Influence of the gestational stage on the clinical course, lesional development and parasite distribution in experimental ovine neosporosis.

Neospora caninum is considered one of the main causes of abortion in cattle, yet recent studies have also emphasised its relevance as an abortifacient in small ruminants. In order to gain deeper insight into the pathogenesis of ovine neosporosis, pregnant ewes were intravenously inoculated with 10(6) tachyzoites of the Nc-Spain7 isolate at days 40, 90 or 120 of gestation. Infection during the first term resulted in the death of all foetuses between days 19 and 21 post-infection, showing mainly necrotic lesions in foetal liver and the highest parasite DNA detection and burden in both placenta and foetal viscera. After infection at day 90, foetal death was also detected in all ewes, although later (34-48 days post-infection). In this group, lesions were mainly inflammatory. Foetal livers showed the lowest frequency of lesions, as well as the lowest parasite detection and burden. All ewes infected at day 120 delivered viable lambs, although 3 out of 9 showed weakness and recumbency. Neospora DNA was detected in all lambs but one, and parasite burden was similar to that observed in day 90 group. Lesions in this group showed more conspicuous infiltration of inflammatory cells and higher frequency in foetal brain and muscle when compared to both previous groups. These results highlight the crucial role that the stage of gestation plays on the course of ovine neosporosis, similar to that reported in bovine neosporosis, and open the doors to consider sheep as a valid model for exogenous transplacental transmission for ruminant neosporosis.

Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in Harris County, Texas (2003--2010) and the implication for enhanced public health surveillance of isolates

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) causes significant health burden in the US, is responsible for the majority of bacterial meningitis, and causes more deaths than any other vaccine preventable bacterial disease in the US. The estimated National IPD rate is 14.3 cases per 100,000 population with a case-fatality rate of 1.5 cases per 100,000 population. Although cases of IPD are routinely reported to the local health department in Harris County Texas, the incidence (IR) and case-fatality (CFR) rates have not been reported. Additionally, it is important to know which serotypes of S. pneumoniae are circulating in Harris County Texas and to determine if ‘replacement disease’ is occurring. ^ This study reported incidence and case-fatality rates from 2003 to 2009, and described the trends in IPD, including the IPD serotypes circulating in Harris County Texas during the study period, particularly in 2008 and 2010. Annual incidence rates were calculated and reported for 2003 to 2009, using complete surveillance-year data. ^ Geographic information system (GIS) software was used to create a series of maps of the data reported during the study period. Cluster and outlier analysis and hot spot analysis were conducted using both case counts by census tract and disease rate by census tract. ^ IPD age- and race-adjusted IR for Harris County Texas and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.40 (95% CI 1.0, 1.8), 1.71 (95% CI 1.24, 2.17), 3.13 (95% CI 2.48, 3.78), 3.08 (95% CI 2.43, 3.74), 5.61 (95% CI 4.79, 6.43), 8.11 (95% CI 7.11, 9.1), and 7.65 (95% CI 6.69, 8.61) for the years 2003 to 2009, respectively (rates were age- and race-adjusted to each year's midyear US population estimates). A Poisson regression model demonstrated a statistically significant increasing trend of about 32 percent per year in the IPD rates over the course of the study period. IPD age- and race-adjusted case-fatality rates (CFR) for Harris County Texas were also calculated and reported. A Poisson regression model demonstrated a statistically significant increasing trend of about 26 percent per year in the IPD case-fatality rates from 2003 through 2009. A logistic regression model associated the risk of dying from IPD to alcohol abuse (OR 4.69, 95% CI 2.57, 8.56) and to meningitis (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.46, 4.03). ^ The prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) among IPD cases with serotyped isolates was 98.2 percent. In 2008, the year with the sample more geographically representative of all areas of Harris County Texas, the prevalence was 96 percent. Given these findings, it is reasonable to conclude that ‘replacement disease’ is occurring in Harris County Texas, meaning that, the majority of IPD is caused by serotypes not included in the PCV7 vaccine. Also in conclusion, IPD rates increased during the study period in Harris County Texas.^

Learning What Works: Demonstrating Practice Effectiveness with Children and Families Through Retrospective Investigation

Intensive family preservation services (IFPS), designed to stabilize at-risk families and avert out-of-home care, have been the focus of many randomized, experimental studies. Employing a retrospective “clinical data-mining” (CDM) methodology (Epstein, 2001), this study makes use of available information extracted from client records in one IFPS agency over the course of two years. The primary goal of this descriptive and associational study was to gain a clearer understanding of IFPS service delivery and effectiveness. Interventions provided to families are delineated and assessed for their impact on improved family functioning, their impact on the reduction of family violence, as well as placement prevention. Findings confirm the use of a wide range of services consistent with IFPS program theory. Because the study employs a quasi-experimental, retrospective use of available information, clinical outcomes described cannot be causally attributed to interventions employed as with randomized controlled trials. With regard to service outcomes, findings suggest that family education, empowerment services and advocacy are most influential in placement prevention and in ameliorating unmanageable behaviors in children as well as the incidence of family violence.

Microbiota and Microsatellite genotypes of Pacific oysters stemming from three oyster bed in the Northern Wadden Sea

Background: Studies of oyster microbiomes have revealed that a limited number of microbes, including pathogens, can dominate microbial communities in host tissues such as gills and gut. Much of the bacterial diversity however remains underexplored and unexplained, although environmental conditions and host genetics have been implicated. We used 454 next generation 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of individually tagged PCR reactions to explore the diversity of bacterial communities in gill tissue of the invasive Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas stemming from genetically differentiated beds under ambient outdoor conditions and after a multifaceted disturbance treatment imposing stress on the host. Results: While the gill associated microbial communities in oysters were dominated by few abundant taxa (i.e. Sphingomonas, Mycoplasma) the distribution of rare bacterial groups correlated to relatedness between the hosts under ambient conditions. Exposing the host to disturbance broke apart this relationship by removing rare phylotypes thereby reducing overall microbial diversity. Shifts in the microbiome composition in response to stress did not result in a net increase in genera known to contain potentially pathogenic strains. Conclusion: The decrease in microbial diversity and the disassociation between population genetic structure of the hosts and their associated microbiome suggest that disturbance (i.e. stress) may play a significant role for the assembly of the natural microbiome. Such community shifts may in turn also feed back on the course of disease and the occurrence of mass mortality events in oyster populations.

Quantitative component analysis of the coarse fraction of surface sediments from the Persian Gulf

In the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman marl forms the primary sediment cover, particularly on the Iranian side. A detailed quantitative description of the sediment components > 63 µ has been attempted in order to establish the regional distribution of the most important constituents as well as the criteria governing marl sedimentation in general. During the course of the analysis, the sand fraction from about 160 bottom-surface samples was split into 5 phi° fractions and 500 to 800 grains were counted in each individual fraction. The grains were cataloged in up to 40 grain type catagories. The gravel fraction was counted separately and the values calculated as weight percent. Basic for understanding the mode of formation of the marl sediment is the "rule" of independent availability of component groups. It states that the sedimentation of different component groups takes place independently, and that variation in the quantity of one component is independent of the presence or absence of other components. This means, for example, that different grain size spectrums are not necessarily developed through transport sorting. In the Persian Gulf they are more likely the result of differences in the amount of clay-rich fine sediment brought in to the restricted mouth areas of the Iranian rivers. These local increases in clayey sediment dilute the autochthonous, for the most part carbonate, coarse fraction. This also explains the frequent facies changes from carbonate to clayey marl. The main constituent groups of the coarse fraction are faecal pellets and lumps, the non carbonate mineral components, the Pleistocene relict sediment, the benthonic biogene components and the plankton. Faecal pellets and lumps are formed through grain size transformation of fine sediment. Higher percentages of these components can be correlated to large amounts of fine sediment and organic C. No discernable change takes place in carbonate minerals as a result of digestion and faecal pellet formation. The non-carbonate sand components originate from several unrelated sources and can be distinguished by their different grain size spectrum; as well as by other characteristics. The Iranian rivers supply the greatest amounts (well sorted fine sand). Their quantitative variations can be used to trace fine sediment transport directions. Similar mineral maxima in the sediment of the Gulf of Oman mark the path of the Persian Gulf outflow water. Far out from the coast, the basin bottoms in places contain abundant relict minerals (poorly sorted medium sand) and localized areas of reworked salt dome material (medium sand to gravel). Wind transport produces only a minimal "background value" of mineral components (very fine sand). Biogenic and non-biogenic relict sediments can be placed in separate component groups with the help of several petrographic criteria. Part of the relict sediment (well sorted fine sand) is allochthonous and was derived from the terrigenous sediment of river mouths. The main part (coarse, poorly sorted sediment), however, was derived from the late Pleistocene and forms a quasi-autochthonous cover over wide areas which receive little recent sedimentation. Bioturbation results in a mixing of the relict sediment with the overlying younger sediment. Resulting vertical sediment displacement of more than 2.5 m has been observed. This vertical mixing of relict sediment is also partially responsible for the present day grain size anomalies (coarse sediment in deep water) found in the Persian Gulf. The mainly aragonitic components forming the relict sediment show a finely subdivided facies pattern reflecting the paleogeography of carbonate tidal flats dating from the post Pleistocene transgression. Standstill periods are reflected at 110 -125m (shelf break), 64-61 m and 53-41 m (e.g. coare grained quartz and oolite concentrations), and at 25-30m. Comparing these depths to similar occurrences on other shelf regions (e. g. Timor Sea) leads to the conclusion that at this time minimal tectonic activity was taking place in the Persian Gulf. The Pleistocene climate, as evidenced by the absence of Iranian river sediment, was probably drier than the present day Persian Gulf climate. Foremost among the benthonic biogene components are the foraminifera and mollusks. When a ratio is set up between the two, it can be seen that each group is very sensitive to bottom type, i.e., the production of benthonic mollusca increases when a stable (hard) bottom is present whereas the foraminifera favour a soft bottom. In this way, regardless of the grain size, areas with high and low rates of recent sedimentation can be sharply defined. The almost complete absence of mollusks in water deeper than 200 to 300 m gives a rough sedimentologic water depth indicator. The sum of the benthonic foraminifera and mollusca was used as a relative constant reference value for the investigation of many other sediment components. The ratio between arenaceous foraminifera and those with carbonate shells shows a direct relationship to the amount of coarse grained material in the sediment as the frequence of arenaceous foraminifera depends heavily on the availability of sand grains. The nearness of "open" coasts (Iranian river mouths) is directly reflected in the high percentage of plant remains, and indirectly by the increased numbers of ostracods and vertebrates. Plant fragments do not reach their ultimate point of deposition in a free swimming state, but are transported along with the remainder of the terrigenous fine sediment. The echinoderms (mainly echinoids in the West Basin and ophiuroids in the Central Basin) attain their maximum development at the greatest depth reached by the action of the largest waves. This depth varies, depending on the exposure of the slope to the waves, between 12 to 14 and 30 to 35 m. Corals and bryozoans have proved to be good indicators of stable unchanging bottom conditions. Although bryozoans and alcyonarian spiculae are independent of water depth, scleractinians thrive only above 25 to 30 m. The beginning of recent reef growth (restricted by low winter temperatures) was seen only in one single area - on a shoal under 16 m of water. The coarse plankton fraction was studied primarily through the use of a plankton-benthos ratio. The increase in planktonic foraminifera with increasing water depth is here heavily masked by the "Adjacent sea effect" of the Persian Gulf: for the most part the foraminifera have drifted in from the Gulf of Oman. In contrast, the planktonic mollusks are able to colonize the entire Persian Gulf water body. Their amount in the plankton-benthos ratio always increases with water depth and thereby gives a reliable picture of local water depth variations. This holds true to a depth of around 400 m (corresponding to 80-90 % plankton). This water depth effect can be removed by graphical analysis, allowing the percentage of planktonic mollusks per total sample to be used as a reference base for relative sedimentation rate (sedimentation index). These values vary between 1 and > 1000 and thereby agree well with all the other lines of evidence. The "pteropod ooze" facies is then markedly dependent on the sedimentation rate and can theoretically develop at any depth greater than 65 m (proven at 80 m). It should certainly no longer be thought of as "deep sea" sediment. Based on the component distribution diagrams, grain size and carbonate content, the sediments of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman can be grouped into 5 provisional facies divisions (Chapt.19). Particularly noteworthy among these are first, the fine grained clayey marl facies occupying the 9 narrow outflow areas of rivers, and second, the coarse grained, high-carbonate marl facies rich in relict sediment which covers wide sediment-poor areas of the basin bottoms. Sediment transport is for the most part restricted to grain sizes < 150 µ and in shallow water is largely coast-parallel due to wave action at times supplemented by tidal currents. Below the wave base gravity transport prevails. The only current capable of moving sediment is the Persian Gulf outflow water in the Gulf of Oman.

Elementos peatonales de las ciudades medias españolas : tipos, orígenes, relaciones y articulaciones

A través de esta tesis se busca aportar un análisis de los elementos peatonales que cubren las necesidades y las infraestructuras de apoyo al peatón, siendo un campo poco desarrollado en nuestro país a diferencia de otros como Dinamarca, Reino Unido, Alemania y Holanda, donde las actuaciones peatonales ejecutadas son tradicionales y muy exitosas. Se trata por tanto de un tema poco estudiado pero que adquiere singular importancia en estos años de búsqueda de nuevos modelos urbanos que eviten el derroche de recursos, y avancen hacia formas de movilidad más adecuadas a un mundo limitado y vulnerable. La investigación tiene un carácter eminentemente descriptivo cuyo principal valor es documentar y analizar sistemáticamente una realidad poco conocida, aportándose datos para entender el origen y desarrollo de las actuaciones peatonales. El propósito es ayudar a cimentar este campo en nuestro país, definiendo con precisión el estado de la cuestión geográficamente y dejando para un futuro una cartografía temática completa. El objeto general es estudiar y comprender los elementos peatonales de un número limitado de ciudades medias españolas, marcándose como objetivos específicos los siguientes: - Identificar y describir los principales elementos que conforman la red peatonal de las ciudades. ‐ Estudiar las tipologías espaciales dominantes, sus características y orígenes, pudiendo distinguir de un lado, las desarrolladas en la ciudad consolidada, como las actuaciones en los cascos antiguos; y por otro, las ejecutadas en la ciudad nueva a través de fórmulas arquitectónicas generalmente residenciales con espacios peatonales adjuntos. ‐ Analizar los referidos elementos para comprobar si han conformado redes de uso peatonal, si se han constituido articulando la ciudad como en el caso de los ejes lineales en las ciudades con río o mar, o si han influenciado el carácter del entorno en el que se han realizado, centrando el interés en los cascos históricos peatonalizados. ‐ Comprobar si hay actuaciones complementarias a los procesos de urbanización y mejora urbanística, así como la aprobación de ayudas y subvenciones para afrontar las mismas. ‐ Finalmente, describir y evaluar los procesos y procedimientos mediante los que se produce la peatonalización de determinadas áreas urbanas, los orígenes, los instrumentos y fechas de su puesta en marcha, aportando una cronología peatonal. La metodología comienza con la acotación de 22 ciudades españolas, capitales de provincia con una población entre 100.000 y 500.000 habitantes según los datos del INE del año 2009. La distribución es equilibrada con la selección de ciudades de costa, de interior, con río/ría, con carácter patrimonial, ciudades en islas, etc. El análisis de los elementos peatonales de estas urbes se realiza gracias a la gran resolución de las bases cartográficas públicas y privadas que hay en la actualidad en internet, especialmente con el uso de las herramientas de Google Earth y Google Maps en su versión “street view”, softwares que permiten un paseo virtual de cada ciudad detallándose con gran precisión las actuaciones peatonales. Las ciudades elegidas son: ‐ 11 ciudades costeras: Alicante, Almería, Bilbao, Cádiz, Castellón de la Plana, Huelva, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca, Santander, San Sebastián y Tarragona. ‐ 11 ciudades de interior: Albacete, Burgos, Córdoba, León, Lérida, Logroño, Oviedo, Murcia, Pamplona, Valladolid y Vitoria. Finalmente, por tener los porcentajes mas elevados de las áreas peatonales de sus casco histórico, se eligen 3 casos de ciudades representativas para un desarrollo peatonal en profundidad, seleccionándose Burgos, San Sebastián y Pamplona. Otros aspectos metodológicos interesantes a destacar, es la extensa documentación adquirida a través de las fuentes de Internet, sobre todo a la hora de desarrollar el último capítulo “Procesos de peatonalización de las ciudades españolas” centrado en las 3 ciudades elegidas. Se consulta las hemerotecas de periódicos locales, los boletines oficiales, las actas de los plenos de los Ayuntamientos y los documentos de planificación (Planes Generales, Planes Especiales, Planes y Proyectos Municipales, Planes de Movilidad), adquiriéndose una precisa información en cuanto a la cronología de las fechas y extensión del trabajo. Se complementa la metodología con las entrevistas a actores claves en el proceso peatonal, como el personal técnico de los Ayuntamiento y los técnicos redactores de los proyectos; y con la colaboración directa de los técnicos de los consistorios de las 3 ciudades seleccionadas, aportando todo tipo de información demandada. En la tesis, se introduce los elementos peatonales mediante el estudio de los espacios peatonales y los procesos de peatonalización existentes, a través del análisis de la literatura consultada aportándose información valiosa en cuanto a la definición de los modelos peatonales, exponiéndose una breve historia de las peatonalizaciones. Destacan las publicaciones de los expertos europeos en la materia como los autores Carmen Hass-Klau, Rolf Monheim, Rob Krier y Collin Buchanan. En España, las actuaciones peatonales fueron tardías en el tiempo en comparación con el resto de Europa, con casi 40 años de retraso. Las referencias bibliográficas españolas en esta materia son escasas siendo las mas significativas las realizadas por Alfonso Sanz y por el profesor Julio Pozueta destacando una de sus últimas publicaciones “La ciudad paseable” describiéndose los elementos peatonales existentes en las ciudades, sirviendo como modelo y ejemplo para esta investigación. En base a lo anterior, se definen los elementos peatonales como aquellos espacios públicos libres de edificación que, por sus características y diseño, garantizan un confortable uso estancial, de tránsito peatonal y están expresamente reservados para ello. En la tesis se detectan y se especifican los siguientes elementos peatonales: las calles y plazas peatonales, las aceras y bulevares de una anchura superior a 8 metros, los paseos peatonales, los elementos de paso (tradicionales y mecánicos), espacios peatonales ligados a nuevas áreas residenciales, los soportales y pasajes peatonales con una anchura mínima de 4 metros, recintos feriales, espacios libres y zonas verdes y parques. Para cada una de las 22 ciudades seleccionadas se realiza un exhaustivo inventario de los anteriores elementos a través de fichas, aportando un gran número de proyectos individuales ejecutados en cada urbe. Esta información se recoge gráficamente en 2 fotoplanos, conformándose como herramientas fundamentales para esta investigación. El Fotoplano 1 se hace sobre la base de la ciudad del Google Earth diferenciándose las áreas peatonales y las zonas verdes. En el Fotoplano 2, y con el soporte anterior, se distinguen las tipologías persistentes y dominantes como son los grandes ejes peatonales, las redes peatonales locales y los elementos peatonales singulares. Finalmente, a partir de los 2 fotoplanos, se realiza la denominada “Huella peatonal” que destaca por su atractivo y pregnancia, algo de lo que el campo de lo peatonal es muy útil. A través de la huella se obtiene una rápida información al tener el plano dos colores, color naranja para lo peatonal (formado por las áreas peatonales y zonas verdes) y color negro para el resto el resto no peatonal. Toda esta documentación gráfica y descriptiva de los elementos peatonales de cada ciudad, queda ampliamente recogida en el Anexo de la tesis. La “Huella peatonal” se considera como el plano básico en la investigación obteniendo una percepción rápida, clara y visual del espacio peatonal de cada ciudad. Se arroja información morfológica con respecto a la distribución espacial, articulación, equilibrio, modulación, cohesión, concentración peatonal, etc. de cada una de las ciudades seleccionadas. A través de la huella se resuelve muchos de las cuestiones enmarcadas como objetivos de la tesis, comprobándose de forma general, que los elementos peatonales dentro de la trama urbana están desarticulados ya que no hay una estructura que module la ciudad como un conjunto cohesionado. Se localizan pequeñas redes conectadas entre sí, que de forma heterogénea, están dispersas por la ciudad. Se verifica que los elementos peatonales con mayor concentración y presencia en las ciudades analizadas son los ejes peatonales, los cascos históricos y los elementos peatonales en las nuevas áreas residenciales. En la investigación, además de estos 3 elementos mencionados, se analiza con mayor profundidad otros tipos que destacan por su persistencia y repetición en la “Huella peatonal” de cada una de las 22 ciudades, como son las plazas peatonales, los soportales y los elementos singulares peatonales: espacios tradicionales (recintos feriales, pasajes, puentes históricos), nuevos elementos peatonales (pasarelas peatonales, elementos mecánicos de paso), áreas peatonales entorno a edificios culturales y otros casos como los consistentes en la recuperación y transformación de edificaciones y construcciones urbanas de diferente uso y tipología, en nuevas áreas peatonales. Se aporta luz sobre su definición, localización, cronología, proporción, presencia y génesis, facilitando resultados de cada uno de ellos. De forma paralela, se obtiene información de índole cuantitativa a través de las mediciones de la huella, obteniéndose datos y porcentajes de extensión de la ciudad, de las zonas peatonales y de las zonas verdes, de los cascos históricos y de sus superficies peatonales, de los metros lineales de dichos cascos históricos y de sus calles peatonales. Se proporcionan ratios e índices que se consideran fundamentales para una mejor comprensión peatonal de cada urbe. Se establece una clasificación de las ciudades en cada uno de los ámbitos descritos, destacando las ciudades de Pamplona, San Sebastián y Burgos por arrojar las cifras peatonales más positivas encabezando la mayoría de las tablas clasificatorias. La peor ciudad valorada es Alicante, seguida según criterio, de Almería, Palma de Mallorca y Las Palmas de GC. En el capítulo final de la investigación, se eligen las ciudades de Burgos, San Sebastián y Pamplona como casos de estudio representativos. El objetivo es obtener un conocimiento más preciso en cuanto a su origen, cronología y procesos de las peatonalizaciones. Cada ciudad se compone de un cuadro cronológicos por etapas, desarrollándose de forma exhaustiva cada una de ellas, enunciadas normalmente, como instrumentos de planeamiento o proyectos de urbanización, acompañadas de los planos de las actuaciones peatonales. Al final de cada etapa se aportan datos de las cifras de las peatonalizaciones que se van realizando, con un cuadro numérico de localizaciones, superficie peatonal, superficie reurbanizada, longitud peatonal y el grado de peatonalización del casco histórico, además de los datos acumulados por etapa. De las conclusiones cruzadas de estas 3 ciudades, destaca la comprobación de la tendencia de ir peatonalizando los centros antiguos llegando incluso al 100% de calles peatonales en el caso de San Sebastián. No obstante, es difícil confirmar si el objetivo es una peatonalización global de los cascos, ya que son muchas las variables que afectan e influyen en el proceso peatonal de cada ciudad. Se coteja adicionalmente cómo se extiende la cultura peatonal desde el interior al exterior, mas allá de los cascos históricos hacia los ensanches próximos. En cuanto al origen de las peatonalizaciones, se concluye que no hay una concepción inicial y teórica marcada, a partir de la cual se va desarrollando la trama peatonal de cada ciudad. Se puede afirmar que los procesos peatonales ejecutados son variados y de diversa índole, sin poder precisar un hecho como causa principal. Según el momento y las circunstancias, las peatonalizaciones responden a distintas iniciativas promovidas por los comerciantes, por las administraciones locales o por los técnicos de planeamiento, con sus expertas aportaciones en los planes. Estos tres agentes actúan como impulsores de proyectos individuales peatonales que se van solapando en el tiempo. Como punto final de la tesis, se propone una serie de nuevas líneas de investigación que pueden servir como estudio adicional y complementario, respondiendo a aspectos tan relevantes como cuestiones de índole económica, social y de movilidad, fuertemente ligadas a las peatonalizaciones, tal y como se demuestra en la literatura consultada. ABSTRACT This thesis aims to analyse the pedestrian elements dealing with the needs and infrastructures that support pedestrians, as this is a field that is little developed in our country, in comparison to other regions such as Denmark, the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands, where the pedestrian actions implemented are traditional and highly successful. Therefore, even though little research has been done about this topic, this field is increasingly important throughout these years of search for urban models intended to prevent the waste of resources and to develop new mobility ways, more adapted to a limited, vulnerable world. This research is essentially descriptive and it mainly aims to document and systematically analysed a scarcely known reality by providing data in order to understand the origin and development of pedestrian actions. This thesis intends to lay the foundations of this field in Spain, accurately defining the state of the art from a geographical point of view and preparing a full thematic map that may be used in the future. The overall aim is to study and understand the pedestrian elements of a limited number of Spanish medium-size cities, establishing the following specific goals: - To identify and describe the main elements comprising cities' pedestrian networks. - To study of special predominant typologies, their features and origins, with the possibility to, on the one hand, make a difference between the typologies developed in well-established cities, such as the actions in historic quarters, and, on the other hand, those implemented in new cities through generally residential architectural formulae with adjoining pedestrian areas. - To analyse the said elements in order to check whether they have resulted in pedestrian-use networks, whether they have been established by organising the city, such as the linear axes in coastal and riverside cities, or whether they have had an impact on the character of the areas where these elements have been implemented, focusing on pedestrian historic quarters. - Check whether there are actions supplementary to the urban development and urban improvement processes, as well as the approval of financial support and subventions to deal with these actions. - Finally, to describe and assess the processes and procedures by which the pedestrianisation of certain urban areas is carried out, the origins, the instruments and the date of their implementation, providing a pedestrian timeline. The methodology starts by defining 22 Spanish cities, province capitals with a population ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants, according to the data recorded by the Spanish Statistics Institute (INE) in 2009. The distribution of coastal, riverside and interior cities, as well as of patrimonial cities and cities in islands, etc. is well balanced. The analysis of the pedestrian elements of these cities is made with the great resolution of the public and private map databases that can be accessed on the Internet, especially using the "street-view" version of tools such as Google Earth and Google Maps, software applications that allow to go for a virtual walk in each city, providing highly precise details about the pedestrian actions. The following cities have been chosen: ‐ 11 coastal cities: Alicante, Almería, Bilbao, Cádiz, Castellón de la Plana, Huelva, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca, Santander, San Sebastián and Tarragona. ‐ 11 interior cities: Albacete, Burgos, Córdoba, León, Lérida, Logroño, Oviedo, Murcia, Pamplona, Valladolid and Vitoria. Finally, as they have the highest percentages regarding the pedestrian areas found in the historic quarters, 3 cities representing a deep pedestrian development have been chosen: Burgos, San Sebastián and Pamplona. Other significant methodological aspects are the many documents found from online sources, especially when preparing the last chapter: “Processes for the pedestrianisation of Spanish cities”, which focuses on the 3 cities chosen. Local newspaper and periodical libraries, official gazettes, the minutes of plenary sessions of councils and the zoning regulation documents (General Zoning Plans, Special Zoning Plans, Municipal Plans and Projects, Mobility Plans, etc.) have been consulted, obtaining accurate information regarding the timeline and the extension of the works carried out. The methodology is supplemented by interviews with key players in the pedestrianisation process, such as the technical staff in councils and the officers drafting and designing the projects, as well as with the direct collaboration by the officers of the councils of the 3 cities chosen, who provided all the information requested. The thesis introduces the pedestrian elements by studying pedestrian areas and existing pedestrianisation processes through the analysis of the literature consulted, providing valuable information for the definition of pedestrian models and showing a brief history and background of the pedestrianisation process. Remarkable papers published by some European experts in the field, such as Carmen Hass-Klau, Rolf Monheim and Collin Buchanan, are covered in the thesis. In Spain, the pedestrianisation actions were late in time in comparison to the rest of Europe, with at least 40 years of delay. The Spanish literature references in this field are limited. The most significant papers are those published by Alfonso Sanz and by Professor Julio Pozueta, with a special mention of one of his last works "La ciudad paseable" (The Walkable City), which describes the pedestrian elements found in the cities and is used a model and an example for this research. Based on the elements above, pedestrian elements are defined as those construction-free public areas that, due to their features and design, ensure the comfortable, convenient use of the spaces, characterised by pedestrian traffic and specifically reserved for this purpose. The thesis detects and specifies the following pedestrian elements: pedestrian streets and squares, pavements (sidewalks) and boulevards with a width exceeding 8 metres, pedestrian promenades, crossing elements (traditional and mechanical), pedestrian spaces linked to new residential areas, colonnades and pedestrian passages or narrow streets with a minimum width of 4 metres, exhibition sites, free spaces and green areas and parks. For each of the 22 cities chosen, a thorough inventory of the elements mentioned above has been made by using worksheets, providing a significant number of individual projects developed in each city. This information is graphically collected and displayed on 2 photomaps, resulting in tools essential for this research. Photomap 1 is made based on the city displayed by Google Earth, making a difference between pedestrian areas and green areas. On Photomap 2, using the tool mentioned above, a difference can be made between persistent and predominant typologies, such as the big pedestrian axes, the local pedestrian networks and singular pedestrian elements. Finally, the 2 photomaps are used in order to establish the so-called "pedestrian footprint", which is highlighted by its attractiveness and appeal, concepts for which the pedestrian field is very useful. With the pedestrian footprint, quick information can be obtained, since the map shows two colours: orange for pedestrian elements (made up of pedestrian areas and green areas) and black for the other non-pedestrian elements. A significant part of these graphic, descriptive documents about each city's pedestrian elements can be found in the thesis appendix. The "Pedestrian Footprint" is regarded in the research as the basic map, obtaining a quick, clear and visual perception of each city's pedestrian space. This footprint provides morphological information regarding the space distribution, the organisation, the balance, the modulation, the cohesion, the pedestrian concentration, etc. in each of the cities chosen. The pedestrian footprint helps solve many of the questions established as the thesis goals, proving that, in general, the pedestrian elements are not organised in the urban plot, as there is no structure modulating the city as a properly linked set of elements. Small networks linked to each other and heterogeneously scattered all over the city are found. It has been verified that the pedestrian elements with the highest concentration and presence in the cities analysed are the pedestrian axes, the historic quarters and the pedestrian elements found in the new residential areas. Besides these 3 elements mentioned, the research analyses in depth other types that are remarkable due to their persistence and repetition in the "Pedestrian Footprint" of each of the 22 cities, such as the pedestrian squares, the colonnades and the singular pedestrian elements: traditional spaces (exhibition sites, passages, historic bridges), new pedestrian elements (pedestrian footbridges, mechanical crossing elements), pedestrian areas around cultural buildings and other cases such as those consisting of recovering and transforming building and urban constructions, intended for a wide range of purposes and of different types, into new pedestrian areas. This work puts light on the definition, location, timeline, proportion, presence and origin, providing results for each of these concepts. At the same time, quantitative information is obtained by measuring the footprint, getting data and percentages on the size of the city, the pedestrian areas and the green areas, the historic quarters and the pedestrian zones, the linear metres of such historic quarters and pedestrian streets. The footprint also provides ratios and rates that are considered as essential in order to better understand the pedestrian elements of each city. A classification of cities is established for each of the areas described, highlighting the cities of Pamplona, San Sebastián and Burgos, as they provide the most positive pedestrian figures and lead most of the classification tables or rankings. According to the criteria considered, the city with the worst values is Alicante, followed by Almería, Palma de Mallorca and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. In the final chapter in the thesis, the cities of Burgos, San Sebastián and Pamplona are chosen as representative study cases. The aim is to gain more accurate knowledge regarding the pedestrianisation origin, timeline and processes. Each city comprises a chronological sequence made of stages, each of which is thoroughly developed and usually announced as zoning plans or urban development projects, accompanied by the plans of the pedestrian actions. At the end of each stage, data with the figures of the pedestrianisation projects are provided, including a numerical chart with locations, pedestrian area, redeveloped urban areas, pedestrian length and pedestrianisation degree in the historic quarter, as well as the data cumulated throughout each stage. In the crossed conclusions on the three cities, the trend of gradually pedestrianising the historic quarters (even reaching the 100% of the pedestrian streets as in San Sebastián) is verified. However, it is difficult to confirm whether the purpose is to reach an overall pedestrianisation of the historic quarters, since there are many variables that affect and influence each city's pedestrianisation process. In addition, the spread of the pedestrian culture from the internal areas to the external areas, beyond the historic quarters to the nearby expansion areas, is compared. Regarding the origin of pedestrianisations, the thesis comes to the conclusion that there is no initial or theoretical conception from which each city's pedestrian plot is developed. The pedestrian processes implemented are varied and diverse but no fact can be specified as the main cause. Based on the moment and circumstances, the pedestrianisation processes are due to different initiatives promoted by shopkeepers, by the local administrations or by the zoning officers, with their expert contributions to the plans. These three players promote and drive individual pedestrianisation projects that overlap in the course of time. Finally, new lines of research are put forwards, as they can be taken as an additional study and as a supplement to this research, dealing with aspects as significant as the economic, social and mobility factors, closely linked to the pedestrianisation processes, as proven in the literature consulted.

"i Went To The Woods Because I Wished To Live Deliberately": How A College-Level Academic Course Can Influence A Lifetime

This study, using the portraiture methodology, provides an analysis of the lifelong significance of an undergraduate program that integrates literature with an outdoor experiential platform. With limited research on long-term effects of an academic outdoor experiential course on one's life, there is space to wonder about the prospect and nature of the long-term significance of an academic course that may offer technical skill, intrapersonal and interpersonal development, and also the delivery of subject matter related to a traditional or mainstream academic area of study. Utilizing an academic skills-oriented lens as well as a character strengths lens, portraits were crafted of four former participants of the University of Michigan's New England Literature Program (NELP) to shed light on the long-term influence of this type of course, crucial participant characteristics that contribute to the program's impact, and specific components of the program that are particularly integral to the course's efficacy. Since 1975, each spring term a small contingent of students and educators has lived in the woods in the New England region as a community of learners, artists and explorers. NELP is an exemplar of a longstanding undergraduate academic English course that integrates the literature of New England writers, exploratory writing and student experiences relating to regional literature and the land. Emergent themes of this course's long-term influence on former participants include increased collaborative skills, increased self-confidence and self-knowledge, a reinforcement of lifelong relationships with the outdoors, and nurtured creativity. For participants to reap benefit from this course, it was important for them to enter with maturity to conduct themselves with openness to new experiences, relationships, and extensive reflection. Findings relating to the integral components of such a program include that of being place-based, oriented towards process, and being an intentional, collaborative community.

Psychosocial Distress Screening in a Community Cancer Center: An Exploratory Study of Distress Screening Across the Cancer Treatment Continuum

Purpose: The primary goal of this exploratory study is to demonstrate that distress screening across the course of cancer treatment is possible and provides valuable information about patient needs over time. Distress screening is aligned with guidelines from national accrediting organizations and may lead to improved health-related quality of life, satisfaction with medical care, and possibly survival.Methods: Medical, surgical, and radiation oncology patients completed a screening instrument before their appointments during a six-month period. Patients indicated their level of distress on four domains (practical, emotional, health and social concerns). De-identified data was collected, aggregated and descriptive statistics were analyzed.Results: Approximately 3000 screens were collected and 1500 cancer patients were screened. Of patients who indicated distress, 54% demonstrated a distress level of five or greater. Distress level eight was the most frequent level of distress indicated. The Cancer Dietitian was the most commonly requested healthcare team provider. The Health Concern domain was most frequently endorsed.Conclusion: NCCN, IOM and COC guidelines recommend distress screening in all cancer treatment centers, however implementation has proven difficult. This study adds to the literature about distress in cancer patients, demonstrates the feasibility of repeated distress screening and provides a model program demonstrating the implementation of repeated distress screening at a community cancer center. Findings highlight the importance of supportive oncology services due to the prevalence of high levels of distress. Findings demonstrate the importance of the Cancer Dietitian in supportive cancer care. Additionally, the research reveals a potential perceived stigma in seeking psychosocial oncology services.

3D teaching: the ideal complement for professionals in design and construction

Today, the requirement of professional skills to university students is constantly increasing in our society. In our opinion, the content offered in official degrees need to be nourished with different variables, enriching their global professional knowledge in a parallel way; that is why, in recent years, there is a great multiplicity of complementary courses at university. One of the most socially demanded technical requirements within the architectural, design or engineering field is the management of 3D drawing software, becoming an indispensable reality in these sectors. Thus, this specific training becomes essential over two-dimension traditional design, because the inclusion of great possibilities of spatial development that go beyond conventional orthographic projections (plans, sections or elevations), allowing modelling and rotation of the selected items from multiple angles and perspectives. Therefore, this paper analyzes the teaching methodology of a complementary course for those technicians in the construction industry interested in computer-aided design, using modelling (SketchupMake) and rendering programs (Kerkythea). The course is developed from the technician point of view, by learning computer management and its application to professional development from a more general to a more specific view through practical examples. The proposed methodology is based on the development of real examples in different professional environments such as rehabilitation, new constructions, opening projects or architectural design. This multidisciplinary contribution improves criticism of students in different areas, encouraging new learning strategies and the independent development of three-dimensional solutions. Thus, the practical implementation of new situations, even suggested by the students themselves, ensures active participation, saving time during the design process and the increase of effectiveness when generating elements which may be represented, moved or virtually tested. In conclusion, this teaching-learning methodology improves the skills and competencies of students to face the growing professional demands of society. After finishing the course, technicians not only improved their expertise in the field of drawing but they also enhanced their capacity for spatial vision; both essential qualities in these sectors that can be applied to their professional development with great success.

Construction of Structures I in Moodle: a new teaching methodology in the Degree of Building Engineer

The subject of Construction of Structures I studies, from a constructive point of view and taking into account current legislation, reinforced concrete structures used in buildings, through the acquisition of knowledge and construction criteria required in the profession of a Technical Architect. The contents acquired in this course are essential for further professional development of technicians and are closely related to many of the subjects taught in the same or other courses of the Degree in Technical Architecture at the University of Alicante. The aim of this paper is to present, analyze and discuss the development of a new methodology proposed in the mentioned subject, as it supposed an important change in the traditional way of teaching Construction and Structures I. In order to incorporate new teaching tools in 2013-2014, the course has been implemented by using a Moodle software tool to promote blended learning with online exercises. Our Moodle community allows collaborative work within an open-source platform where teachers and students share a new and personalized learning environment. Students are easily used to the interface and the platform, value the constant connection with teachers or other fellows and completely agree with the possibility of making questions or share documents 24 hours a day. The proposed methodology consists of lectures and practical classes. In the lectures, the basics of each topic are discussed; class attendance, daily study and conducting scheduled exercises are indispensable. Practical classes allow to consolidate the knowledge gained in theory classes by solving professional exercises and actual construction problems related to structures, that shall be compulsorily delivered online. So, after the correction of the teacher and the subsequent feedback of students, practical exercises ensure lifelong learning of the student, who can download any kind of material at any time (constructive details, practical exercises and even corrected exams). Regarding the general evaluation system, goals achievement is assessed on an ongoing basis (65% of the final mark) along the course through written and graphic evidences in person and online, as well as a individual development of a workbook. In all cases, the acquisition of skills, the ability to synthesize, the capacity of logical and critical thinking are assessed. The other 35 % of the mark is evaluated by a complementary graphic exam. Participation in the computing platform is essential and the student is required to do and present, at least 90% of the practices proposed. Those who do not comply with the practices in each specific date could not be assessed continuously and may only choose the final exam. In conclusion, the subject of Construction of Structures I is essential in the development of the regulated profession of Technical Architect as they are considered, among other professional profiles, as specialists in construction of building structures. The use of a new communication platform and online teaching allows the acquisition of knowledge and constructive approaches in a continuous way, with a more direct and personal monitoring by the teacher that has been highly appreciated by almost 100% of the students. Ultimately, it is important to say that the use of Moodle in this subject is a very interesting tool, which was really well welcome by students in one of the densest and important subjects of the Degree of Technical Architecture.

Evaluation of the Implementation of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) Methodology in the Didactics of the English Language in Preschool Education Course Taught in the Preschool Education Teacher Undergraduate Program at the University of Alicante

Although it is known that the Spanish current Educative System promotes using the Communicate Approach to teach foreign languages in schools, other recently designed approaches are also used to help students improve their skills when communicating in a foreign language. One of these approaches is Content and Language Integrated Learning, also known as CLIL, which is used to teach content courses using the English language as the language of instruction. This approach improves the students’ skills in English as the same time as they learn content from other areas. The goal of this thesis is to present a research project carried out at the University of Alicante during the academic year 2011-2012. With this research we obtained results that provide quantitative and qualitative data which explains how the use of the CLIL methodology affects the English level of students in the “Didactics of the English Language in Preschool Education” course in Preschool Education Teacher Undergraduate Program as students acquire the contents of the course.

A flauta transversal no contexto da música moderna: repertório relevante para a aprendizagem no ensino secundário

Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Artes Aplicadas do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino de Música – Instrumento e Música de Conjunto.

The Summary of a Course of Experimental Philosophical Lectures, 1746-1747

Leather hardcover notebook containing a handwritten copy of John Winthrop's course of experimental and philosophical lectures presented between March 10, 1746 and June 16, 1746. The first one-hundred pages of the volume are divided into twenty chapters which were presented in thirty-three lectures. The chapters contain text and diagrams on mechanical powers, the lever, the pulley, the axis in peritrochio, the inclined plane, the wedge, the screw, compound engines, the laws of motion, gravity, attraction of cohesion, the power of repulsion, magnetism, fluids, electricity, opticks, and astronomy. There is a five-page addenda to the course summary added in 1747, and a sixty-page text titled "The Method of Astronomical calculations" containing thirteen problems related to calculating distances with a list of astronomical characters, and followed with charts related to the eclipse of Jupiter's satellites.

Records of the Debating Club of Resident Graduates, 1792-1793

This journal contains minutes from meetings held from February 1792 through October 1793. These minutes include the names of participants and the questions and arguments which were debated, including: whether or not French slaves in the West Indies should be emancipated; whether or not reading novels was beneficial; whether sermons were more effective when memorized than when simply read; whether theater contributed to corrupt morals; whether drunkenness or gambling was more detrimental to society; and whether or not French assistance to the colonies in their Revolutionary War provided sufficient cause for the United States to join with France in its own wars. Most of the topics of debate centered on religion, government and education. Several entries also include notes on related topics of discussion, including the reasons for Native American tribes' hostilities against federal authorities, and there are several references to published works which were cited and consulted in the course of debate.

TENDENCIA THATCHERITIS OR ENGLISHNESS REMADE: The Fictions of Julian Barnes, Hanif Kureishi and Pat Barker

Julian Barnes, Pat Barker, and Hanif Kureishi are all canonical authors whose fictions are widely believed to reflect the cultural and political state of a nation that is post-war, post-imperial and post-modern. While much has been written on how Barker’s and Kureishi’s early works in particular respond to and intervene in the presiding political narrative of the 1980s – Thatcherism – treatment of how revenants of Thatcherism have shaped these writers’ works from 1990 on has remained cursory. Thatcherism is more than an obvious historical reference point for Barker, Barnes, and Kureishi; their works demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of how Thatcher’s reworkings of the repertoires of Englishness – a representational as well as political and cultural endeavour – persist beyond her time in office. Barnes, Barker, and Kureishi seem to have reached the same conclusion as political and cultural critics: Thatcher and Thatcherism have remade not only the contemporary political and cultural landscapes but also the electorate and consequently the English themselves. Tony Blair’s conception of the New Britain proved less than satisfactory because contemporary repertoires of Englishness repeat and rework historical and not incidentally imperial formulations of England and Englishness rather than envision civic and populist formulations of renewal. Barnes’s England, England and Arthur & George confront the discourse of inevitability that has come to be attached to contemporary formulations of both political and cultural Englishness – both in terms of its predictable demise and its belated celebration. Kureishi’s The Buddha of Suburbia and “The Body” speak to an alteration that has taken place in which historical Englishness and Thatcherism have become complementary rather than contrasting discourses. What Barker’s Border Crossing and Double Vision offer against this backdrop is a subtle interrogation of how renewal itself comes to be a presiding mode of cultural reflection that absorbs revolutionary possibility.