Sintaxe das orações complexas em português: uma proposta de descrição e ensino

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Orações concessivas independentes à luz da gramática discursivo-funcional

This paper investigates, in light of the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), the concessive clause that is not subordinated to other clauses, i.e., it has no semantic or syntactic relations with clauses before or after it, and which we call Independent Concessive. The aim is to describe the discursive properties and the semantic, morphosyntactic and prosodic structure of this type of clause, showing that its relevance is in the construction and organization of discourse. The results indicate that the Independent Concessive works in speech as a parenthesis which interrupts the discursive course and is then highlighted by a special prosodic contour, combined with the presence of Interactive Acts. It is therefore a Move, the highest layer of the Interpersonal Level, the level that relates to the pragmatic aspects of the grammar of a language. The universe of research used is the Iboruna corpus, a database that records a variety of Portuguese from the Northwest of São Paulo.

Métodos geoestatísticos na modelagem espacial do diâmetro médio do cristal da goethita

Uma das necessidades da agricultura de precisão é avaliar a qualidade dos mapas dos atributos dos solos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desempenho dos métodos geoestatísticos: krigagem ordinária e simulação sequencial gaussiana na predição espacial do diâmetro médio do cristal da goethita com 121 pontos amostrados em uma malha de 1 ha com espaçamentos regulares de 10 em 10 m. Após a análise textural e da concentração dos óxidos de ferro, calcularam-se os valores do diâmetro médio do cristal da goethita os quais foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e geoestatística; em seguida, foram utilizadas a krigagem ordinária e a simulação sequencial gaussiana. Com os resultados avaliou-se qual foi o método mais fiel para reproduzir as estatísticas, a função de densidade de probabilidade acumulada condicional e a estatística epsilon εy da amostra. As estimativas E-Type foram semelhantes à krigagem ordinária devido à minimização da variância. No entanto, a krigagem deixa de apresentar, em locais específicos, o grau de cristalinidade da goethita enquanto o mapa E-Type indicou que a simulação sequencial gaussiana deve ser utilizada ao invés de mapas de krigagem. Os mapas E-type devem ser preferíveis por apresentar melhor desempenho na modelagem.

Modelagem e quantificação da incerteza espacial do potássio disponível no solo por simulações estocásticas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Se (eu) não me engano... condicionalidade na modalização?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Gramaticalização de orações avaliativas completivas do verbo achar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Interrogativas encaixadas vs. relativas sem antecedente: contribuições da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional

This work deals with the distinction between embedded questions and headless relatives, that was already pointed out as problematic in several studies based on generative approach. The purpose is to examine to what extent functional aspects, as proposed by the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008) to describe the two types of clauses can contribute to the explanation of the differences and similarities between them. Based on representative occurrences of spoken Brazilian Portuguese, we demonstrated that the approach of Functional Discourse Grammar provides important parameters for defining the nature of these two types of clauses, in both formal and functional (semantic-discursive) terms, contributing thus to the existing proposals for the distinction between these clauses.

Percurso diacrônico de completivas introduzidas por 'como' no português

As a more extensive issue, this paper deals with the polysemy attested in all Romance languages between interrogative pronouns and subordination markers in complex sentences. It investigates, specifically, the behavior of objective complement clauses introduced by “como” (“how”) in constructions in which they occur as equivalent to the meaning of prototypical declarative complement clause introduced by the conjunction “que” (“that”). It analyzes complement clauses introduced by “como” and “que” occurring in representative Portuguese texts from the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries. The results of the comparative analysis between the two forms of clausal complement show that in archaic Portuguese “como” was used primarily to introduce complement clauses of factive verbs. When the complement clause is introduced by “como”, the content that is presupposed as true due to the meaning of matrix verb has reinforced this factuality. In the passage from the archaic to the modern period, there was a drastic decrease in the frequency of occurrences of complement clauses with “como”, which are replaced by the form of completive introduced by the conjunction “que” in the context of factual constructions. In contemporary Portuguese, this replacement is fully established. Complement clauses with “como” remain rare and limited to specific contexts in which “como” maintains its reinforcement function of factual meaning.

Flutuação e gramaticalização no paradigma dos juntores em português forma, significado e história de (na) hora que

In this paper, I focus on one type of grammatical change consisting of creating periphrastic junctures from nominal sources used in relative clause contexts. This is a periphrase production mechanism that has been increasing the unstable paradigm of junctures and helping delineate Portuguese language grammar. One construction resulting from this mechanism is (na) hora que, in relation to which I propose to investigate form, meaning and history. The central aim is to show the emergence of (na) hora que, a grammaticalization instance in course, in which it is possible to catch stages of the its gradual constitution process, concerning both the syntagmatic reorganization of items with consequent morphological losses, and the constitution of meanings, with the origin of polysemies, pointing to a directionality grounded on the increase of the cognitive complexity

Orações subjetivas: variância e invariância de padrões na fala e na escrita

This work investigates the variance and invariance of subject clauses patterns in spoken and written contemporary Brazilian Portuguese. I analyze four parameters (category and semantic class of matrix predicate, form of embedded clause and mood-tense correlation between matrix and embedded clauses) and show that there is less variance in speech patterns.

As orações concessivas nas gramáticas e nos livros didáticos do Ensino Fundamental: análises e novas propostas

This paper aims to discuss the approach of sentences concessive on grammars and teaching books in Portuguese in order to ascertain to what extent is closer or more distant from the description of sentences concessive in real interaction from the perspective of Functional Discourse Grammar. Were consulted normative grammars, descriptive and five textbooks used in primary schools. In some, the grant was not addressed, as in others, we note that, in general, have definitions which simply equate concessive clauses a concept syntactic and sometimes semantic, detaching it from the domain of pragmatic language. This level of analysis is not left out, however, by the prospect Functional Discourse, which analyzes the pragmatic as the broader component within which we analyze the semantics and syntax. From this point of view, we intend to propose new emphases in approach given the award by the grammars and the teaching materials.

As orações subordinadas substantivas em função de sujeito: questões de ensino

This paper attempts to answer how the descriptive analysis of the substantive subordination clauses made within the realm of academic research can contribute to the effective teaching of those structures in the Elementary School. After showing how the subordination has been treated in grammar school and textbooks and pointing at some recurring problems in the presentation of the subject, we present the treatment of subordinate clauses with the function of subject in two descriptive grammars of Portuguese, in order to ascertain to what extent the relevant aspects of the description of those clauses are related to the traditional way of teaching. From those descriptive works, we selected some functional features considered to be essential for the treatment of the subject in the Elementary School.

Por uma abordagem funcionalista da complementação oracional

The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance of adopting a functionalist model which integrates aspects of both the main and completive clause to describe the phenomenon of clausal complementation. It is adopted the Functional Discourse Grammar theoretical framework which, unlike most approaches to the theme, focusing only on properties of the main clause, allows the analysis to combine functional aspects of both the main and the complement clauses. As a result of the discussions, the study highlights the importance of integrated analysis like this one for a broader comprehension about the formfunction relations in Portuguese complement constructions.

Gramaticalização da construção 'é claro que': padrões na fala e na escrita.

In this paper, we investigate the grammatical construction “é claro (que)”, which is characterized as a matrix clause. As it is produced, an argumentative clause is added to the matrix clause in subject position. We analyze oral speech and writing data of contemporary Portuguese and show that the grammatical construction undergoes processes of change, which are identified by desentencialization clauses and grammaticalization process. In addition, by analyzing parameters such as the position of grammatical construction, the presence of copulation and the use of a complementizer, we show that the absence of copulation and a complementizer in the matrix leads to a reduced clause, i.e., a monoclause, and a categorical change of the matrix adjective, which plays the role of functioning adverb.

Orações substantivas em função de sujeito e de objeto nas fases arcaica e moderna do português

Neste artigo descrevemos o comportamento de orações subjetivas e objetivas diretas nas fases arcaica (séculos XIII a XV) e moderna (séculos XVI e XVII) do português. Adotamos o quadro teórico da gramaticalização e dessentencialização de orações e discutimos resultados para os parâmetros tipo semântico do predicado matriz, unidade semântico funcional representada pela oração encaixada e formato da oração encaixada. Observamos, ao longo das sincronias, correlações sistemáticas entre os parâmetros investigados para os dois tipos oracionais. Orações subjetivas apresentam menor variedade de padrões do que orações completivas objetivas, principal diferença a interferir em suas estabilidades sintático-semânticas nos períodos investigados.