods: Researchers from four sectors (basic science, clinical sciences, health services and epidemiology/determinants of health) and representatives from various Canadian local, provincial, and federal stakeholder groups were invited to a two-day workshop. Five multi-disciplinary groups and stakeholders from each of three healthcare settings (long term, acute care and community) discussed research priorities for each of the settings. Five to ten research questions were identified for each setting. Results: The research questions proposed ranged from risk factors and outcomes for different infections to the effect of nutrition on infection and the role of alternative and complementary medicine in treating infections. Health service issues included barriers to immunization, prolongation of hospital length of stay by infection, use of care paths for managing infections, and decision-making in determining the site of care for individuals with infections. Clinical questions included risk factor assessment for infection, the effectiveness of preventative strategies, and technology evaluation. Epidemiologic issues included the challenge of achieving a better understanding of respiratory infections in the community and determining the prevalence of colonization with multi-resistant bacteria. Conclusions: The questions are of direct relevance to researchers in a wide variety of fields. Bringing together a multi-disciplinary group of researchers to frame and prioritize research questions about aging is feasible, participants valued the opinions of people working in other areas.

An exploration into the palliative and end-of-life experiences of carers of people with Parkinson's disease

Although most people with Parkinson's disease are cared for in the community, little is known about family members' lived experiences of palliative or end-of-life care. The aim of this study was to explore former carers' lived experiences of palliative and end-of-life care. In total, 15 former family caregivers of patients who had died with Parkinson's disease were interviewed using a semi-structured topic list. Findings indicated that some palliative and end-of-life care needs had not been fully addressed. Lack of communication, knowledge and coordination of services resulted in many people caring for someone with Parkinson's disease not accessing specialist palliative care services. Participants also reflected upon the physical and psychological impact of caring in the advanced stage of Parkinson's. A multi-disciplinary team-based approach was advocated by participants. These findings provide important insights into the experience of caregiving to patients with Parkinson's disease in the home at the end-of-life stage. According to palliative care standards, patients and their carers are the unit of care; in reality, however, this standard is not being met.

The lateritic profile of Balkouin, Burkina Faso: geochemistry, mineralogy and genesis

This study reports on the geochemical and mineralogical characterization of a lateritic profile cropping out in the Balkouin area, Central Burkina Faso, aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the processes responsible for the formation of the laterite itself and the constraints to its development. The lateritic profile rests on a Paleoproterozoic basement mostly composed of granodioritic rocks related to the Eburnean magmatic cycle passing upwards to saprolite and consists of four main composite horizons (bottom to top): kaolinite and clay-rich horizons, mottled laterite and iron-rich duricrust. In order to achieve such a goal, a multi-disciplinary analytical approach was adopted, which includes inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission and mass spectrometries (ICP-AES and ICP-MS respectively), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy.

The geochemical data, and particularly the immobile elements distribution and REE patterns, show that the Balkouin laterite is the product of an in situ lateritization process that involved a strong depletion of the more soluble elements (K, Mg, Ca, Na, Rb, Sr and Ba) and an enrichment in Fe; Si was also removed, particularly in the uppermost horizons. All along the profile the change in composition is coupled with important changes in mineralogy. In particular, the saprolite is characterized by occurrence of abundant albitic plagioclase, quartz and nontronite; kaolinite is apparently absent. The transition to the overlying lateritic profile marks the breakdown of plagioclase and nontronite, thus allowing kaolinite to become one of the major components upwards, together with goethite and quartz. The upper part of the profile is strongly enriched in hematite (+ kaolinite). Ti oxides (at least in part as anatase) and apatite are typical accessory phases, while free aluminum hydroxides are notably absent. Mass change calculations emphasize the extent of the mass loss, which exceeds 50 wt% (and often 70 wt%) for almost all horizons; only Fe was significantly concentrated in the residual system.

The geochemical and mineralogical features suggest that the lateritic profile is the product of a continuous process that gradually developed from the bedrock upwards, in agreement with the Schellmann classic genetic model. The laterite formation must have occurred at low pH (? 4.5) and high Eh (? 0.4) values, i.e., under acidic and oxidizing environments, which allowed strongly selective leaching conditions. The lack of gibbsite and bohemite is in agreement with the compositional data: the occurrence of quartz (± amorphous silica) all along the profile was an inhibiting factor for the formation of free aluminum hydroxides.

Integrating petrography, mineralogy and hydrochemistry to constrain the influence and distribution of groundwater contributions to baseflow in poorly productive aquifers: Insights from Gortinlieve catchment, Co. Donegal, NW Ireland

Identifying groundwater contributions to baseflowforms an essential part of surfacewater body characterisation. The Gortinlieve catchment (5 km2) comprises a headwater stream network of the Carrigans River, itself a tributary of the River Foyle, NW Ireland. The bedrock comprises poorly productive metasediments that are characterised by fracture porosity. We present the findings of a multi-disciplinary study that integrates new hydrochemical and mineralogical investigations with existing hydraulic, geophysical and structural data to identify the scales of groundwater flow and the nature of groundwater/bedrock interaction (chemical denudation). At the catchment scale, the development of deep weathering profiles is controlled by NE-SW regional scale fracture zones associated with mountain building during the Grampian orogeny. In-situ chemical denudation of mineral phases is controlled by micro- to meso-scale fractures related to Alpine compression during Palaeocene to Oligocene times. The alteration of primary muscovite, chlorite (clinochlore) and albite along the surfaces of these small-scale fractures has resulted in the precipitation of illite, montmorillonite and illite/montmorillonite clay admixtures. The interconnected but discontinuous nature of these small-scale structures highlights the role of larger scale faults and fissures in the supply and transportation of weathering solutions to/from the sites of mineral weathering. The dissolution of primarily mineral phases releases the major ions Mg, Ca and HCO3 that are shown to subsequently formthe chemical makeup of groundwaters. Borehole groundwater and stream baseflow hydrochemical data are used to constrain the depths of groundwater flow pathways influencing the chemistry of surface waters throughout the stream profile. The results show that it is predominantly the lower part of the catchment, which receives inputs from catchment/regional scale groundwater flow, that is found to contribute to the maintenance of annual baseflow levels. This study identifies the importance
of deep groundwater in maintaining annual baseflow levels in poorly productive bedrock systems.

Spacing Commemorative-related Violence in Northern Ireland: Assessing the implications for a society in transition

This paper explores the geography of commemorative-related violence in Northern Ireland and considers its ramifications for a society in transition. Using original primary research, this article contributes to discussions on violence, space and memory through a spatial analysis of new quantitative archival data and existing archival material explored through a multi-disciplinary lens. It examines the complex relationship between the practices and processes of commemoration, the violence that it sometimes occasions and the places in which such violence exists. In unpacking this specific form of violence we consider the continued importance of both place and past in a post-conflict society. This includes a concern for the changing structures and forms of governance that influence how the past is negotiated as Northern Ireland marks a decade of commemorations leading up to the centenary of its contested creation.

The implausibility of ‘usual care’ in an open system: sedation and weaning practices in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) in the United Kingdom (UK).

Background
The power of the randomised controlled trial depends upon its capacity to operate in a closed system whereby the intervention is the only causal force acting upon the experimental group and absent in the control group, permitting a valid assessment of intervention efficacy. Conversely, clinical arenas are open systems where factors relating to context, resources, interpretation and actions of individuals will affect implementation and effectiveness of interventions. Consequently, the comparator (usual care) can be difficult to define and variable in multi-centre trials. Hence outcomes cannot be understood without considering usual care and factors that may affect implementation and impact on the intervention.

Methods
Using a fieldwork approach, we describe PICU context, ‘usual’ practice in sedation and weaning from mechanical ventilation, and factors affecting implementation prior to designing a trial involving a sedation and ventilation weaning intervention. We collected data from 23 UK PICUs between June and November 2014 using observation, individual and multi-disciplinary group interviews with staff.

Results
Pain and sedation practices were broadly similar in terms of drug usage and assessment tools. Sedation protocols linking assessment to appropriate titration of sedatives and sedation holds were rarely used (9 % and 4 % of PICUs respectively). Ventilator weaning was primarily a medical-led process with 39 % of PICUs engaging senior nurses in the process: weaning protocols were rarely used (9 % of PICUs). Weaning methods were variably based on clinician preference. No formal criteria or use of spontaneous breathing trials were used to test weaning readiness. Seventeen PICUs (74 %) had prior engagement in multi-centre trials, but limited research nurse availability. Barriers to previous trial implementation were intervention complexity, lack of belief in the evidence and inadequate training. Facilitating factors were senior staff buy-in and dedicated research nurse provision.

Conclusions
We examined and identified contextual and organisational factors that may impact on the implementation of our intervention. We found usual practice relating to sedation, analgesia and ventilator weaning broadly similar, yet distinctively different from our proposed intervention, providing assurance in our ability to evaluate intervention effects. The data will enable us to develop an implementation plan; considering these factors we can more fully understand their impact on study outcomes.

In Pursuit of Human Dignity

The discussion of human dignity raises such complex issues, and the issues that current scholarship now considers central to its understanding are so daunting, that we are in danger of not being able to see the forest for the trees. This Introduction forms the first chapter of a book of essays (Christopher McCrudden (ed.), UNDERSTANDING HUMAN DIGNITY,
Proceedings of the British Academy/Oxford University Press, in press) by a multi-disciplinary group of historians, legal academics, judges, political scientists, theologians, and philosophers, arising from a Conference held in Rhodes House, Oxford In June 2012. The Introduction aims to provide a guide, a map, through the thicket of current dignity scholarship. It situates the subsequent chapters of the book within an overview of the terrain that currently constitutes debates about the use of dignity in these fields. I have not attempted to put forward my own
comprehensive account of dignity. Mostly based on the rich conversations that took place at the Conference, I have sought, rather, to probe the potential strengths and weaknesses of all of the principal positions identified, at least in some contexts taking on the role of a Devil’s Advocate.

A imagem dos destinos turísticos de montanha: olhares dos residentes e dos turistas

No actual contexto de competitividade, os destinos turísticos podem diferenciar-se pela imagem que os turistas e residentes têm sobre eles enquanto espaços alternativos de lazer e turismo (Baloglu & Mangaloglu, 2001). A imagem dos destinos constitui um conceito central na literatura em turismo porque está fortemente relacionada com o comportamento dos residentes e dos turistas (Baloglu & McCleary, 1999). A imagem afecta o comportamento de escolha e avaliação do destino, da viagem e da participação e experiência turísticas (Echtner and Ritchie 1991; Lee & Lee, 2009). Por outro lado, os residentes têm, também eles, uma imagem sobre o local onde residem que pode e deve ser analisada, afectando, por sua vez, a percepção que os turistas têm desses espaços (Gallarza, Saura & García, 2001). Alguns destinos turísticos possuem características simbólicas que exercem forte influência na formação da sua imagem, como são o caso dos espaços de montanha. De facto, as montanhas constituem um dos mais profundos arquétipos da Humanidade simbolizando poder, liberdade e eternidade (Smethurst, 2000, p.36). As regiões de montanha têm-se tornado num dos mais atractivos destinos turísticos constituindo a sua procura, actualmente, 20% dos fluxos turísticos globais com 500 milhões de turistas anualmente (UNEP, 2002; Thomas et al., 2006). Mas até muito recentemente, os estudos sobre os espaços de montanha limitavam-se, maioritariamente, às suas características físicas, ecológicas e ambientais (Smethurst, 2000). Uma abordagem do ponto de vista do turismo de montanha, no contexto da imagem, pode revelar-se, assim, essencial. Neste contexto, o presente estudo pretende analisar, de uma forma holística e multidisciplinar, a imagem que os residentes e turistas têm dos espaços de montanha, bem como o respectivo gap. O objectivo central é construir uma escala MDI - Mountain Destination Image Scale - no sentido de medir os parâmetros da imagem do destino, incluindo factores cognitivos e afectivos e tendo em conta os grupos populacionais turistas e residentes. Com base numa extensa revisão da literatura em imagem dos destinos turísticos e nos significados sociais e culturais da montanha ao longo do tempo, e no âmbito do trabalho empírico realizado a 315 turistas e 315 residentes na Serra da Estrela (Portugal), Alpes (França, Áustria e Suiça) e Picos da Europa (Espanha), os resultados indicam que a escala multidimensional MDI integra cinco dimensões de imagem de montanha pelos turistas: (1) histórico-cultural, (2) natural/ecológica, (3) social e prestígio, (4) lazer e desporto e (5) afectiva; e três dimensões percepcionadas pelos residentes: (1) mística/sagrada, (2) histórico-cultural e (3) afectiva. A discussão é centrada nas implicações teóricas e práticas da escala MDI no planeamento, gestão e marketing dos destinos turísticos de montanha. São igualmente apresentadas as limitações do presente estudo e traçadas algumas linhas orientadoras para investigações futuras.

A saúde mental dos sem abrigo: comunidades de inserção

Pretendemos com este estudo caracterizar os sem abrigo, as suas redes e relações sociais, bem como os modelos de intervenção, de forma a que se possa ter um maior conhecimento acerca desta problemática. Para a consecução destes propósitos, foram delineados os seguintes objectivos: caracterizar a população sem abrigo em termos de variáveis sócio-demográficas; identificar a sua rede social de apoio; caracterizar as dimensões sociais associadas à vinculação adulta nos sem abrigo; caracterizar a incidência de psicopatologia nesta população; analisar o seu bem estar psicológico; caracterizar os acontecimentos de vida stressantes que contribuem para a emergência desta problemática. Para atingir estes objectivos foram realizados dois estudos, um de carácter quantitativo e um segundo de carácter qualitativo. Participaram 225 indivíduos (105 sem abrigo e 120 pessoas carenciadas) garantindo a homogeneidade nas variáveis sexo e idade. A média de idades da amostra total (n= 225) é de 38 anos, sendo que a maioria dos sujeitos desta investigação pertence ao sexo masculino (78,5%). O grupo dos sem abrigo foi recolhido em duas comunidades de inserção, na zona centro do país, sendo importante destacar que todos nesta fase têm apoio residencial, satisfação das necessidades básicas, acompanhamento social e psicológico, bem como, projectos de inserção em curso. O protocolo de recolha de informação inclui dados pessoais, a versão portuguesa da (ASQ)-Questionário de Estilos de Vinculação nos Sem Abrigo (QEVSA), da escala de ocorrência de acontecimentos de vida stressantes relacionados com o surgimento do primeiro episódio de sem abrigo (EAVSSA), do Questionário de Morbilidade Psiquiátrica em Adultos (QMPA), do Medical Outcomes Study’s social support scale (MOS-SSS-P), a escala de medida de manifestação de bem-estar psicológico (EMMBEP), o programa de intervenção da CINO e uma entrevista estruturada utilizada no estudo qualitativo. Os principais resultados são: a) o perfil de sem abrigo encontrado é maioritariamente homem, em média com 39 anos, solteiro ou divorciado, com 1 filho, 2.º ciclo de escolaridade, desempregado e português; b) maioria viveu na rua mais de um ano, está na instituição há menos de meio ano, não teve nos últimos seis meses consumo de substâncias (álcool e drogas), frequenta consultas (saúde mental e toxicodependência), toma medicação (terapêutica de substituição e neurolépticos), afirma não ter comportamentos de risco, e na maioria têm patologia infecciosa (HIV ou hepatite c), tendo cerca de 40% estado detidos; c) a problemática dos sem abrigo é um fenómeno multicausal apontando como principais factores o conflito familiar, o desemprego e problemas de saúde; d) em termos de vinculação população sem abrigo parece corresponder a indivíduos com vinculação insegura, denotando uma falta de confiança generalizada; e) em termos de bem estar psicológico a média foi significativamente superior no grupo de pessoas carenciadas, quando comparado com o grupo dos sem abrigo; f) no que toca à saúde mental constatamos que 80% dos sem abrigo e 42.5% das pessoas carenciadas são portadores de transtorno mental; g) no que concerne ao apoio social os sem abrigo referem menor suporte social (apoio emocional, afectivo, instrumental e menor interacção social positiva) que as pessoas carenciadas; h) os sem abrigo têm menos familiares e amigos íntimos; i) os resultados do estudo qualitativo indicam que o programa de intervenção da CINO, parece contribuir para a emergência de uma rede social estável, activa, acessível e integrada que se constitui como um sistema salutogénico para o indivíduo, diminuindo o uso dos serviços. Parece ainda eficaz aos olhos dos próprios e destacam como factor fundamental a sua participação activa no mesmo, a importância de rotinas organizadoras, de espaços de terapia de grupo e a existência de equipa multidisciplinar. Destacam ainda como positivo o facto de existir um primeiro período de regime fechado como estratégia de prevenção de recaída, um programa faseado de aquisição de responsabilidades e autonomia, acesso a emprego no exterior da comunidade e o follow-up pós autonomização. Como implicação deste trabalho salienta-se a produção de conhecimentos acerca da realidade dos sem abrigo na região centro do país e de estratégias de intervenção.

A Benefit-Risk Assessment Framework for Development of Clinical Guidelines in Diagnostic Radiology

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2015-12

A participação das crianças em Intervenção precoce: representações sociais das técnicas e das famílias

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação Especialização em Intervenção Precoce

A participação das crianças em lares de infância e juventude: representações e práticas. um estudo de caso.

Dissertação de 2º Ciclo conducente ao grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação - especialização em Educação Social e Intervenção Comunitária