Prevalencia de neumoconiosis y hallazgos espirométricos en trabajadores expuestos a polvo de carbón en minería subterránea en el Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia, 2014

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de neumoconiosis y caracterizar los resultados de la espirometría y la presencia de síntomas respiratorios en trabajadores expuestos a polvo de carbón por las labores realizadas en minas de socavón en Cundinamarca. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal en 215 trabajadores con exposición ocupacional a polvo de carbón, que laboran en minas subterráneas en Cundinamarca, 2014. Se recolectó información de variables sociodemográficas, hábitos de tabaquismo, resultados de espirometría, cuestionario de síntomas respiratorios y radiografía de tórax con toma y lectura según criterios exigidos por la guía técnica de la OIT. Se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias absolutas y relativas expresadas en porcentajes para las variables cualitativas y para variables cuantitativas medidas de tendencia central y de variabilidad. Se usó la prueba de asociación chí cuadrado, o prueba de correlación según naturaleza de las variables y análisis multivariable para el control o ajuste de la relación por dichas variables. Resultados: La edad media de la población fue de 45,5 años y la antigüedad laboral media de 21,7 años. El diagnóstico según resultados de espirometría se clasificó con patrón normal el 89.8% de la población estudiada, patrón obstructivo el 5.1%, patrón restrictivo el 3,7% y alteración vías aéreas periféricas el 0,5%. Conclusión: La prevalencia de neumoconiosis en los trabajadores de Cundinamarca fue de 42,33% teniendo en cuenta los criterios establecidos por la OIT para lectura de radiografías de tórax e indica la necesidad de implementar políticas para la prevención de enfermedades asociadas a la explotación minera

Prevalencia de neumoconiosis y su relación con medidas de higiene y seguridad industrial y niveles ambientales de carbón en minería subterránea en el departamento de Cundinamarca - Colombia, 2015

Introducción: La exposición en minas subterráneas a altos niveles de polvo de carbón está relacionada con patologías pulmonares. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de neumoconiosis, medidas de higiene y seguridad industrial y su relación con niveles ambientales de carbón en trabajadores de minas de socavón en Cundinamarca. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, en 215 trabajadores seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado con asignación proporcional. Se realizaron monitoreos ambientales, radiografías de tórax y encuestas con variables sociodemográficas y laborales. Se emplearon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión y la prueba de independencia ji-cuadrado de Pearson o pruebas exactas, con el fin de establecer las asociaciones. Resultados: El 99,5% de la población perteneció al género masculino, el 36,7% tenía entre 41-50 años, con un promedio de años de trabajo de 21,70 ± 9,99. La prevalencia de neumoconiosis fue de 42,3% y la mediana de la concentración de polvo de carbón bituminoso fue de 2,329670 mg/m3. El índice de riesgo de polvo de carbón presentó diferencias significativas en las categorías de bajo (p=0,0001) y medio (p=0,0186) con la prevalencia de neumoconiosis. El 84,2% reporto no usar mascarilla. No se presentan diferencias entre los niveles de carbón (p=0,194) con la prevalencia de neumoconiosis. Conclusiones: Se encontró una prevalencia de neumoconiosis de 42,3% en Cundinamarca. Se requiere contar con medidas de higiene y seguridad industrial efectivas para controlar el riesgo al que están expuestos los mineros de carbón por la inhalación de polvo de carbón.

Relación entre los hallazgos radiográficos y la sintomatología respiratoria en trabajadores expuestos a polvo de carbón en minería de socavón en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia 2015

Introducción: La inhalación de polvo de carbón favorece el desarrollo de neumoconiosis, causa daños irreversibles al pulmón que se identifican radiológicamente. Los síntomas son tardíos y la patología se puede desarrollar tras varios años de exposición. Objetivo: Caracterizar los hallazgos radiográficos según la metodología de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) 2000 y relacionarlos con la sintomatología respiratoria en trabajadores expuestos a polvo de carbón en las labores de minería de socavón en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia, 2015. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal realizado en 232 mineros, se indagó características sociodemográficas, signos y síntomas del sistema respiratorio. Se realizó radiografías de tórax y se aplicó la metodología OIT para describir los hallazgos. Se estableció asociación estadística a través de la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizó el programa SPSS statistics 2.3 Resultados: Toda la población fue de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 40,8 años. El cargo de picador fue el más frecuente en 72,4% de los trabajadores. Las radiografías mostraron opacidades pequeñas redondeadas (q/q) en 42%. La expectoración fue el síntoma más frecuente 66,4%. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el tabaquismo con las anomalía parenquimatosas (p=0,002).Conclusión: La prevalencia de neumoconiosis para el departamento de Boyacá fue de 29.7% entre los trabajadores valorados según los criterios OIT para lectura de radiografías de tórax, por lo que se requiere poner en práctica medidas de control a fin de reducir al mínimo la exposición de los trabajadores.

1,8-Cineol inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity

Natural plant-derived products are commonly applied to treat a broad range of human diseases, including cancer as well as chronic and acute airway inflammation. In this regard, the monoterpene oxide 1,8-cineol, the active ingredient of the clinically approved drug Soledum®, is well-established for the therapy of airway diseases, such as chronic sinusitis and bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Although clinical trials underline the beneficial effects of 1,8-cineol in treating inflammatory diseases, the molecular mode of action still remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a 1,8-cineol-depending reduction of NF-κB-activity in human cell lines U373 and HeLa upon stimulation using lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Immunocytochemistry further revealed a reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, while qPCR and western blot analyses showed strongly attenuated expression of NF-κB target genes. Treatment with 1,8-cineol further led to increased protein levels of IκBα in an IKK-independent matter, while FRET-analyses showed restoring of LPS-associated loss of interaction between NF-κB p65 and IκBα. We likewise observed reduced amounts of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 protein in U373 cells after exposure to 1,8-cineol. In addition, 1,8-cineol led to decreased amount of nuclear NF-κB p65 and reduction of its target gene IκBα at protein level in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our findings suggest a novel mode of action of 1,8-cineol through inhibition of nuclear NF-κB p65 translocation via IκBα resulting in decreased levels of proinflammatory NF-κB target genes and may therefore broaden the field of clinical application of this natural drug for treating inflammatory diseases.

Dyspnea-related cues engage the prefrontal cortex - evidence from functional brain imaging in COPD

Dyspnea is the major source of disability in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In COPD, environmental cues (e.g. the prospect of having to climb stairs) become associated with dyspnea, and may trigger dyspnea even before physical activity commences. We hypothesised that brain activation relating to such cues would be different between COPD patients and healthy controls, reflecting greater engagement of emotional mechanisms in patients. Methods: Using FMRI, we investigated brain responses to dyspnea-related word cues in 41 COPD patients and 40 healthy age-matched controls. We combined these findings with scores of self-report questionnaires thus linking the FMRI task with clinically relevant measures. This approach was adapted from studies in pain that enables identification of brain networks responsible for pain processing despite absence of a physical challenge. Results: COPD patients demonstrate activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) which correlated with the visual analogue scale (VAS) response to word cues. This activity independently correlated with patient-reported questionnaires of depression, fatigue and dyspnea vigilance. Activation in the anterior insula, lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) and precuneus correlated with the VAS dyspnea scale but not the questionnaires. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that engagement of the brain's emotional circuitry is important for interpretation of dyspnea-related cues in COPD, and is influenced by depression, fatigue, and vigilance. A heightened response to salient cues is associated with increased symptom perception in chronic pain and asthma, and our findings suggest such mechanisms may be relevant in COPD.

Long-range ozone transport and its impact on respiratory and cardiovascular health in the north of Portugal

Ozone dynamics depend on meteorological characteristics such as wind, radiation, sunshine, air temperature and precipitation. The aim of this study was to determine ozone trajectories along the northern coast of Portugal during the summer months of 2005, when there was a spate of forest fires in the region, evaluating their impact on respiratory and cardiovascular health in the greater metropolitan area of Porto. We investigated the following diseases, as coded in the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases: hypertensive disease (codes 401-405); ischemic heart disease (codes 410-414); other cardiac diseases, including heart failure (codes 426-428); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions, including bronchitis and asthma (codes 490-496); and pneumoconiosis and other lung diseases due to external agents (codes 500-507). We evaluated ozone data from air quality monitoring stations in the study area, together with data collected through HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model analysis of air mass circulation and synoptic-scale zonal wind from National Centers for Environmental Prediction data. High ozone levels in rural areas were attributed to the dispersion of pollutants induced by local circulation, as well as by mesoscale and synoptic scale processes. The fires of 2005 increased the levels of pollutants resulting from the direct emission of gases and particles into the atmosphere, especially when there were incoming frontal systems. For the meteorological case studies analyzed, peaks in ozone concentration were positively associated with higher rates of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases, although there were no significant associations between ozone peaks and admissions for respiratory diseases.

Notch signaling controls the balance of ciliated and secretory cell fates in developing airways

Although there is accumulated evidence of a role for Notch in the developing lung, it is still unclear how disruption of Notch signaling affects lung progenitor cell fate and differentiation events in the airway epithelium. To address this issue, we inactivated Notch signaling conditionally in the endoderm using a Shh-Cre deleter mouse line and mice carrying floxed alleles of the Pofut1 gene, which encodes an O-fucosyltransferase essential for Notch-ligand binding. We also took the same conditional approach to inactivate expression of Rbpjk, which encodes the transcriptional effector of canonical Notch signaling. Strikingly, these mutants showed an almost identical lung phenotype characterized by an absence of secretory Clara cells without evidence of cell death, and showed airways populated essentially by ciliated cells, with an increase in neuroendocrine cells. This phenotype could be further replicated in cultured wild-type lungs by disrupting Notch signaling with a gamma-secretase inhibitor. Our data suggest that Notch acts when commitment to a ciliated or non-ciliated cell fate occurs in proximal progenitors, silencing the ciliated program in the cells that will continue to expand and differentiate into secretory cells. This mechanism may be crucial to define the balance of differentiated cell profiles in different generations of the developing airways. It might also be relevant to mediate the metaplastic changes in the respiratory epithelium that occur in pathological conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Communication in Smoking Cessation and Self-management : a study at Nurse-led COPD-clinics in Primary Health Care

ABSTRACTThe general aim of this thesis was to investigate behavioral change communication at nurse-led chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) clinics in primary health care, focusing on communication in self-management and smoking cessation for patients with COPD.Designs: Observational, prospective observational and experimental designs were used.Methods: To explore and describe the structure and content of self-management education and smoking cessation communication, consultations between patients (n=30) and nurses (n=7) were videotaped and analyzed with three instruments: Consulting Map (CM), the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) scale and the Client Language Assessment in Motivational Interviewing (CLAMI). To examine the effects of structured self-management education, patients with COPD (n=52) were randomized in an intervention and a control group. Patients’ quality of life (QoL), knowledge about COPD and smoking cessation were examined with a questionnaire on knowledge about COPD and smoking habits and with St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, addressing QoL. Results: The findings from the videotaped consultations showed that communication about the reasons for consultation mainly concerned medical and physical problems and (to a certain extent) patients´ perceptions. Two consultations ended with shared understanding, but none of the patients received an individual treatment-plan. In the smoking cessation communication the nurses did only to a small extent evoke patients’ reasons for change, fostered collaboration and supported patients’ autonomy. The nurses provided a lot of information (42%), asked closed (21%) rather than open questions (3%), made simpler (14%) rather than complex (2%) reflections and used MI non-adherent (16%) rather than MI-adherent (5%) behavior. Most of the patients’ utterances in the communication were neutral either toward or away from smoking cessation (59%), utterances about reason (desire, ability and need) were 40%, taking steps 1% and commitment to stop smoking 0%. The number of patients who stopped smoking, and patients’ knowledge about the disease and their QoL, was increased by structured self-management education and smoking cessation in collaboration between the patient, nurse and physician and, when necessary, a physiotherapist, a dietician, an occupational therapist and/or a medical social worker.Conclusion The communication at nurse-led COPD clinics rarely involved the patients in shared understanding and responsibility and concerned patients’ fears, worries and problems only to a limited extent. The results also showed that nurses had difficulties in attaining proficiency in behavioral change communication. Structured self-management education showed positive effects on patients’ perceived QoL, on the number of patients who quit smoking and on patients’ knowledge about COPD.

Nurses’ and patients’ communication in smoking cessation at nurse-led COPD clinics in primary health care

Background: Smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have high nicotine dependence making it difficult to quit smoking. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a method that is used in stimulating motivation and behavioral changes. Objective: To describe smoking cessation communication between patients and registered nurses trained in MI in COPD nurse-led clinics in Swedish primary health care. Methods: A prospective observational study with structured quantitative content analyses of the communication between six nurses with basic education in MI and 13 patients in non-smoking consultations. Results: Only to a small extent did nurses’ evoke patients’ reasons for change, stimulate collaboration, and support patients’ autonomy. Nurses provided information, asked closed questions, and made simple reflections. Patients’ communicationwasmainly neutral and focusing on reasons for and against smoking. It was uncommon for patients to be committed and take steps toward smoking cessation. Conclusion: The nurses did not adhere to the principles of MI in smoking cessation, and the patients focused to a limited extent on how to quit smoking. Practice implications: To make patients more active, the nurses need more education and continuous training in motivational communication.

Omvårdnadsåtgärder till patienter med diagnosen KOL : En litteraturstudie

Bakgrund: Kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom(KOL) är en långsiktig sjukdom som tar tid innan den visar symtom. När patienten kommer och vill ha information och åtgärder för sina symtom har sjukdomsförloppet redan pågått ett tag. Eftersom den är långdragen är omvårdnadsåtgärderna olika beroende på vart i tiden man ligger i sjukdomen. År 2020 kommer denna patientgrupp vara den tredje största i världen, finns det omvårdnadsåtgärder som ökar livskvalitén för denna patientgrupp? Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att sammanställa resultat avseende forskning om omvårdnad vid kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom som leder till förbättrad livskvalité. Metod: Litteratur studie. Resultat: Kunskapsutbytet mellan patient och sjuksköterska: Hur viktigt det är med en klar och tydlig information vid möte mellan sjuksköterska och patient. Att ge stöd och trygghet: Viktigt att sjuksköterskan finns tillgänglig för patienten, underlätta för patienten: Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll hos patienter med KOL för att förbättra deras förutsättningar för god livskvalité. Slutsats: Viktigt att skapa en tillit mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten, detta skapar trygghet och resulterar till en god fysisk omvårdnad. När trygghet och tillit har byggts upp mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten blir kommunikationen god och man kan tillsammans komma fram till den bästa lösningen för varje enskild patient.

Informations- och kommunikationsteknologi som stöd för patienter med astma och kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom avseende egenvård. En litteraturstudie.

Bakgrund: Astma och KOL är två vanlig kroniska sjukdomar som är kopplade till stort sjukdomslidande och lägre livskvalité. Många personer som idag lever med sjukdomarna lever isolerat från andra. Idag har vi en ständig utveckling av sociala nätverk som öppnar en ny möjlighet för egenvård. Egenvård kan göra att patienter får en bättre vardag samt att det lättare kan få ett socialt umgänge. Syfte: Syftet är sammanställa befintlig litteratur och där undersöka hur informations- och kommunikationsteknologi underlättar egenvården för patienter med astma och KOL. Metod: Litteraturstudie där artiklarna söktes i databaser för omvårdnadsvetenskap så som Web Of Science, pubmed och Cinahl. Litteraturstudien baseras på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar som både är kvalitativa och kvantitativa. Artiklarna som valdes är inte äldre än 10 år gamla, skrivna på engelska och publicerade i en vetenskaplig tidning. Resultat: Resultatet som artiklarna påvisade är grundade på IKT i form av datorer, mobiltelefoner, surfplattor och web-baserad program. Artiklarna visar att egenvården kan förbättras genom ökad livskvalité, bättre kommunikation och bättre sjukdomsinsikt när man använder IKT. Slutsats: IKT är en viktig roll i våran hälso- och sjukvård idag. Det finns dock liten forskning på hur egenvården kring astma och KOL påverkas av IKT. Den forskning som finns pekar åt är att den förbättrar för patienter. Det behövs även mer forskning kring IKT som en resurs för egenvård kring ett omvårdnadsperspektiv.

O efeito do exercício sobre os níveis de ansiedade, depressão e autoconceito dos pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

A reabilitação pulmonar interdisciplinar, tem sido a melhor alternativa de tratamento para os pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica, DPOC. Este ensaio clínico estudou o efeito do exercício sobre os níveis de ansiedade, depressão e autoconceito de 30 pacientes com DPOC ( média de idade 63,66+11,62 ; 80% sexo masculino) Os pacientes participaram do estudo por 12 semanas e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o grupo experimental (G1) e o grupo controle (G2). Os pacientes de G1 (n=14) tiveram: 24 sessões de fisioterapia respiratória; 12 sessões de acompanhamento psicológico; 3 sessões de educação e 24 sessões de exercício. Os pacientes de G2 (n=16) tiveram: 24 sessões de fisioterapia respiratória; 12 sessões de acompanhamento psicológico e 3 sessões de educação. Este grupo não realizou as sessões de exercício. Antes e após a intervenção, os pacientes passaram por uma avaliação que incluía os seguintes instrumentos: BAI (Inventário de Beck de ansiedade); BDI (Inventário de Beck de depressão), ERA (Escala Reduzida de Autoconceito); Teste de 6 minutos de caminhada e '’The St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire”. Ambos os grupos demonstraram diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05), incluindo diminuição da ansiedade e depressão, aumento do autoconceito, melhora no desempenho do teste de 6 minutos de caminhada e melhora na qualidade de vida. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste t de student e do teste do Qui-quadrado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no tratamento entre os grupos.

O efeito da assistência psicológica num programa de reabilitação pulmonar para pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

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Analysis of cardiovascular system responses to forced vital capacity in COPD

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O teste de capacidade vital forçada (CVF) é rotineiramente realizado na avaliação da função pulmonar de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Entretanto, permanece pouco compreendida a influência do teste de CVF sobre o sistema cardiovascular de pacientes com DPOC. OBJETIVOS: Analisar o comportamento da frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) no teste de CVF na DPOC. MÉTODOS: Dezenove homens com DPOC (72 ± 7 anos, no estágio de gravidade GOLD I=3, II=5, III=7 e IV=4 pacientes) realizaram a manobra de CVF e tiveram sua FC monitorada durante todo o exame, e a VFC analisada nos domínios do tempo (rMSSD) e da frequência (BF, AF e BF/AF) durante o repouso, antes e após a melhor manobra de CVF. A PA foi analisada no repouso, imediatamente ao final da manobra de CVF e 10 minutos após o término de todos os testes. RESULTADOS: Ao início da manobra de CVF, a FC reduziu (p<0,001) e, em seguida, aumentou progressivamente até o final do teste (p<0,001). Após término da manobra, a FC continuou a aumentar até atingir um pico (p<0,001) e depois caiu rapidamente a valores inferiores aos de repouso (p<0,001) e retornou ao seu valor basal. A PA e os índices da VFC não sofreram alterações nos períodos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: O teste de CVF influencia o comportamento da FC, sem alterar o seu controle autonômico, bem como a PA em pacientes com DPOC nos períodos analisados.

Efeitos do apoio dos membros superiores sobre a força muscular respiratória e função pulmonar de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

Objective: To analyze the effect of arm bracing posture on respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).Methods: 20 patients with COPD (11 male; 67 +/- 8 years; BMI 24 +/- 3 Kg . m(-2)) were submitted to assessments of Maximal Inspiratory and Expiratory Pressures (MIP and MEP, respectively) and spirometry with and without arm bracing in a random order. The assessment with arm bracing was done on standing position and the height of the support was adjusted at the level of the ulnar styloid process with elbow flexion and trunk anterior inclination of 30 degrees promoting weight discharge in the upper limbs. Assessment without arm bracing was also performed on standing position, however with the arms relaxed alongside the body. The time interval between assessments was one week.Results: MIP, MEP and maximal voluntary ventilation (MW) were higher with arm bracing than without arm bracing (MIP 64 +/- 22 cmH(2)O versus 54 +/- 24 cmH(2)O, p = 0,00001; MEP 104 +/- 37 cmH(2)O versus 92 +/- 37 cmH(2)O, p = 0,00001 and MW 42 +/- 20 L/min versus 38 +/- 20 L/min, p = 0,003). Other variables did not show statistical significant difference.Conclusion: The arm bracing posture resulted in higher capacity to generate force and endurance of the respiratory muscles in patients with COPD. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. on behalf of Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. All rights reserved.