Hybrid LES - RANS of complex geometry jets

Large eddy simulation (LES) type studies are made of a realistic geometry coaxial nozzle with a pylon. For the LES, since the solver being used tends towards having dissipative qualities, the subgrid scale (SGS) model is omitted, giving Numerical LES (NLES). To overcome near wall streak resolution problems a near wall RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes) model is used giving a hybrid NLES-RANS approach.The pylon is shown to influence the flow development, having a significant impact on peak turbulence levels and spreading rates. The results show that real geometry effects are influential and should be taken into account when moving towards real engine simulations. If their effects are ignored then, based on the studies here, key turbulence parameters will have significant error.

Nutritional evaluation of an indigenous low cost protein food

A study of supplementary feeding was conducted on children with a protein food (edible fish powder in the form of 'chutney') for 35 days and the effect assessed periodically. The most noticeable effect was gain in weight and mid arm circumference in children. 35% children showed a weight gain of 1 kg, 27% 0.5 kg, 21% 1.5 kg and 2.5% 2.5 kg. 48% children registered an increase in their mid-arm circumference by 0.5 cm, 16% 1 cm and 2.5% 1.5 cm. 10% children did not gain weight. However, these children had intercurrent infections like measles, whooping cough and asthma.

Biochemical investigations on edible molluscs of Kerala 1. A study on the nutritional value of some bivalves

Data on the biochemical constituents and food values of five commercially important edible bivalves of Kerala, Lamellidens corrianus, Corbicuta striatella, Mytilus edulis, Vellorita cohinensis and Ostrea cucullata have been presented. Physiological significance of the variations has been discussed. Present study reveals the bivalves meat compares favourably with the common food fishes with regard to their caloric value and hence would be an excellent and economic source of nutrition for our people.

Biochemical investigations on the edible molluscs of Kerala 2. A study on the nutritional value of some gastropods and cephalopods

Data on the biochemical composition and food value of the edible portions of two gastropods, Pila virens and Achatina fulica and two cephalopods, Sepiella inermis and Loigo indica have been presented. These molluscs possess nutritive meat very rich in protein and minerals, which compare favourably with popular food fishes in caloric value. The significance of the variations met with in the biochemical constituents of the different species has been discussed.

Oxidation of residual lipids in fish protein concentrates and its effect on the nutritional quality of the protein

The paper reviews the work reported on the changes in the nutritive value of fish protein concentrates (FPC) during, storage, with special emphasis on the effects of the interactions between oxidised residual lipids and proteins of the FPC. Theories on the oxidised lipid-protein interactions are reviewed and the nutritional significance of these reactions is discussed.

Studies on lantern fish (Benthosema pterotum) 2. Nutritional evaluation

Various methods for processing and utilization of lantern fish (Benthosema pterotum) are reported. Nutritional evaluation of fish meal and fish hydrolysate from lantern fish has been carried out. Growth rate and PER of lantern fish meal are similar and better than that of the reference protein, casein. Lantern fish meal can therefore be extensively used for the formulation of poultry, fish and other animal feeds as a good protein supplement with beneficial effects.

Nutritional evaluation of fish solubles

This paper reports the results of a preliminary study on the biochemical composition and nutritional charactersitics of fish solubles from oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps) and white tailed pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus). The nutritional quality of sardine solubles has been evaluated by feeding trials using albino rats also. The studies have shown that compared to a control group of rats whose diet had casein as the sole source of protein, a group of rats in whose diet dried sardine solubles replaced half of the casein, had a noticeably higher growth rate. This higher growth rate was not prominent in the early stages of growth (4-7 weeks). But, during later stages (7-10 weeks), solubles incorporated diet supported a distinctly higher growth rate. This effect was more pronounced in female rats (17% over the control group) compared to the male rats (4% over the control group). Fish solubles are found to be poor sources of essential amino acids. Thus, the observed increase in growth rate is higher than the rate expected from the amino acid make up. This probably supports the view expressed by workers elsewhere that fish solubles contain some unidentified growth factors.

Nutritional evaluation of some freshwater fishes

The proximate composition, amino acid composition and the PER values of Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala) and Calbasu (Labeo calbasu) are reported. The proximate composition of all the three fishes was similar. However the amino acid composition varied considerably. Protein quality index of the three fish proteins calculated from the amino acid composition are also reported. The nutritional quality of the 3 types of proteins to meet the growth requirements of infants, children and adult human beings is discussed. The possibility of substantial improvement in nutritional quality of the three fish proteins to suit the requirements of infants and children by marginal supplementation with valine/valine-rich food for rohu and valine and isoleucine/food rich in valine and isoleucine for mrigal and calbasu is also discussed. The results indicate that of the three fishes rohu is the best in protein quality followed by mrigal and calbasu. All of them have a better amino acid make up than casein to meet the amino acid requirement of adults.

Nutritional evaluation of texturised meat from Nemipterus japonicus

Evaluation of the nutritional quality of texturised fish meat from threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) is reported. Proximate composition and amino acid analysis showed that its protein content is very high with all the essential amino acids present in higher levels than those prescribed for man in the 1973 FAO/WHO amino acid scoring pattern. Lysine amounted to 11.0 g per 16 g N of which 75 percent is biologically available. Studies on PER and NPU also corroborate the excellent nutritional quality of the texturised meat.

Effects of flow-geometry and Damkohler number on turbulence-flame interaction

DNS of turbulent hydrogen-air premixed flame is conducted for freely propagating and V-flames, using complex chemical kinetics. The results are analysed to study the influence of flame configuration on the turbulence-scalar interaction, which is critical for the scalar gradient generation process. The result suggests that this interaction process is not influenced by the flame configuration and the flame normal is found to predominantly align with the most extensive strain in the region of intense heat release.

Studies on the chemical and nutritional quality of protein powders isolated from shrimp waste

Protein powders were prepared from processing waste of prawns either by mechanically squeezing the shell and freeze drying the resultant aqueous extract or by treating the shell with 0.5% sodium hydroxide, filtering it and freeze drying the filtrate. Comparative studies on the proximate composition, amino acid profile, consumer acceptability and nutritional quality of the protein powders showed that the product prepared by freeze drying of the press liquor obtained by passing the waste through a hand operated expeller is better in all aspects studied than the product prepared by mild alkali extraction.

Effects of irradiation on formaldehyde concentration and nutritional changes of formalin treated fish, Pampus chinensis

Formaldehyde is a very reactive compound capable of interacting with many functional groups of proteins including intermolecular and intramolecular cross-links of the molecules. The formation of cross-linking bonds may induce conformational change in proteins that favor further interaction of functional and hydrophobic groups. Formaldehyde which has been using illegally as a chemical preservative by some fish traders in our country. A study was carried out to determine the effects of irradiation (1.5 KGy) on formaldehyde concentration and nutritional (protein and lipid) changes of formalin (37% formaldehyde) treated fish (fresh) samples and found that the concentration of formaldehyde both in treated samples (0.37% formalin and 0.37% formalin with 1.5 KGy irradiation) were 37.0 µg/gm and 36.75 µg/gm. On the other hand, the amount of protein and lipid in treated samples before radiation (14.56% and 3.49%) and after radiation (14.15% and 3.25%). That means, radiation has no effect on the change of protein, lipid and formaldehyde.