Intelligence-led crime scene processing. Part II : Intelligence and crime scene examination

A better integration of the information conveyed by traces within intelligence-led framework would allow forensic science to participate more intensively to security assessments through forensic intelligence (part I). In this view, the collection of data by examining crime scenes is an entire part of intelligence processes. This conception frames our proposal for a model that promotes to better use knowledge available in the organisation for driving and supporting crime scene examination. The suggested model also clarifies the uncomfortable situation of crime scene examiners who must simultaneously comply with justice needs and expectations, and serve organisations that are mostly driven by broader security objectives. It also opens new perspective for forensic science and crime scene investigation, by the proposal to follow other directions than the traditional path suggested by dominant movements in these fields.

Décrire et convaincre : rhétoriques visuelles de la cinématographie en médecine

Les outils de visualisation occupent une place centrale en médecine. Loin d'être de simples accessoires du regard, ils constituent littéralement des objets du savoir médical. Ce constat empirique et cette posture épistémologique ouvrent un vaste terrain d'investigation : les technologies visuelles de la connaissance médicale. On s'attache ici à celles qui ont été développées afin de saisir les mouvements et les transformations des objets en médecine et qui ont permis d'affirmer la place occupée par la temporalité dans son épistémologie. Après une problématisation générale des relations entre cinéma, image animée et médecine, on aborde la contribution de Martin Weiser, médecin qui participa à l'instauration de la cinématographie comme méthode en dressant notamment en 1919 le vaste inventaire de ses usages médicaux. Dans le même esprit, on esquisse ensuite une typologie qui vise à organiser la variété de ces technologies visuelles du mouvement sous l'angle du développement de rhétoriques visuelles médicales spécifiques visant simultanément à décrire et à convaincre grâce à des dispositifs permettant d'animer des traces, de séquencer des transformations ou d'orienter des comportements.

Biblia sacra.

Avec prologues et arguments. Genesis (3) ; Exodus (14v) ; Levit. (24v) ; Numeri (31) ; Deuteron. (40v) ; Josue (49) ; Judices (55) ; Ruth (61) ; Reg. I-IV (62) ; Paralip. I-II (91v) ; Oratio Manasse (106) ; Esdras, I-II (106v) ; Tobias (112v) ; Isaias (115) ; Jeremias (125v) ; Jeremiae Lament. et Oratio (137v, 138v) ; Baruch (138v) ; Ezechiel (141v) ; Daniel (153) ; XII Proph. min. (158) ; Job (167v) ; Psalmi (174) ; Proverbia (188) ; Ecclesiastes (193) ; Cant. canticorum (195) ; Sapientia (196) ; Ecclesiasticus (199v) ; Oratio Salomonis (209) ; Judith (209v) ; Esther (212v) ; Macchab. I-II (215v). — Evangeliorum canones (229) ; Evang. Matthaei (232), Marci (240v), Lucae (246), Johannis (256) ; Damasi carmen (P. L., XIII, 379) (263v) ; XIV Epist. Pauli, cum epist. ad Laodic. (264) ; Actus Apost. (282) ; VII Epist. canon. (290v) ; Apocalypsis (294). F. I Table du XVe s. F. 299v Traces d'écriture du XIIIe s. effacée.

Missale romanum ad usum episcopi.

Principales fêtes seulement. F. 1-6v Calendrier franciscain, avec plusieurs saints augustins. F. 47-66v Préfaces, canon, ordo missae. F. 108 S. Saturnin. Chaque messe est suivie d'une bénédiction pontificale.

Horae ad usum Parisiensem.

F. 1 Calendrier avec saints parisiens. F. 14 Extraits des IV Évangiles. F. 21v Prières à la Vierge : « Obsecro te... », etc. F. 26 Heures de la Vierge, incompl. (usage de Paris). F. 97 Psaumes de la pénitence. F. 110 Litanies. F. 115 et 124 Heures de la Croix et du Saint-Esprit. F. 132 Office des morts (usage de Paris). F. 180 Les XV joies de la Vierge (en français). F. 186 Les VII requêtes à N.-S. (en français). F. 189 Prière à la Croix (en vers français).

Apprécier le risque d'erreur lors d'une analyse ADN: de la nécessité d'être concret

De nos jours, les tribunaux se basent couramment sur des résultats d'analyses ADN pour étudier le lien potentiel entre du matériel biologique prélevé sur une scène de crime et un suspect. Malheureusement, plusieurs cas d'erreurs de laboratoire ou de manipulation de traces lors de leur collecte ou de leur transport ont été découverts ces dernières années. Dès lors, quelle est la valeur réelle d'un tel rapprochement entre une trace et un suspect ? Faut-il douter de la fiabilité des analyses ADN ? Et si oui, comment maîtriser le risque sans devoir écarter totalement la preuve ? Le praticien peut rencontrer des difficultés avec ces questions car la littérature existante se limite à mentionner le potentiel d'erreur, sans pour autant fournir des pistes sur la façon de gérer concrètement ce problème. L'objet de la présente contribution est d'examiner ces questions à la lumière d'un arrêt récent du Tribunal pénal fédéral. Nous verrons qu'une approche utile consiste à apprécier le risque d'erreur au cas par cas et de manière concrète, plutôt que de réfléchir de façon globale et abstraite.

Surface-sampling and analysis of TATP by swabbing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

The method of sample recovery for trace detection and identification of explosives plays a critical role in several criminal investigations. After bombing, there can be difficulties in sending big objects to a laboratory for analysis. Traces can also be searched for on large surfaces, on hands of suspects or on surfaces where the explosive was placed during preparatory phases (e.g. places where an IED was assembled, vehicles used for transportation, etc.). In this work, triacetone triperoxide (TATP) was synthesized from commercial precursors following reported methods. Several portions of about 6 mg of TATP were then spread on different surfaces (e.g. floors, tables, etc.) or used in handling tests. Three different swabbing systems were used: a commercial swab, pre-wetted with propan-2-ol (isopropanol) and water (7:3), dry paper swabs, and cotton swabs wetted with propan-2-ol. Paper and commercial swabs were also used to sample a metal plate, where a small charge of about 4 g of TATP was detonated. Swabs were sealed in small glass jars with screw caps and Parafilm® M and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Swabs were extracted and analysed several weeks later by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All the three systems gave positive results, but wetted swabs collected higher amounts of TATP. The developed procedure showed its suitability for use in real cases, allowing TATP detection in several simulations, including a situation in which people wash their hands after handling the explosive.

Integrating forensic information in a crime intelligence database

Since 2008, Intelligence units of six states of the western part of Switzerland have been sharing a common database for the analysis of high volume crimes. On a daily basis, events reported to the police are analysed, filtered and classified to detect crime repetitions and interpret the crime environment. Several forensic outcomes are integrated in the system such as matches of traces with persons, and links between scenes detected by the comparison of forensic case data. Systematic procedures have been settled to integrate links assumed mainly through DNA profiles, shoemarks patterns and images. A statistical outlook on a retrospective dataset of series from 2009 to 2011 of the database informs for instance on the number of repetition detected or confirmed and increased by forensic case data. Time needed to obtain forensic intelligence in regard with the type of marks treated, is seen as a critical issue. Furthermore, the underlying integration process of forensic intelligence into the crime intelligence database raised several difficulties in regards of the acquisition of data and the models used in the forensic databases. Solutions found and adopted operational procedures are described and discussed. This process form the basis to many other researches aimed at developing forensic intelligence models.

Preuve par l'ADN: la génétique au service de la justice

[Sommaire] Introduction. - Concepts biochimiques de base. - Concepts génétiques de base. - Quelques méthodes d'analyse de base en biologie. - Analyses génétiques - La caisse à outils de base. - Analyses génétiques - La caisse à outils spécialisée. - Les traces biologiques dans leur utilisation pratique. - Tests indicatifs et recherche des traces. - Quelques éléments d'évaluation probabiliste. - Au-delà du laboratoire. - Glossaire. - Index

Use of DNA profiles for investigation using a simulated national DNA database: Part II. Statistical and ethical considerations on familial searching.

Familial searching consists of searching for a full profile left at a crime scene in a National DNA Database (NDNAD). In this paper we are interested in the circumstance where no full match is returned, but a partial match is found between a database member's profile and the crime stain. Because close relatives share more of their DNA than unrelated persons, this partial match may indicate that the crime stain was left by a close relative of the person with whom the partial match was found. This approach has successfully solved important crimes in the UK and the USA. In a previous paper, a model, which takes into account substructure and siblings, was used to simulate a NDNAD. In this paper, we have used this model to test the usefulness of familial searching and offer guidelines for pre-assessment of the cases based on the likelihood ratio. Siblings of "persons" present in the simulated Swiss NDNAD were created. These profiles (N=10,000) were used as traces and were then compared to the whole database (N=100,000). The statistical results obtained show that the technique has great potential confirming the findings of previous studies. However, effectiveness of the technique is only one part of the story. Familial searching has juridical and ethical aspects that should not be ignored. In Switzerland for example, there are no specific guidelines to the legality or otherwise of familial searching. This article both presents statistical results, and addresses criminological and civil liberties aspects to take into account risks and benefits of familial searching.

Relative clauses in Iraqi Arabic and the status of resumptive pronouns

Not much has been said about the grammar of Iraqi Arabic. This research is an attempt to shed light on the nature of IA relative clauses. The research focuses on the behavior of the resumptive strategy as opposed to the gap strategy. We consider islandhood, Weak and Strong CrossOver, reconstruction and scope binding, in order to further understand the behavior of resumption. The final conclusion reached is that in Iraqi Arabic the resumptive strategy is actually related to the gap strategy in several respects; and in those where it differs we propose that gaps (traces) are replaced by trace+pronoun complex

Traçologie: la trace, vecteur fondamental de la police scientifique

Les développements technologiques et la spécialisation des laboratoires de police scientifique et de science forensique éloignent de plus en plus les spécialistes de leur objet d'étude: la trace comme vestige, avec toutes les difficultés associées à son caractère unique, non contrôlé qui lui donnent la dimension d'une recherche historique plus qu'expérimentale. Pour paraphraser Kirk (Kirk 1963), la discipline qui touche à l'exploitation des traces fait appel à une pléthore de moyens techniques, mais manque cruellement de recherches et de développements fondamentaux. Cela se reflète d'ailleurs dans l'absence de rigueur quant au vocabulaire utilisé et une confusion dans la nomenclature, par exemple entre l'empreinte (référent) et la trace, l'échantillon (statistiquement sélectionné) et le spécimen, l'analyse, qui n'est pas que chimique, la contamination et la pollution. Ce manque de rigueur traverse la littérature scientifique et cet essai vise à clarifier la terminologie et à proposer un emploi sémantique strict du vocabulaire et des notions de base qui touchent aux fondements de la discipline.

Perspectives on the green construction of the new European Energy Policy

The EU has been one of the main actors involved in the construction process of an international climate change regime, adopting it as an identity sign in the international arena. This activism has reverted in the European political agenda and in the one of its Members States. Therefore, climate change has become a driver for the EU growing participation in energy policy and for its governance evolution. In this context, much attention has been paid to the climate and energy policies integration agreed after the 2007 spring European Council. Apparently, this decision meant a decisive step towards the incorporation of the environmental variable in the energy policy-making. Moreover, the Action Plan [2007-2009] “Energy Policy for Europe” outlined priority actions in a variety of energy-related areas, implying the new European Energy Policy commencement. Against this background, there is still much left to understand about its formulation and its further development. Rooted on the Environmental Policy Integration approach, this paper traces the increasing proximity between environment and energy policies in order to understand the green contribution to the European Energy Policy construction.

Évangile de saint Jean.

Acquis le 2 avril 1743 de madame du Faÿ parmi 11 mss. pour le prix global de 1200 livres; cf. B.n.F., département des Manuscrits, Archives Ancien Régime 65, registre des acquisitions du département des Manuscrits 1667-1758, f. 291 "n° 87. Codex evangelii secundum Joannem, litteris auro depictis"; mention de la main de l'abbé Sallier "De madame du Fay. 12" (contreplat sup.); — note du XVe s. "Iste liber emptus fuit de precio scutorum LXV (...) M° CCCC° LXV°" (contreplat sup.); — anciennes cotes "87", "17" (Cv)