Disentangling factors controlling fruit and seed removal by rodents in temperate forests

Fleshy fruits fall on to the ground together with cleaned seeds previously ingested by primary dispersers, offering a wide range of fruits and seeds to the ground foragers. Although nutritional properties strongly differ between fruits and seeds, this different seed presentation (cleaned seeds versus seeds within the pulp) has not been addressed in seed removal studies. This study reports on the removal of fruits versus their seeds in five fleshy-fruited species in a temperate forest. We found that rodents removed most of the seeds and partially consumed most of the fruits, preferring seeds to fruits. Rodents bit the fruits to extract the seeds, leaving most of the pulp. We found a preference ranking for the seeds (Sorbus aucuparia>Ilex aquifolium>Sorbus aria>Rosa canina>Crataegus monogyna) but no preferences were found for the fruits, probably due to their similarities in pulp constituents. Seed and fruit choice were affected by chemical and physical properties and not by their size. The presence of alternative and preferred seeds (nuts) delayed the encounter of the fruits and seeds and diminished their removal rates. We found that higher rodent abundance is not necessarily associated with higher removal rates of fleshy fruits. Rodent abundance, fruit size and seed size are minor factors in the removal of fleshy fruits and their seeds. This study underlines that scatter-hoarding rodents are important removers of fleshy fruits and their seeds, producing a differential seed removal depending on the seed presentation (with or without pulp), the nutritional properties of the seeds (but not of the fruits) and the presence of alternative food

South America, 1825 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: General-Charte von Süd-America = Carte générale de L'Amerique Méridionale : en deux grandes feuilles. d'après les observations et les cartes spéciales, rapportées du Voyage dans l'intérieur du Brèsil, pendant les années 1817-1820..., par les Docteurs de Spix et de Martius, Chevaliers de L'Ordre civil de la Couronne de Bavière, membres de L'Académie Royale de Munich ; gestochen von Joh. Bapt. Seitz, Kupferstecher im topographischen Bureau des Kön. baier. General-Quartiermeister Stab. It was published by [M. Lindauer] in 1825. Scale [ca. 1:7,000,000]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the southern portion of the map. Map in German and French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1825 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: General-Charte von Süd-America = Carte générale de L'Amerique Méridionale : en deux grandes feuilles. d'après les observations et les cartes spéciales, rapportées du Voyage dans l'intérieur du Brèsil, pendant les années 1817-1820..., par les Docteurs de Spix et de Martius, Chevaliers de L'Ordre civil de la Couronne de Bavière, membres de L'Académie Royale de Munich ; gestochen von Joh. Bapt. Seitz, Kupferstecher im topographischen Bureau des Kön. baier. General-Quartiermeister Stab. It was published by [M. Lindauer] in 1825. Scale [ca. 1:7,000,000]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the northern portion of the map. Map in German and French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Toulon, France, 1853 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Toulon : ancient Telo Martius, drawn by W.B. Clarke ; engraved by B.R. Davies. It was published by George Cox in 1853. Scale [ca. 1:6,100]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, shoreline features, docks, wharves, and more. Includes also inset: Panoramic view of Toulon from the outworks on the east.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

O tempo e o direito na sociedade de informação : o limite temporal para a manutenção de informações pessoais como corolário de um direito da personalidade

O tempo sempre desempenhou relevante função de estabilização das relações jurídicas e decantação da memória individual, fazendo com que a divulgação de fatos desagradáveis ou sacrificantes aos direitos da personalidade tivessem, salvo em eventos excepcionais de ordem histórica, por força de um processo natural de erosão da sua relevância e atualidade, como destino o esquecimento. Esse mecanismo natural, capaz de assegurar o exercício de novas escolhas e o livre desenvolvimento da personalidade, restou substancialmente mitigado pelo surgimento da sociedade de informação, com a expansão dos veículos de comunicação de massa e a rede mundial de computadores, com sua memória infalível, a permitir a divulgação e o amplo acesso, com idêntica facilidade, a informações atuais e do passado. Releva, portanto, discutir a existência de um direito ao esquecimento, como forma de estabelecer, salvo em situações de inequívoco interesse público, uma limitação temporal para a manutenção e para a divulgação de fatos passados e referências pessoais, fora de um contexto de atualidade, capazes de macular a honra, o bom nome, a privacidade e a integridade psicológica das pessoas, bem como a possibilidade de que a ofensa injustificada a um direito da personalidade protegido pelo esquecimento, praticada com abuso do direito de informar, seja considerada ilícita.