Claude Corty Collection 1994-2001

Family tree, genealogical notes and master chart for the Adler family in Warburg, prepared by Claude Corty.

Felix Epstein Collection 1844-1978

Epstein, Felix, 1972

Teot ja pelastus varhaisessa juutalaisuudessa

Työn tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten varhaisessa juutalaisuudessa on ymmärretty tekojen ja pelastuksen välinen yhteys, ja osana sitä, mikä on ei-juutalaisten rooli pelastuksen kannalta. Pelastus määritellään Jumalan aikaansaamaksi myönteiseksi muutokseksi, joka tapahtuu jostakin huonommasta johonkin parempaan, ja voi liittyä sekä tämän- että tuonpuoleiseen elämään. Aineistona käytetään seuraavia tekstejä: Tobitin kirja, 1.-4. makkabilaiskirjat, Henokin kirja, Kahdentoista patriarkan testamentit, Abrahamin testamentti, Sibyllan oraakkelit, Salomon psalmit, Toinen Barukin kirja ja Qumranin Yhdyskuntasääntö (1QS). Tarkasteltavana on juutalainen ajattelu ajanjaksolla n. 300 eKr. - 70 jKr. Aineiston valinta perustellaan, ja siinä käytetään kirjallisuuden lisäksi apuna pelastussanojen esiintymisfrekvenssejä. Työn pääosa muodostuu siten, että kustakin kirjasta etsitään ja järjestetään pelastusta koskevat kohdat. Tätä tarkastelua täydennetään kirjallisuuden tiedoilla siten, että kustakin tekstistä on yksi luku, jossa kirjan pelastusta koskevat ajatukset käydään läpi. Lisäksi tarkastellaan myös kirjoitusten taustalla vaikuttaneita ryhmittymiä, apokalyptiikkaa ja messiashahmoa. Löydetty materiaali järjestetään edelleen johtopäätöksiksi. Työ sisältää joitakin suomeksi julkaisemattomien kirjoitusten kohtia, jotka tekijä on kääntänyt alkukielestä. Teoista ja pelastuksesta nousevat esille seuraavat asiat. Tooran noudattaminen on keskeisellä sijalla varhaisessa juutalaisuudessa, mutta ei vastaa tyhjentävästi tekojen vaatimukseen. Pelastus voi seurata lain määräysten noudattamisesta, mutta asiasta on erilaisia painotuksia ja tulkintoja. Lakia voidaan ymmärtää eri tavoin, eikä kaikkia määräyksiä pidetä välttämättä sitovina. Elinympäristökin sanelee lain noudattamiselle omat reunaehtonsa. Varhaisen juutalaisuuden keskuspaikkana on Jerusalemin temppeli, jossa harjoitettuun temppelikulttiin osallistuminen tekee osalliseksi myös pelastuksesta. Temppelikultti saattaa kuitenkin olla mahdotonta harjoittaa, tai jotkut ryhmät katsovat sen saastuneen. Tällöin tilalle nousee muita tekoja, joilla on pelastava vaikutus. Teot, jotka ovat jo aiemmin kuuluneet hurskauselämään, saavat nyt paljon suuremman painoarvon. Almujen antaminen pelastaa ja varjelee, samoin paasto ja nöyrtyminen. Juhlien ja sapatin vietto korvaa temppelin puuttumista, mutta sapattimääräysten sitovuus sota-aikana joudutaan arvioimaan. Keskeisiä säädöksiä pelastuksen kannalta ovat myös ruokamääräykset, siveys ja avioliitto omaan kansaan tai sukuun kuuluvan kanssa. Oikean asian puolesta sodittaessa Jumala voi pelastaa viholliselta ja antaa voittoja omissa sotatoimissa, mutta tappioiden jälkeen pelastusajatukset suuntautuvat täydeltä tuholta välttymiseen tai eskatologiseen pelastukseen. Kärsimys tuottaa sovinnon Jumalan kanssa. Joissakin teksteissä marttyyrien veri tuottaa sovituksen koko kansalle, ja vastarintaan kehotetaankin nousemaan empimättä. Myös ennenaikaisen kuoleman katsotaan pelastavan niin, ettei kuolemanjälkeistä rangaistusta enää tule. Rukous on monissa kohdissa keskeinen teko, joka vaikuttaa pelastumiseen sekä maanpäällisessä että kuolemanjälkeisessä elämässä, ja sekä toisten että rukoilijan omalta osalta. Tuonpuoleiseen kohtaloon vaikuttavat teot punnitaan kuoleman jälkeen. Myös itse kuolintapahtuman lempeys tai julmuus riippuu maanpäällisistä teoista. Pelastusodotukset kohdistuvat joissakin teksteissä Messiaaseen, joka kuvataan osittain eri tavoin ja eri henkilöinäkin. Yleinen käsitys on daavidilainen sotaisa hahmo. Joissakin kirjoituksissa kuvataan universaali henkimaailma, joka vaikuttaa niin juutalaisten kuin muihinkin kansoihin kuuluvien ihmisten tekojen taustalla. Ohjeita annetaan siitä, mikä tekee oikeat teot ylipäätään mahdollisiksi tehdä. Paitsi että järki on avuksi, niin hyvän tekeminen ja sydämen täyttyminen rakkaudella pelastavat vihasta ja saavat toimimaan oikein. Ei-juutalaiset voidaan nähdä pahoina valloittajina, mutta syynä heidän raakuuksilleen ovat sittenkin oman kansan synnit. Juutalaisten kohtalo toimii muille kansoille varoituksena ja esimerkkinä. Joissakin teksteissä uskalletaan rinnastaa juutalaisten ja ei-juutalaisten pelastus melko pitkällekin, joissakin taas on jyrkempi rajanveto. Sibyllan oraakkeleissa on suoranaisia määräyksiä muille kansoille. Ajattelutavassa on eroja eri juutalaisten ryhmien välillä. Jotkut käsitykset pelastuksesta ovat yhdistettävissä sadokilaiseen temppelipapistoon, makkabilaisiin, essealaisiin, Qumranin yhteisöön, fariseuksiin tai vähemmän tunnettuihin ryhmiin, sen mukaan kuin tekstejä voidaan yhdistää näihin.

A influência da deposição atmosférica da poeira mineral da Patagônia na biomassa fitoplanctônica do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral

O Oceano Austral é a região oceânica de maior extensão em que os macronutrientes necessários à produção primária permanecem em níveis elevados por todo ano. Essa condição é conhecida como High Nutrient Low Clorophyll (HNLC) e é determinada, em grande parte, pela relativa escassez de micronutrientes, particularmente o ferro. Diversos experimentos comprovaram que a entrada de ferro neste sistema intensifica a produção biológica, aumentando a fixação do carbono e, eventualmente, sua exportação para águas profundas. Este fenômeno recebeu muita atenção nos últimos 20 anos devido a sua possível influencia no clima, via ciclo do carbono. A relação inversa entre concentração de CO2 na atmosfera e o fluxo de poeira mineral observados em registros glaciais da Antártica Central sugere que a deposição atmosférica pode ser uma importante via para o aporte de micronutrientes. Porém, a contribuição da deposição de poeira mineral para a produção primária nesta região permanece para ser demonstrada e seu possível papel no sistema climático ainda não é conclusivo. No caso do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral, que recebe influência da Patagônia, os baixos fluxos modernos de poeira mineral e a baixa solubilidade do ferro associado à estrutura dos alumíniossilicato levam muitos autores a postular que fontes oceânicas de micronutrientes sejam mais determinantes. Faltam, no entanto, evidências experimentais. Neste trabalho, abordamos o estudo da fertilização do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral pela poeira da Patagônia utilizando duas ferramentas: (1) o sensoriamento remoto orbital de aerossóis minerais e clorofila-a em escala interanual; e (2) um experimento de fertilização, com poeira da Patagônia, realizado na Passagem de Drake, considerando fluxos estimados para a era moderna e para o último glacial. Após doze dias de bioensaio, os tratamentos de adição de poeira mostraram a elevação da clorofila-a e da abundância de células em níveis acima dos controles. Níveis intermediários e maiores de adição não diferiram entre si na intensidade de resposta biológica, separando-se apenas da menor adição. Esses resultados indicam que a poeira da Patagônia, mesmo nos fluxos atuais, é capaz de prover os micronutrientes escassos na coluna dágua, com potencial para deflagrar aumentos significativos de biomassa. Através da análise por sensoriamento remoto, identificamos uma região de alta correlação entre poeira e clorofila-a, que está localizada entre a Frente Subtropical e a Frente Polar, se estendendo da Argentina ao sul da África. Esta região difere das águas ao sul da Frente Polar pela menor profundidade da camada de mistura, menor concentração de silicatos, baixa biomassa de diatomáceas e, estima-se, maior estresse fisiológico devido à escassez de ferro e menor aporte oceânico deste nutriente. Em conjunto, essas características parecem criar condições que tornam a resposta biológica mais sensível à deposição de poeira mineral. Estes resultados lançam nova luz sobre o controle atual da produção primária na região e sobre a hipótese da regulação climática pelo fitoplâncton no Oceano Austral, mediado pela deposição de poeira da Patagônia.

Suspended particulate matter fluxes through the Straits of Dover, English Channel: observations and modelling

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentrations at various levels within the water column, together with salinity and temperature, were measured using water samples collected from six stations across the Straits of Dover. The sampling programme covered a 16-month period, undertaken during 23 cruises. On the basis of the spatial variability in the concentrations, the water bodies are divided by several boundaries, controlled by tidal and wind conditions. Within the water column, SPM concentrations were higher near the sea bed than in the surface waters. Throughout the cross-section, maximum concentrations occurred adjacent to the coastlines. Temporal variability in the SPM concentration exists on daily and seasonal scales within the coastal waters (4.2 to 74.5 mg L-1): resuspension processes, in response to semi-diurnal tidal cycles (with a period of around 12.4 h) and spring-neap cycles (with a period of 15 days) make significant contributions. Distinctive seasonal/annual concentration changes have also been observed. In the offshore waters, such variability is much less significant (0.9 to 6.0 mg L-1). In the summer the English Coastal Zone is associated with relatively high SPM concentrations: the Central Zone has a low and stable SPM concentration between these zones, there is a Transitional Zone, where there is a rapid response of SPM concentration to wind forcing. Finally, the French Coastal Zone is characterized by variable (sometimes high) SPM concentrations. Because of the zonation, SPM fluxes within the Dover Strait are controlled by different transport mechanisms. Within the Central Zone, the flux can be represented by the product of mean water discharges and SPM concentrations. However, within the coastal zones fluctuations in SPM concentrations on various time-scales must be considered. In order to calculate the maximum and minimum SPM fluxes, 10 cells were divided in the strait. A simple modelling calculation has been proposed for this complex area. The effect of spring-neap tidal cycles and seasonal changes can contribute significantly to the overall flux, which is of the order of 20 x 10(6) t.yr(-1) (through the Dover Strait, towards the North Sea). Such an estimate is higher than most obtained previously. (C) 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/IRD/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.

Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks

The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relação entre pressão e volume para implantação da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases na Embrapa Cerrados.

2008

A new method based on Markov chains for deriving SB2 orbits directly from their spectra

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Critical Role for STAT4 Activation by Type 1 Interferons in the Interferon-Y Response to Viral Infection

Interferons (IFNs) are essential for host defense. Although the antiviral effects of the type 1 IFNs IFN- and IFN- (IFN-/) have been established, their immunoregulatory functions, especially their ability to regulate IFN- production, are poorly understood. Here we show that IFN-/ activate STAT4 directly (STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription) and that this is required for IFN- production during viral infections of mice, in concert with T cell receptor-derived signals. In contrast, STAT1 appears to negatively regulate IFN-/ induction of IFN-. Thus, type 1 IFNs, in addition to interleukin-12, provide pathways for innate regulation of adaptive immunity, and their immunoregulatory functions are controlled by modulating the activity of individual STATs.

Near-field distribution of optical transmission of periodic subwavelength holes in a metal film

Optical transmission of a two-dimensional array of subwavelength holes in a metal film has been numerically studied using a differential method. Transmission spectra have been calculated showing a significant increase of the transmission in certain spectral ranges corresponding to the excitation of the surface polariton Bloch waves on a metal surface with a periodic hole structure. Under the enhanced transmission conditions, the near-field distribution of the transmitted light reveals an intensity enhancement greater than 2 orders of magnitude in localized (similar to 40 nm) spots resulting from the interference of the surface polaritons Bragg scattered by the holes in an array.

A whole-genome massively parallel sequencing analysis of BRCA1 mutant oestrogen receptor-negative and -positive breast cancers

BRCA1 encodes a tumour suppressor protein that plays pivotal roles in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, cell-cycle checkpoints, and transcriptional regulation. BRCA1 germline mutations confer a high risk of early-onset breast and ovarian cancer. In more than 80% of cases, tumours arising in BRCA1 germline mutation carriers are oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative; however, up to 15% are ER-positive. It has been suggested that BRCA1 ER-positive breast cancers constitute sporadic cancers arising in the context of a BRCA1 germline mutation rather than being causally related to BRCA1 loss-of-function. Whole-genome massively parallel sequencing of ER-positive and ER-negative BRCA1 breast cancers, and their respective germline DNAs, was used to characterize the genetic landscape of BRCA1 cancers at base-pair resolution. Only BRCA1 germline mutations, somatic loss of the wild-type allele, and TP53 somatic mutations were recurrently found in the index cases. BRCA1 breast cancers displayed a mutational signature consistent with that caused by lack of HR DNA repair in both ER-positive and ER-negative cases. Sequencing analysis of independent cohorts of hereditary BRCA1 and sporadic non-BRCA1 breast cancers for the presence of recurrent pathogenic mutations and/or homozygous deletions found in the index cases revealed that DAPK3, TMEM135, KIAA1797, PDE4D, and GATA4 are potential additional drivers of breast cancers. This study demonstrates that BRCA1 pathogenic germline mutations coupled with somatic loss of the wild-type allele are not sufficient for hereditary breast cancers to display an ER-negative phenotype, and has led to the identification of three potential novel breast cancer genes (ie DAPK3, TMEM135, and GATA4).

Using interviewer random effects to remove selection bias from HIV prevalence estimates

Background: Selection bias in HIV prevalence estimates occurs if non-participation in testing is correlated with HIV status. Longitudinal data suggests that individuals who know or suspect they are HIV positive are less likely to participate in testing in HIV surveys, in which case methods to correct for missing data which are based on imputation and observed characteristics will produce biased results. Methods: The identity of the HIV survey interviewer is typically associated with HIV testing participation, but is unlikely to be correlated with HIV status. Interviewer identity can thus be used as a selection variable allowing estimation of Heckman-type selection models. These models produce asymptotically unbiased HIV prevalence estimates, even when non-participation is correlated with unobserved characteristics, such as knowledge of HIV status. We introduce a new random effects method to these selection models which overcomes non-convergence caused by collinearity, small sample bias, and incorrect inference in existing approaches. Our method is easy to implement in standard statistical software, and allows the construction of bootstrapped standard errors which adjust for the fact that the relationship between testing and HIV status is uncertain and needs to be estimated. Results: Using nationally representative data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, we illustrate our approach with new point estimates and confidence intervals (CI) for HIV prevalence among men in Ghana (2003) and Zambia (2007). In Ghana, we find little evidence of selection bias as our selection model gives an HIV prevalence estimate of 1.4% (95% CI 1.2% – 1.6%), compared to 1.6% among those with a valid HIV test. In Zambia, our selection model gives an HIV prevalence estimate of 16.3% (95% CI 11.0% - 18.4%), compared to 12.1% among those with a valid HIV test. Therefore, those who decline to test in Zambia are found to be more likely to be HIV positive. Conclusions: Our approach corrects for selection bias in HIV prevalence estimates, is possible to implement even when HIV prevalence or non-participation is very high or very low, and provides a practical solution to account for both sampling and parameter uncertainty in the estimation of confidence intervals. The wide confidence intervals estimated in an example with high HIV prevalence indicate that it is difficult to correct statistically for the bias that may occur when a large proportion of people refuse to test.