Changes in the foreign trade structure of the Russian Far East under the process of transition toward a market economy

Under the process of transition toward a market economy, the economic connections of the Russian Far East (RFE) with external regions changed from a division of labor among the regions of the USSR (Russia) to an international division of labor. This happened due to factors including the liberalization of the trade system away from a state monopoly, the presence of rich natural resources and of developed industries related to these resources, the advantage of geographically proximity to Asia-Pacific countries, and the political and economic division of the once unified national economic space during the process of transition. The economic connections of RFE with external economies changed radically under the transition toward the market economy. First, the value of foreign trade increased dramatically and the importance of foreign trade for the RFE economy increased enormously. Second, however, different territories of RFE traveled along different trajectories, due to factors involving their industrial structure and geographical conditions. Third, in recent years connections with China, in the areas of both exports and imports, have grown. Fourth, the share within exports of "fuel, mineral resources and metal" increased radically from the end of the 1990s, and the share of "machine, facilities and transportation means" increased from 2002 year within imports. Under this situation, especially since 2002, there has been a major change in the structure of foreign trade.

Remarks on Compositionality (with reference to Gennadij Zeldoviè's article “On Russian Dative Reflexive Constructions: Accidental or Compositional”)

Zeldovič’s article “On Russian Dative Reflexive Constructions: Accidental or Compositional” is very interesting. It contains a good deal of insightful observations and is painstakingly argued. Its research object is the Russian dative reflexive construction (DRC) like Ивану не работается ‘Ivan does not feel like reading’. The aim of the article is to show that the DRC is fully compositional. Like many other works by Zeldovič, the article is written from the radical-pragmatic perspective and constitutes a very good illustration of this trend in linguistic research. The language material that it analyzes has often been investigated within more traditional frameworks, especially in Russian linguistics, which makes Zeldovič’s novel approach to the old problem particularly interesting. In this short note I would like (by way of discussion) to address two problems connected not so much with the DRC itself as with methodological issues concerning compositionality. I will dwell on two aspects: on the question of how we understand the very concept of compositionality, and what instruments we employ to demonstrate it.

De la ciudad en vibración al ser resonante: Una investigación a propósito de los conciertos de campanas de Llorenç Barber

Este trabajo tiene la vocación de dibujar el mapa de los dominios de oportunidad que hay a disposición de un arquitecto, al imaginar el aspecto sonoro de la ciudad en relación con la campana. Muchas de las dimensiones señaladas, tanto conocidas como desconocidas, son sencillamente despertadas al estudio de lo que un diseñador del espacio sonoro, como Llorenç Barber, viene a decirnos, desde una disciplina aparentemente contactada, pero muchas veces paralela a la arquitectónica. Tomando los conciertos de campanas celebrados hasta la fecha como puestas en práctica real de la condición instrumental de más de doscientas ciudades de todo el mundo, el estudio analiza los hallazgos, éxitos y fracasos, obtenidos a lo largo de estos últimos veinticinco años de experiencia, como resultados explícitos de un trabajo sonoro en la ciudad, probado, contrastado y afinado, del que extraer indicaciones concretas susceptibles de ser aplicadas en el diseño del espacio urbano. Mediante un análisis triangular de vértices definidos: emisor-campana, medio-ciudad, receptor-ciudadano; la investigación aborda los aspectos relativos a la producción y recepción del fenómeno sonoro generado por la campana en la ciudad. En relación con la producción, una parte del trabajo se dedica al estudio de los efectos acústicos observados, ordenado por escalas graduales en las que se produce una distribución del sonido susceptible de diseño: el vaso de la campana, la sala de campanas, el campanario, el cuerpo del edificio, la ciudad y el territorio. A modo de cajas de resonancia y leídas como muñecas rusas, unas dentro de otras, los espacios identificados muestran cualidades sonoras específicas, definidas tanto por sus condiciones geométricas, formales, constructivas o de uso; como por las correspondientes a las subsiguientes cajas que alojan. A fin de esclarecer la influencia de tales cuestiones en el aspecto sonoro de la ciudad, se propone un modelo ordenado de conexión y desconexión de escalas, utilizando una paramétrica puramente técnica creada ex profeso, junto con variables metodológicas más tradicionales. Al mismo tiempo, y tratando de esclarecer cómo, al ser puesta en vibración, la ciudad es aprehendida, disfrutada y rememorada por el ciudadano-oyente, otra parte del trabajo se dedica al estudio de los aspectos relativos a su recepción aural en deambulación compartida. En este caso la investigación se propone reclamar otras dimensiones más subversivas que, si bien escapan a los modos habituales de trabajar del arquitecto, se revelan intensamente en la experiencia plurifocal, multiplicando los efectos a considerar: efectos funcionales y significativos, de reconocimiento, integración y pertenencia a un cuerpo territorial y social de coordenadas históricas y geográficas de nuevo significadas; efectos perceptuales de inmersión, ubicuidad, temporalidad o inestabilidad; efectos estéticos, de rememoración, interpretación simbólica y recreación poética; e incluso efectos políticos, descubriendo un espacio urbano en continua regeneración, lugar para la exposición en su doble acepción, para la exhibición y el peligro, o como contenedor situacional del más profundo sentido ciudadano. Para afinar la relevancia de lo obtenido en cada una de las dimensiones señaladas, el trabajo se articula en tres aproximaciones graduales: el corpus general de los conciertos celebrados hasta la fecha; los conciertos celebrados en España; los tres conciertos para Madrid: Magna Mater (1991), Festi Clamores (2000) y Aurea Catena (2007). Si bien el modelo propuesto nace a la luz de los conciertos de campanas de Llorenç Barber, a escala de una ciudad entera y con una intención compositiva individual, se entiende que sería útil para el uso ordenado de cualquier profesional interesado en el aspecto sonoro de la ciudad, faceta escasamente atendida, dicho sea de paso, desde la disciplina arquitectónica. ABSTRACT This work has the vocation of drawing out the numerous opportunities an architect has at his disposal, upon imagining the sonorous aspect of the city in relation to the bell. Many of the dimensions indicated, both known and unknown, are just awakened to the study of what a sound space designer, as Llorenç Barber, comes to tell us, from a discipline apparently contacted, but often parallel to the architecture. Taking the bell concerts held so far as actual implementation of the instrumental condition of over two hundred cities around the world, the study analyzes the findings, successes and failures, obtained over the last twenty years of experience, as explicit results of a sound work in the city, tested, verified and refined, from which to extract specific indications that can be applied in the design of urban space. By triangular analyzing of defined vertices: sender-bell, half-city, receptor-citizen; the research addresses issues relating to the production and reception of sound phenomenon generated by the bell in the city. In relation to production, part of the work is devoted to the study of observed acoustic effects, ordered gradual scale which produces a distribution of sound capable of design: the glass of the bell, the bell room, the bell tower and the body of the building, the city and territory. By way of sounding boards and read as if they were Russian dolls, one inside the other, the show spaces identified specific sound qualities, defined both for their geometric, formal, constructive use, such as those for hosting the subsequent boxes. In order to clarify the influence of such issues in the sound aspect of the city, we propose an ordered pattern of connection and disconnection of scales, using a purely parametric technique created on purpose, along with more traditional methodological variables. At the same time, and trying to clarify how, when set in vibration, the city is apprehended, enjoyed and remembered for the citizen-listener, another part of the work is devoted to the study of aspects of aural reception in shared ambulation. In this case the research aims to claim more subversive than other dimensions, but beyond the usual ways in which an architect works, the experience reveals intensely plurifocal multiplying effects to consider: functional effects and significant recognition and integration belonging to a body of territorial and social historical and geographical coordinates of new meaning and perceptual effects of immersion, ubiquity, timeliness or instability; aesthetic effects of recall, interpretation and recreation of symbolic poetic; and even political effects, revealing a continuous urban space regeneration site for the exhibition in its double meaning, for display and danger, or as a citizen sense container. To sharpen the relevance of what was obtained in each of the dimensions mentioned, the work is divided into three incremental approaches: the general corpus of the concerts held so far, the concerts in Spain, the three concerts for Madrid: Magna Mater (1991), Festi Clamores (2000) and Aurea Catena (2007). While the proposed model comes in the light of the bells concert Llorenç Barber, the scale of a whole city and individual compositional intent, it is understood that it would be useful for the orderly use of any professional interested in the sound aspect of the city, an aspect sparsely attended, incidentally, from the architectural discipline.

Prematica, en que se prohibe el arrendarse los oficios de escriuanos de camara, y procuradorias, recetorias, y escriuanias del numero, y que à los tales oficios no sean admitidos al vso dellos, sino constare tener de propia hazienda y patrimonio ...

Sign.: []4

Reflexiones sobre los contratos maritimos : sacadas del Derecho Ciuil, y Canonico, del Consulado de Mar, y de los usos maritimos, con las formulas de los tales contratos ...

Sign.: [calderón]-3[calderón]4, 4[calderón]2, A-Z4, Aa-Tt4

Historia de la Guerra Civil [Material cartográfico] : Sitio y Batalla de Tales

La mencionada batalla se produjo en 1839

Contemporary eden: the transmigration of paradise tales, into edenic architectures today

This document proceeds from the research for my doctoral thesis titled This thesis is about the subject of Eden or paradise in architecture, to understand its concepts and be able to generate a general model to generate architecture that places us in a virtual way in paradisiacal places, in holidays as well as in daily life. It also seeks to build a system of measure to be used to turn into Eden the previously non “Edenic”. A comparative measuring system to know where we are in relation to how much Eden is present in places to intervene, or project. Eden; Tale, Image and Project. The zones of the thesis that are related to this congress are those related to the use of this tale, idea and image of the collective unconscious, when it comes to projecting a place that locates us physically, mentally and in our mood in paradise.

Russia's Clandestine War against the United States: The Resurrection of the KGB and Russian Organized Crime Post 9/11

As American leadership has narrowly focused on fighting global terror in Iraq and Afghanistan, the modern version of the KGB, now known as the FSB, has been conducting continuous clandestine warfare operations against the United States. These warfare operations include strategic economic and political partnerships with anti-American entities worldwide and direct embedding of double agents in the US intelligence community. This paper investigates the role of Russia's cultural history leading to the merger of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and Russian Organized Crime (ROC). This paper concludes that the FSB is the most pervasive security threat to the United States and that employing Russian native and heritage speakers of Russian in the US intelligence community compromises US national security.

Plant physiology, by Vladimir I. Palladin. Authorized English ed. based on the German translation of the 6th Russian ed. and on the 7th Russian ed. (1914) Edited by Burton Edward Livingston.

2nd ed.