La comunicolog��a y el estudio transversal del paisaje. Articulaciones conceptuales y propuesta de indicadores comunicativos para la evaluaci��n de los paisajes

La gesti��n y evaluaci��n del paisaje exige la necesaria convergencia de disciplinas en aras de delimitar los valores que la propia sociedad otorga al paisaje. El establecimiento de metodolog��as de an��lisis de tipo cualitativo parece satisfacer, en la mayor��a de los casos, las necesidades de la comunidad cient��fica en relaci��n con la catalogaci��n del paisaje. Las dificultades surgen cuando lo que pretende es clasificar el paisaje a partir de indicadores m��s de tipo cualitativo, lo que implica, sin lugar a dudas, la b��squeda de disciplinas que aporten m��s luz al ya de por s�� complejo estudio de los denominados como valores intangibles del paisaje. La Comunicolog��a representa, en este sentido, un aporte disciplinario novedoso, sobre todo en el sentido de intentar habilitar un lenguaje del paisaje, a partir del cual fijar los cimientos de su interpretaci��n simb��lica e identitaria. As��, las contribuciones te��ricas del interaccionismo simb��lico, de la ecolog��a humana, de la psicolog��a cognitiva o de la semi��tica visual, entre otras, permiten vislumbrar las posibilidades de estudio del paisaje desde un punto de vista comunicol��gico. En este ensayo se sit��an los indicadores de evaluaci��n de los paisajes en la ��rbita de la aportaci��n disciplinar de la Comunicolog��a. De ah�� se abre un horizonte de posibilidades infinitas para el que se podr��a denominar como ���abordaje comunicol��gico del paisaje���, con especiales sinergias en la concepci��n del paisaje como elemento activo de comunicaci��n.

Music-supported training is more efficient than functional motor training for recovery of fine motor skills in stroke patients

MOTOR IMPAIRMENTS ARE COMMON AFTER STROKE but efficacious therapies for these dysfunctions are scarce. Extending an earlier study on the effects of music-supported training (MST), behavioral indices of motor function were obtained before and after a series of training sessions to assess whether this new treatment leads to improved motor functions. Furthermore, music-supported training was contrasted to functional motor training according to the principles of constraint-induced therapy (CIT). In addition to conventional physiotherapy, 32 stroke patients with moderately impaired motor function and no previous musical experience received 15 sessions of MST over a period of three weeks, using a manualized, step-bystep approach. A control group consisting of 15 patients received 15 sessions of CIT in addition to conventional physiotherapy. A third group of 30 patients received exclusively conventional physiotherapy and served as a control group for the other three groups. Fine as well as gross motor skills were trained by using either a MIDI-piano or electronic drum pads programmed to emit piano tones. Motor functions were assessed by an extensive test battery. MST yielded significant improvement in fine as well as gross motor skills with respect to speed, precision, and smoothness of movements. These improvements were greater than after CIT or conventional physiotherapy. In conclusion, with equal treatment intensity, MST leads to more pronounced improvements of motor functions after stroke than CIT.

The Connectivity of Musical Aptitude and Foreign Language Learning Skills: Neural and Behavioural Evidence

Given the structural and acoustical similarities between speech and music, and possible overlapping cerebral structures in speech and music processing, a possible relationship between musical aptitude and linguistic abilities, especially in terms of second language pronunciation skills, was investigated. Moreover, the laterality effect of the mother tongue was examined with both adults and children by means of dichotic listening scores. Finally, two event-related potential studies sought to reveal whether children with advanced second language pronunciation skills and higher general musical aptitude differed from children with less-advanced pronunciation skills and less musical aptitude in accuracy when preattentively processing mistuned triads and music / speech sound durations. The results showed a significant relationship between musical aptitude, English language pronunciation skills, chord discrimination ability, and sound-change-evoked brain activation in response to musical stimuli (durational differences and triad contrasts). Regular music practice may also have a modulatory effect on the brain���s linguistic organization and cause altered hemispheric functioning in those who have regularly practised music for years. Based on the present results, it is proposed that language skills, both in production and discrimination, are interconnected with perceptual musical skills.

Un estudio transversal sobre la percepci��n de la vitalidad etnoling����stica en j��venes y adultos de Catalunya = A cross-sectional study on ethnolinguistic vitality perception in young and adulthood people from Catalonia

El estudio utiliza un dise��o transversal en el campo de la percepci��n de la vitalidad etnoling����stica. Es el primero que compara la percepci��n de la vitalidad etnoling����stica, as�� como los factores asociados, entre adultos j��venes y adultos, en relaci��n con los grupos castellanohablantes y catalanohablantes de la Comunidad Aut��noma de Catalu��a. Para ello, se aplic�� el 'Cuestionario de vitalidad etnoling����stica subjetiva' (CVS) a una muestra de 527 participantes, 268 j��venes y 259 adultos, de los cuales se seleccion�� una submuestra de individuos que ten��an el catal��n como lengua materna y se identificaban como catalanes (n=301). En ambas muestras se aduce una tendencia a descriminar favorablemente la vitalidad percibida por el grupo catal��n, aspecto que se acent��a significativa en el grupo de j��venes estudiados en relaci��n al grupo de edad de los adultos. Se discuten los resultados seg��n las repercusiones te��ricas y pragm��ticas de los estudios realizados en el ��mbito de la comunicaci��n intergrupal

Habilitats comunicatives per a l���aprenentatge en l���entorn virtual = Communicative skills for learning in a virtual environment

The virtual learning environments are an option in permanent training with great possibilities for adults who look for studies that are compatible with their jobs and with their family life. So as to participate in determined learning as much in attitudes as knowledge and skills. The article is dedicated to analysing the necessary linguistic habits for moving within an environment of this type and offers didactic proposals that can facilitate the active participation in a virtual course and widen the perspectives of the control of new channels of communication with objectives that are different to learning

Las habilidades motrices b��sicas en educaci��n primaria: aspectos de su desarrollo = Key motor skills in primary education: developmental aspects

The physical education curriculum stresses the importance of improving students��� key motor skills. This idea agrees with the contributions of research into motor development concerning the important role these skills play in child development. In order to facilitate this improvement is essential to know the different basic aspects of how these key motor skills evolve as well as the essential factors related to the characteristics and conditions of educational practice

Design and analysis of a transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-machine pole-pair

The Switched Reluctance technology is probably best suited for industrial low-speed or zerospeed applications where the power can be small but the torque or the force in linear movement cases might be relatively high. Because of its simple structure the SR-motor is an interesting alternative for low power applications where pneumatic or hydraulic linear drives are to be avoided. This study analyses the basic parts of an LSR-motor which are the two mover poles and one stator pole and which form the ���basic pole pair��� in linear-movement transversal-flux switchedreluctance motors. The static properties of the basic pole pair are modelled and the basic design rules are derived. The models developed are validated with experiments. A one-sided one-polepair transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-motor prototype is demonstrated and its static properties are measured. The modelling of the static properties is performed with FEM-calculations. Two-dimensional models are accurate enough to model the static key features for the basic dimensioning of LSRmotors. Three-dimensional models must be used in order to get the most accurate calculation results of the static traction force production. The developed dimensioning and modelling methods, which could be systematically validated by laboratory measurements, are the most significant contributions of this thesis.

Atitudes frente a aspectos relevantes da pr��tica m��dica: estudo transversal randomizado com alunos de segundo e sexto anos

Estudo transversal com duas amostras randomizadas de 50 alunos do segundo e 50 do sexto ano de gradua����o em Medicina. Foi aplicado um question��rio com quest��es abertas e a escala "Instrumento de avalia����o de atitudes de estudantes de medicina frente a aspectos relevantes da pr��tica m��dica" (Colares, 2002). A escala cont��m 52 quest��es referentes ��: 1. Aspectos psicol��gicos e emocionais nas doen��as org��nicas e mentais; 2. Manejo de situa����es relacionadas �� morte; 3. Aten����o prim��ria �� sa��de; 4. Aspectos relacionados �� doen��a mental; 5. Contribui����o do m��dico ao avan��o cient��fico da medicina; 6. Outros aspectos relacionados �� atua����o m��dica e ��s pol��ticas de sa��de. As atitudes s��o categorizadas em positivas, negativas e conflitantes. Observou-se que os estudantes apresentaram atitudes positivas frente a pelo menos tr��s dos seis aspectos abordados; os alunos do segundo ano e do sexto ano apresentaram diferen��a estatisticamente significativa (chi�� = 6,901, g.l. = 1, p < 0,05) nas atitudes relacionadas ao fator 2 (manejo de situa����es relacionadas �� morte).

The effectiveness of short-term literacy skills intervention on children at risk of reading and writing difficulties in Tanzania : a study of grade one children with dynamic assessment approach

The aim of the study was to create and evaluate an intervention programme for Tanzanian children from a low-income area who are at risk of reading and writing difficulties. The learning difficulties, including reading and writing difficulties, are likely to be behind many of the common school problems in Tanzania, but they are not well understood, and research is needed. The design of the study included an identification and intervention phase with follow-up. A group based dynamic assessment approach was used in identifying children at risk of difficulties in reading and writing. The same approach was used in the intervention. The study was a randomized experiment with one experimental and two control groups. For the experimental and the control groups, a total of 96 (46 girls and 50 boys) children from grade one were screened out of 301 children from two schools in a low income urban area of Dar-es-Salaam. One third of the children, the experimental group, participated in an intensive training programme in literacy skills for five weeks, six hours per week, aimed at promoting reading and writing ability, while the children in the control groups had a mathematics and art programme. Follow-up was performed five months after the intervention. The intervention programme and the tests were based on the Zambian BASAT (Basic Skill Assessment Tool, Ketonen & Mulenga, 2003), but the content was drawn from the Kiswahili school curriculum in Tanzania. The main components of the training and testing programme were the same, only differing in content. The training process was different from traditional training in Tanzanian schools in that principles of teaching and training in dynamic assessment were followed. Feedback was the cornerstone of the training and the focus was on supporting the children in exploring knowledge and strategies in performing the tasks. The experimental group improved significantly more (p = .000) than the control groups during the intervention from pre-test to follow-up (repeated measures ANOVA). No differences between the control groups were noticed. The effect was significant on all the measures: phonological awareness, reading skills, writing skills and overall literacy skills. A transfer effect on school marks in Kiswahili and English was found. Following a discussion of the results, suggestions for further research and adaptation of the programme are presented.

Estimativa das estabilidades longitudinal e transversal de tratores florestais utilizados na colheita de madeira

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar as estabilidades longitudinal e transversal nas condi����es din��micas de tr��fego, com base na estabilidade est��tica e nas coordenadas do centro de gravidade (CG) de dois tratores com rodados de pneus, sendo um derrubador-amontoador ("Feller-buncher") e outro arrastador ("Skidder"), utilizados em um sistema de aproveitamento de toras compridas em povoamento de eucalipto. O resultado do trator "Skidder" permitiu seu tr��fego transversal em rampas com inclina����o de no m��ximo 33,2%. No caso do "Feller-buncher", seu uso deve ser recomendado sempre em terrenos planos, em virtude de suas caracter��sticas t��cnicas e operacionais, com grande concentra����o de carga no eixo dianteiro quando deslocando carregado.

Efeito das dimens��es da se����o transversal e da frequ��ncia do transdutor na velocidade de propaga����o de ondas de ultra-som na madeira

Diversas pesquisas v��m sendo realizadas com o uso da velocidade de propaga����o de ondas de ultra-som como par��metro para estimar propriedades mec��nicas da madeira. Tendo em vista que essa velocidade pode ser influenciada pela forma da pe��a ensaiada, bem como pela frequ��ncia do transdutor utilizado no ensaio, conhecer essas fontes de influ��ncia �� fator importante para a obten����o de resultados confi��veis. Durante estudo mais amplo sobre a influ��ncia da dimens��o do corpo-de-prova em ensaios destrutivos de compress��o paralela ��s fibras, os corpos-de-prova de 0,03 x 0,03 x 0,09 m e de 0,05 x 0,05 x 0,15 m foram tamb��m utilizados para avaliar a varia����o da velocidade de propaga����o de ondas de ultrassom em raz��o da dimens��o da pe��a ensaiada. Para a avalia����o da influ��ncia da frequ��ncia, os ensaios foram realizados com transdutores de onda longitudinal (compress��o) de 25 kHz, 45 kHz, 80 kHz, 100 kHz, 500 kHz e 1 MHz, em 119 corpos-de-prova de Pinus elliottii e 244 de Eucalyptus grandis. Os resultados indicaram que, em ambas as esp��cies, a se����o transversal exerceu influ��ncia na propaga����o da onda de ultrassom e que a velocidade longitudinal foi fortemente afetada pela frequ��ncia do transdutor para frequ��ncias abaixo de 500 kHz, corroborando a import��ncia de sempre se adotarem, nos ensaios, rela����es de comprimento de percurso/comprimento de onda superiores a 3,0.

Customer-related skills and capabilities in knowledge-intensive business services

The roles of knowledge and customer involvement form distinct features in providing knowledge-intensive business services. The objective of this study was to investigate the customer-related skills and capabilities of knowledge-intensive business services. The research was carried out as case study, involving two polar cases. The other case represented customized services, and the other standardized services. The research method was qualitative, and included focus group workshops, individual interviews and a survey. The capabilities of business services have been mainly studied on organizational level. This study provides valuable insight into the role of individual skills as a part of capabilities of knowledge-intensive business services. According to this study, the most important capabilities are related to acquiring and integrating of knowledge, resource management, managing the customer���s role as a co-producer of the service, and active and effective communication. The study indicates that the level of tacit knowledge is high in the needed individual skills. Based on the study, the needed capabilities and skills are affected by the level of customization of the service, the demand for customer knowledge, the demand for consultation and the stage of the service providing.

Caracteriza����o do microambiente em sec����o transversal de um galp��o do tipo "free-stall" orientado na dire����o norte-sul

O trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar o microambiente clim��tico das baias de um galp��o de confinamento para gado leiteiro, modelo "free-stall", no sentido transversal da instala����o. O "free-stall" �� orientado na dire����o norte-sul, localizado em Marechal C��ndido Rondon, regi��o Oeste do Paran��, com capacidade para abrigar 40 vacas em lacta����o (40 baias). Visando �� determina����o do ��ndice de Temperatura do Globo e Umidade (ITGU) e da Carga T��rmica de Radia����o (CTR), foram instalados quatro globos negros, no centro de baias dispostas no sent ido transversal, dispondo dois globos no lado oeste e dois globos no lado leste (separados pelo corredor de alimenta����o). Lateralmente ao galp��o, no lado leste, havia vegeta����o a 4 m da instala����o, que promovia sombreamento nas primeiras horas do dia. Pode-se concluir que, nas primeiras horas do dia, n��o h�� diferen��a significativa entre os valores de ITGU e CTR encontrados, indicando que o sombreamento, devido �� vegeta����o, foi capaz de amenizar os efeitos da radia����o solar. ��s 17 h 30 min, verificou-se que h�� ocorr��ncia de maiores valores, tanto de ITGU quanto de CTR, nas baias localizadas no lado oeste do "free-stall".

Avalia����o do m��dulo de elasticidade da madeira com uso de m��todo n��o-destrutivo de vibra����o transversal

Numerosas pesquisas t��m estudado os m��todos n��o-destrutivos de avalia����o de materiais e sua aplica����o ��queles de matrizes complexas, como �� o caso da madeira. Um dos primeiros m��todos n��o-destrutivos investigados para aplica����o nesses casos foi o da vibra����o transversal. Apesar de sua concep����o simples, e a despeito dos grandes avan��os obtidos nessa ��rea com outros m��todos, como, por exemplo, o ultra-som, o m��todo de vibra����o transversal para a determina����o do m��dulo de elasticidade da madeira revela-se como de grande potencial de aplica����o, sobretudo pela precis��o do modelo matem��tico a ele associado e pela possibilidade de sua aplica����o a pe��as de dimens��es estruturais (in-grade testing). Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o uso desse m��todo na determina����o do m��dulo de elasticidade de tr��s esp��cies de eucalipto. Foram ensaiados n��o-destrutivamente e por ensaios mec��nicos convencionais de flex��o corpos-de-prova de 2 cm x 2 cm x 46 cm de E. grandis, E. saligna e E. citriodora. Os ensaios n��o-destrutivos foram conduzidos com uso do sistema BING - Beam Identification by Non-destructive Grading, que permite a an��lise das vibra����es do material nos dom��nios do tempo e da freq����ncia. Os resultados obtidos revelaram boa correla����o entre os dois tipos de ensaios empregados, justificando o in��cio dos ensaios com pe��as de dimens��es estruturais, para a viabiliza����o da t��cnica nas pr��ticas de classifica����o estrutural.