Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 modulates the antioxidant response by transcriptionally controlling Sirtuin 1 expression in leukemic cells.

Cancer cell metabolism differs from that of non-transformed cells in the same tissue. This specific metabolism gives tumor cells growing advantages besides the effect in increasing anabolism. One of these advantages is immune evasion mediated by a lower expression of the mayor histocompatibility complex class I molecules. The extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-5 regulates both mayor histocompatibility complex class I expression and metabolic activity. However, the mechanisms underlying are largely unknown. We show here that extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-5 regulates the transcription of the NADH(+)-dependent histone deacetylase silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Sirtuin 1) in leukemic Jurkat T cells. This involves the activation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor-2 and its binding to the sirt1 promoter. In addition, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-5 is required for T cell receptor-induced and oxidative stress-induced full Sirtuin 1 expression. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-5 induces the expression of promoters containing the antioxidant response elements through a Sirtuin 1-dependent pathway. On the other hand, down modulation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-5 expression impairs the anti-oxidant response. Notably, the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-5 inhibitor BIX02189 induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia tumor cells without affecting T cells from healthy donors. Our results unveil a new pathway that modulates metabolism in tumor cells. This pathway represents a promising therapeutic target in cancers with deep metabolic layouts such as acute myeloid leukemia.

Statistical reference criteria for adaptive signal processing in digital communications

A general criterion for the design of adaptive systemsin digital communications called the statistical reference criterionis proposed. The criterion is based on imposition of the probabilitydensity function of the signal of interest at the outputof the adaptive system, with its application to the scenario ofhighly powerful interferers being the main focus of this paper.The knowledge of the pdf of the wanted signal is used as adiscriminator between signals so that interferers with differingdistributions are rejected by the algorithm. Its performance isstudied over a range of scenarios. Equations for gradient-basedcoefficient updates are derived, and the relationship with otherexisting algorithms like the minimum variance and the Wienercriterion are examined.

System identification using a linear combination of cumulant slices

In this paper we develop a new linear approach to identify the parameters of a moving average (MA) model from the statistics of the output. First, we show that, under some constraints, the impulse response of the system can be expressed as a linear combination of cumulant slices. Then, thisresult is used to obtain a new well-conditioned linear methodto estimate the MA parameters of a non-Gaussian process. Theproposed method presents several important differences withexisting linear approaches. The linear combination of slices usedto compute the MA parameters can be constructed from dif-ferent sets of cumulants of different orders, providing a generalframework where all the statistics can be combined. Further-more, it is not necessary to use second-order statistics (the autocorrelation slice), and therefore the proposed algorithm stillprovides consistent estimates in the presence of colored Gaussian noise. Another advantage of the method is that while mostlinear methods developed so far give totally erroneous estimates if the order is overestimated, the proposed approach doesnot require a previous estimation of the filter order. The simulation results confirm the good numerical conditioning of thealgorithm and the improvement in performance with respect to existing methods.

Wigner higher-order spectra: definition, properties, computation and application to transient signal analysis

The Wigner higher order moment spectra (WHOS)are defined as extensions of the Wigner-Ville distribution (WD)to higher order moment spectra domains. A general class oftime-frequency higher order moment spectra is also defined interms of arbitrary higher order moments of the signal as generalizations of the Cohen’s general class of time-frequency representations. The properties of the general class of time-frequency higher order moment spectra can be related to theproperties of WHOS which are, in fact, extensions of the properties of the WD. Discrete time and frequency Wigner higherorder moment spectra (DTF-WHOS) distributions are introduced for signal processing applications and are shown to beimplemented with two FFT-based algorithms. One applicationis presented where the Wigner bispectrum (WB), which is aWHOS in the third-order moment domain, is utilized for thedetection of transient signals embedded in noise. The WB iscompared with the WD in terms of simulation examples andanalysis of real sonar data. It is shown that better detectionschemes can be derived, in low signal-to-noise ratio, when theWB is applied.

Lon protease negatively affects GacA protein stability and expression of the Gac/Rsm signal transduction pathway in Pseudomonas protegens.

In Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 and other fluorescent pseudomonads, the Gac/Rsm signal transduction pathway controls secondary metabolism and suppression of fungal root pathogens via the expression of regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs). Because of its high cost, this pathway needs to be protected from overexpression and to be turned off in response to environmental stress such as the lack of nutrients. However, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrated that Lon protease, a member of the ATP-dependent protease family, negatively regulated the Gac/Rsm cascade. In a lon mutant, the steady-state levels and the stability of the GacA protein were significantly elevated at the end of exponential growth. As a consequence, the expression of the sRNAs RsmY and RsmZ and that of dependent physiological functions such as antibiotic production were significantly enhanced. Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum on cucumber roots required fewer lon mutant cells than wild-type cells. In starved cells, the loss of Lon function prolonged the half-life of the GacA protein. Thus, Lon protease is an important negative regulator of the Gac/Rsm signal transduction pathway in P. protegens.

Phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 mediate reoxygenation-induced cardioprotection during hypoxia.

In vivo exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH) depresses myocardial performance and tolerance to ischemia, but daily reoxyenation during CH (CHR) confers cardioprotection. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we tested the role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B (Akt) and p42/p44 extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), which are known to be associated with protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained for two weeks under CH (10% O(2)) or CHR (as CH but with one-hour daily exposure to room air). Then, hearts were either frozen for biochemical analyses or Langendorff-perfused to determine performance (intraventricular balloon) and tolerance to 30-min global ischemia and 45-min reperfusion, assessed as recovery of performance after I/R and infarct size (tetrazolium staining). Additional hearts were perfused in the presence of 15 micromol/L LY-294002 (inhibitor of Akt), 10 micromol/L UO-126 (inhibitor of ERK1/2) or 10 micromol/L PD-98059 (less-specific inhibitor of ERK1/2) given 15 min before ischemia and throughout the first 20 min of reperfusion. Whereas total Akt and ERK1/2 were unaffected by CH and CHR in vivo, in CHR hearts the phosphorylation of both proteins was higher than in CH hearts. This was accompanied by better performance after I/R (heart rate x developed pressure), lower end-diastolic pressure and reduced infarct size. Whereas the treatment with LY-294002 decreased the phosphorylation of Akt only, the treatment with UO-126 decreased ERK1/2, and that with PD-98059 decreased both Akt and ERK1/2. In all cases, the cardioprotective effect led by CHR was lost. In conclusion, in vivo daily reoxygenation during CH enhances Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. This response was accompanied by a complex phenotype consisting in improved resistance to stress, better myocardial performance and lower infarct size after I/R. Selective inhibition of Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation abolishes the beneficial effects of the reoxygenation. Therefore, Akt and ERK1/2 have an important role to mediate cardioprotection by reoxygenation during CH in vivo.

The Development of Weak Signal Concept

Tämän hetken trendit kuten globalisoituminen, ympäristömme turbulenttisuus, elintason nousu, turvallisuuden tarpeen kasvu ja teknologian kehitysnopeus korostavatmuutosten ennakoinnin tarpeellisuutta. Pysyäkseen kilpailukykyisenä yritysten tulee kerätä, analysoida ja hyödyntää liiketoimintatietoa, jokatukee niiden toimintaa viranomaisten, kilpailijoiden ja asiakkaiden toimenpiteiden ennakoinnissa. Innovoinnin ja uusien konseptien kehittäminen, kilpailijoiden toiminnan arviointi, asiakkaiden tarpeet muun muassa vaativatennakoivaa arviointia. Heikot signaalit ovat keskeisessä osassa organisaatioiden valmistautumisessa tulevaisuuden tapahtumiin. Opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on luoda ja kehittää heikkojen signaalien ymmärrystä ja hallintaa sekäkehittää konseptuaalinen ja käytännöllinen lähestymistapa ennakoivan toiminnan edistämiselle. Heikkojen signaalien tyyppien luokittelu perustuu ominaisuuksiin ajan, voimakkuuden ja liiketoimintaan integroinnin suhteen. Erityyppiset heikot signaalit piirteineen luovat reunaehdot laatutekijöiden keräämiselle ja siitä edelleen laatujärjestelmän ja matemaattiseen malliin perustuvan työvälineen kehittämiselle. Heikkojen signaalien laatutekijät on kerätty yhteen kaikista heikkojen signaalien konseptin alueista. Analysoidut ja kohdistetut laatumuuttujat antavat mahdollisuuden kehittää esianalyysiä ja ICT - työvälineitä perustuen matemaattisen mallin käyttöön. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi tehtiin ensin Business Intelligence -kirjallisuustutkimus. Hiekkojen signaalien prosessi ja systeemi perustuvat koottuun Business Intelligence - systeemiin. Keskeisinä kehitysalueina tarkasteltiin liiketoiminnan integraatiota ja systemaattisen menetelmän kehitysaluetta. Heikkojen signaalien menetelmien ja määritelmien kerääminen sekä integrointi määriteltyyn prosessiin luovat uuden konseptin perustan, johon tyypitys ja laatutekijät kytkeytyvät. Käytännöllisen toiminnan tarkastelun ja käyttöönoton mahdollistamiseksi toteutettiin Business Intelligence markkinatutkimus (n=156) sekä yhteenveto muihin saatavilla oleviin markkinatutkimuksiin. Syvähaastatteluilla (n=21) varmennettiin laadullisen tarkastelun oikeellisuus. Lisäksi analysoitiin neljä käytännön projektia, joiden yhteenvedot kytkettiin uuden konseptin kehittämiseen. Prosessi voidaan jakaa kahteen luokkaan: yritysten markkinasignaalit vuoden ennakoinnilla ja julkisen sektorin verkostoprojektit kehittäen ennakoinnin struktuurin luonnin 7-15 vuoden ennakoivalle toiminnalle. Tutkimus rajattiin koskemaan pääasiassa ulkoisen tiedon aluetta. IT työvälineet ja lopullisen laatusysteemin kehittäminen jätettiin tutkimuksen ulkopuolelle. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena ollut heikkojen signaalien konseptin kehittäminen toteutti sille asetetut odotusarvot. Heikkojen signaalien systemaattista tarkastelua ja kehittämistyötä on mahdollista edistää Business Intelligence - systematiikan hyödyntämisellä. Business Intelligence - systematiikkaa käytetään isojen yritysten liiketoiminnan suunnittelun tukena.Organisaatioiden toiminnassa ei ole kuitenkaan yleisesti hyödynnetty laadulliseen analyysiin tukeutuvaa ennakoinnin weak signals - toimintaa. Ulkoisenja sisäisen tiedon integroinnin ja systematiikan hyödyt PK -yritysten tukena vaativat merkittävää panostusta julkishallinnon rahoituksen ja kehitystoiminnan tukimuotoina. Ennakointi onkin tuottanut lukuisia julkishallinnon raportteja, mutta ei käytännön toteutuksia. Toisaalta analysoitujen case-tapausten tuloksena voidaan nähdä, ettei organisaatioissa välttämättä tarvita omaa projektipäällikköä liiketoiminnan tuen kehittämiseksi. Business vastuun ottamiseksi ja asiaan sitoutumiseen on kuitenkin löydyttävä oikea henkilö

Blood-Borne Circadian Signal Stimulates Daily Oscillations in Actin Dynamics and SRF Activity.

In peripheral tissues circadian gene expression can be driven either by local oscillators or by cyclic systemic cues controlled by the master clock in the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the latter case, systemic signals can activate immediate early transcription factors (IETFs) and thereby control rhythmic transcription. In order to identify IETFs induced by diurnal blood-borne signals, we developed an unbiased experimental strategy, dubbed Synthetic TAndem Repeat PROMoter (STAR-PROM) screening. This technique relies on the observation that most transcription factor binding sites exist at a relatively high frequency in random DNA sequences. Using STAR-PROM we identified serum response factor (SRF) as an IETF responding to oscillating signaling proteins present in human and rodent sera. Our data suggest that in mouse liver SRF is regulated via dramatic diurnal changes of actin dynamics, leading to the rhythmic translocation of the SRF coactivator Myocardin-related transcription factor-B (MRTF-B) into the nucleus.

Self-Organising Maps and Correlation Analysis as a Tool to Explore Patterns in Excitation-Emission Matrix Data Sets and to Discriminate Dissolved Organic Matter Fluorescence Components

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of organic compounds, ubiquitous in marine and freshwater systems. Fluorescence spectroscopy, by means of Excitation-Emission Matrices (EEM), has become an indispensable tool to study DOM sources, transport and fate in aquatic ecosystems. However the statistical treatment of large and heterogeneous EEM data sets still represents an important challenge for biogeochemists. Recently, Self-Organising Maps (SOM) has been proposed as a tool to explore patterns in large EEM data sets. SOM is a pattern recognition method which clusterizes and reduces the dimensionality of input EEMs without relying on any assumption about the data structure. In this paper, we show how SOM, coupled with a correlation analysis of the component planes, can be used both to explore patterns among samples, as well as to identify individual fluorescence components. We analysed a large and heterogeneous EEM data set, including samples from a river catchment collected under a range of hydrological conditions, along a 60-km downstream gradient, and under the influence of different degrees of anthropogenic impact. According to our results, chemical industry effluents appeared to have unique and distinctive spectral characteristics. On the other hand, river samples collected under flash flood conditions showed homogeneous EEM shapes. The correlation analysis of the component planes suggested the presence of four fluorescence components, consistent with DOM components previously described in the literature. A remarkable strength of this methodology was that outlier samples appeared naturally integrated in the analysis. We conclude that SOM coupled with a correlation analysis procedure is a promising tool for studying large and heterogeneous EEM data sets.

Profiling of signal transduction in human memory T cells

Résumé pour un large public: La vaccination a eu un impact énorme sur la santé mondiale. Mais, quel est le principe d'un vaccin? Il est basé sur la 'mémoire immunologique', qui est une particularité exclusive des systèmes immunitaires des organismes évolués. Suite à une infection par un pathogène, des cellules spécialisées de notre système immunitaire (les lymphocytes) le reconnaissent et initient une réaction immunitaire qui a pour but son élimination. Pendant cette réaction se développent aussi des cellules, appelées cellules lymphocytaires mémoire, qui persistent pour longue durée et qui ont la capacité de stimuler une réaction immunitaire très efficace immédiatement après une seconde exposition à ce même pathogène. Ce sont ces cellules mémoires (lymphocytes B et T) qui sont à la base de la 'mémoire immunologique' et qui sont stimulées lors de la vaccination. Chez l'homme, deux populations distinctes des lymphocytes T mémoires ont été identifiées: les cellules centrales (CM) et effectrices (EM) mémoires. Ces populations sont fonctionnellement hétérogènes et exercent des rôles distincts et essentiels dans l'immunité protectrice. Typiquement, les cellules effectrices mémoires sont capables de tuer immédiatement le pathogène tandis que les cellules centrales mémoires sont responsables d'initier une réponse immunitaire complète. Pourtant, les mécanismes biochimiques qui contrôlent les fonctions de ces cellules ont été jusqu'à présent peu étudiés à cause de la faible fréquence de ces cellules et de la quantité limitée de tissus humains disponibles pour les analyses. La compréhension de ces mécanismes est cruciale pour la réalisation de vaccins efficaces et pour le développement de nouveaux médicaments capables de moduler la réponse immunitaire lymphocytaire. Dans cette thèse, nous avons d'abord développé et amélioré une technologie appelée 'protéine array en phase inverse' qui possède un niveau de sensibilité beaucoup plus élevé par rapport aux technologies classiquement utilisées dans l'étude des protéines. Grâce à cette technique, nous avons pu comparer la composition protéique du système de transmission des signaux d'activation des cellules CM et EM humaines. L'analyse de 8 à 13 sujets sains a montré que ces populations des cellules mémoires possèdent un système de signalisation protéique différent. En effet, les cellules EM possèdent, par rapport aux cellules CM, des niveaux réduits d'une protéine régulatrice (appelée c-Cbl) que nous avons démontré comme étant responsable des fonctions spécifiques de ces cellules. En effet, en augmentant artificiellement l'expression de cette protéine régulatrice dans les cellules EM jusqu'au niveau de celui des cellules CM, nous avons induit dans les cellules EM des capacités fonctionnelles caractéristiques des cellules CM. En conclusion, notre étude a identifié, pour la première fois chez l'homme, un mécanisme biochimique qui contrôle les fonctions des populations des cellules mémoires. Résumé en Français: Les cellules mémoires persistent inertes dans l'organisme et produisent des réactions immunitaires rapides et robustes contre les pathogènes précédemment rencontrés. Deux populations distinctes des cellules mémoires ont été identifiées chez l'homme: les cellules centrales (CM) et effectrices (EM) mémoires. Ces populations sont fonctionnellement hétérogènes et exercent des rôles distincts et critiques dans l'immunité protectrice. Les mécanismes biochimiques qui contrôlent leurs fonctions ont été jusqu'à présent peu étudiés, bien que leur compréhension soit cruciale pour le développement des vaccins et des nouveaux traitements/médicaments. Les limites majeures à ces études sont la faible fréquence de ces populations et la quantité limitée de tissus humains disponibles. Dans cette thèse nous avons d'abord développé et amélioré la technologie de 'protéine array en phase inverse' afin d'analyser les molécules de signalisation des cellules mémoires CD4 et CD8 humaines isolées ex vivo. L'excellente sensibilité, la reproductibilité et la linéarité de la détection, ont permis de quantifier des variations d'expression protéiques supérieures à 20% dans un lysat équivalent à 20 cellules. Ensuite, grâce à l'analyse de 8 à 13 sujets sains, nous avons prouvé que les cellules mémoires CD8 ont une composition homogène de leur système de signalisation tandis que les cellules CD4 EM expriment significativement de plus grandes quantités de SLP-76 et des niveaux réduits de c-Cbl, Syk, Fyn et LAT par rapport aux cellules CM. En outre, l'expression réduite du régulateur négatif c-Cbl est corrélée avec l'expression des SLP-76, PI3K et LAT uniquement dans les cellules EM. L'évaluation des propriétés fonctionnelles des cellules mémoires a permis de démontrer que l'expression réduite du c-Cbl dans les cellules EM est associé à une diminution de leur seuil d'activation. En effet, grâce a la technique de transduction cytosolique, nous avons augmenté la quantité de c-Cbl des cellules EM à un niveau comparable à celui des cellules CM et constaté une réduction de la capacité des cellules EM à proliférer et sécréter des cytokines. Ce mécanisme de régulation dépend principalement de l'activité d'ubiquitine ligase de c-Cbl comme démontré par l'impact réduit du mutant enzymatiquement déficient de c-Cbl sur les fonctions de cellules EM. En conclusion, cette thèse identifie c-Cbl comme un régulateur critique des réponses fonctionnelles des populations de cellules T mémoires et fournit, pour la première fois chez l'homme, un mécanisme contrôlant l'hétérogénéité fonctionnelle des ces cellules. De plus, elle valide l'utilisation combinée des 'RPP arrays' et de la transduction cytosolique comme outil puissant d'analyse quantitative et fonctionnel des protéines de signalisation. Summary : Memory cells persist in a quiescent state in the body and mediate rapid and vigorous immune responses toward pathogens previously encountered. Two subsets of memory cells, namely central (CM) and effector (EM) memory cells, have been identified in humans. These subsets display high functional heterogeneity and assert critical and distinct roles in the control of protective immunity. The biochemical mechanisms controlling their functional properties remain so far poorly investigated, although their clarification is crucial for design of effective T-cell vaccine and drug development. Major limitations to these studies lie in the low frequency of memory T cell subsets and the limited amount of human specimen available. In this thesis we first implemented the innovative reverse phase protein array approach to profile 15 signalling components in human CD8 and CD4 memory T cells isolated ex vivo. The high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility and linearity achieved, allowed an excellent quantification of variations in protein expression higher than 20% in as few as 20-cell equivalent per spot. Based on the analysis of 8 to 13 healthy subjects, we showed that CD8 memory cells have a homogeneous composition of their signaling machinery while CD4 EM cells express statistically significant increased amounts of SLP-76 and reduced levels of c- Cbl, Syk, Fyn and LAT as compared to CM cells. Moreover, in EM but not CM cells, reduced expression of negative regulator c-Cbl correlated with the expression of SLP-76, PI3K and LAT. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the higher functional properties and the lower functional threshold of EM cells is associated with reduced expression of c-Cbl. Indeed, by increasing c-Cbl content of EM cells to the same level of CM cells using cytosolic transduction, we impaired their proliferation and cytokine production. This regulatory mechanism was primarily dependent on c-Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase activity as evidenced by the weaker impact of enzymatically deficient c-Cbl C381A mutant on EM cell functions. Together, these results identify c-Cbl as a critical regulator of the functional responses of memory T cell subsets and provides, for the first time in humans, a mechanism controlling the functional heterogeneity of memory CD4 cells. Moreover it validates the combined use of RPP arrays and cytosolic transduction approaches as a powerful tool to quantitatively analyze signalling proteins and functionally assess their roles.

A Topological Approach to Fuzzy Sets

This thesis presents a topological approach to studying fuzzy setsby means of modifier operators. Modifier operators are mathematical models, e.g., for hedges, and we present briefly different approaches to studying modifier operators. We are interested in compositional modifier operators, modifiers for short, and these modifiers depend on binary relations. We show that if a modifier depends on a reflexive and transitive binary relation on U, then there exists a unique topology on U such that this modifier is the closure operator in that topology. Also, if U is finite then there exists a lattice isomorphism between the class of all reflexive and transitive relations and the class of all topologies on U. We define topological similarity relation "≈" between L-fuzzy sets in an universe U, and show that the class LU/ ≈ is isomorphic with the class of all topologies on U, if U is finite and L is suitable. We consider finite bitopological spaces as approximation spaces, and we show that lower and upper approximations can be computed by means of α-level sets also in the case of equivalence relations. This means that approximations in the sense of Rough Set Theory can be computed by means of α-level sets. Finally, we present and application to data analysis: we study an approach to detecting dependencies of attributes in data base-like systems, called information systems.

A priori parameterisation of the CERES soil-crop models and tests against several European data sets

Mechanistic soil-crop models have become indispensable tools to investigate the effect of management practices on the productivity or environmental impacts of arable crops. Ideally these models may claim to be universally applicable because they simulate the major processes governing the fate of inputs such as fertiliser nitrogen or pesticides. However, because they deal with complex systems and uncertain phenomena, site-specific calibration is usually a prerequisite to ensure their predictions are realistic. This statement implies that some experimental knowledge on the system to be simulated should be available prior to any modelling attempt, and raises a tremendous limitation to practical applications of models. Because the demand for more general simulation results is high, modellers have nevertheless taken the bold step of extrapolating a model tested within a limited sample of real conditions to a much larger domain. While methodological questions are often disregarded in this extrapolation process, they are specifically addressed in this paper, and in particular the issue of models a priori parameterisation. We thus implemented and tested a standard procedure to parameterize the soil components of a modified version of the CERES models. The procedure converts routinely-available soil properties into functional characteristics by means of pedo-transfer functions. The resulting predictions of soil water and nitrogen dynamics, as well as crop biomass, nitrogen content and leaf area index were compared to observations from trials conducted in five locations across Europe (southern Italy, northern Spain, northern France and northern Germany). In three cases, the model’s performance was judged acceptable when compared to experimental errors on the measurements, based on a test of the model’s root mean squared error (RMSE). Significant deviations between observations and model outputs were however noted in all sites, and could be ascribed to various model routines. In decreasing importance, these were: water balance, the turnover of soil organic matter, and crop N uptake. A better match to field observations could therefore be achieved by visually adjusting related parameters, such as field-capacity water content or the size of soil microbial biomass. As a result, model predictions fell within the measurement errors in all sites for most variables, and the model’s RMSE was within the range of published values for similar tests. We conclude that the proposed a priori method yields acceptable simulations with only a 50% probability, a figure which may be greatly increased through a posteriori calibration. Modellers should thus exercise caution when extrapolating their models to a large sample of pedo-climatic conditions for which they have only limited information.

Moottorinohjaukseen tarkoitettujen signaaliprosessoreiden vertailu

Työssä tarkastellaan kolmen eri valmistajan signaaliprosessoriperheitä. Työn tavoitteena on tutkia prosessoreiden teknistä soveltuvuutta suunnitteilla olevaan taajuusmuuttajatuoteperheeseen. Työn alkuosassa käydään taajuusmuuttajan rakenne läpi ja selostetaan oikosulkumoottorin yleisimmät ohjausmenetelmät. Työssä selvitetään myös signaaliprosessorin ja integroitujen oheispiirien toimintaa. Työn painopiste prosessoreiden teknisten ominaisuuksien vertailussa. Työssä on vertailtu muun muassa prosessoreiden sisäistä rakennetta, käskykantojen ominaisuuksia, keskeytysten palveluun kuluvaa aikaa ja oheispiirien ominaisuuksia. Oheispiirien, erityisesti analogiadigitaalimuuntimen halutunlainen toiminta on moottorinohjausohjelmiston kannalta tärkeää. Työhön sisällytetyt prosessoriperheet on pisteytetty tarkasteltujen ominaisuuksien osalta. Vertailun tuloksena on esitetty haettuun tarkoitukseen teknisesti soveltuvin prosessoriperhe ja prosessorityyppi. Työssä ei kuitenkaan voida antaa yleistä paremmuusjärjestystä tutkituille prosessoreille.