La professione docente tra rappresentazioni e progetto formativo. Un'analisi pedagogica della competenza degli insegnanti secondari

This thesis deals with the professional characteristics of secondary school teachers, with particular regard to their competence and their education. The topic will be approached starting from the characteristics and trasnformations social research has identified concerning Italian teachers, focusing on secondary teacher training. After a brief look at Europe, the attention will be directed to Italy, with particular regard to the Postgraduate Schools of Specialisation for Secondary School Teachers (SSIS); hence the need for an analysis that focuses on teaching per se and its concrete pratice. For its nature to be fully grasped, teaching must be reconsidered as an independent object of study, a performance in which competence manifests itself and a form of action involving a set of tacit and personal knowledge. A further perspective opens up for analysis, according to which the professional characteristics of teachers are the result of an education in which the whole history of the subject is involved, in its educative, formative, professional and personal aspects. The teaching profession is imbued with implicit meanings which are inaccessible to conscience but orient action and affect the interpretation of experience. Through the analysis of three different empirical data sets, collected among teachers-in-training and teachers qualified at SSIS, I will try to investigate the actual existence, the nature and the features of such implicit knowledge. It appears necessary to put the claims of process-product approaches back in their right perspective, to the benefit of a holistic conception of teaching competence. The teacher is, at the same time, “he who is teaching” and offers a concrete receiver the fruit of an endless work of study, reflection, practice and self-update. To understand this process will mean to penetrate more and more deeply into the core of teaching and teaching competence , a competence that in some respects “is” always “that” teacher, with his or her own story, implicit knowledge and representations.

Detailed study of the seismotectonic setting in the Lucanian Apennines and surrounding areas (Southern Italy)

In this research work I analyzed the instrumental seismicity of Southern Italy in the area including the Lucanian Apennines and Bradano foredeep, making use of the most recent seismological database available so far. I examined the seismicity occurred during the period between 2001 and 2006, considering 514 events with magnitudes M ≥ 2.0. In the first part of the work, P- and S-wave arrival times, recorded by the Italian National Seismic Network (RSNC) operated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), were re-picked along with those of the SAPTEX temporary array (2001–2004). For some events located in the Upper Val d'Agri, I also used data from the Eni-Agip oil company seismic network. I computed the VP/VS ratio obtaining a value of 1.83 and I carried out an analysis for the one-dimensional (1D) velocity model that approximates the seismic structure of the study area. After this preliminary analysis, making use of the records obtained in the SeSCAL experiment, I incremented the database by handpicking new arrival times. My final dataset consists of 15,666 P- and 9228 S-arrival times associated to 1047 earthquakes with magnitude ML ≥ 1.5. I computed 162 fault-plane solutions and composite focal mechanisms for closely located events. I investigated stress field orientation inverting focal mechanism belonging to the Lucanian Apennine and the Pollino Range, both areas characterized by more concentrated background seismicity. Moreover, I applied the double difference technique (DD) to improve the earthquake locations. Considering these results and different datasets available in the literature, I carried out a detailed analysis of single sub-areas and of a swarm (November 2008) recorded by SeSCAL array. The relocated seismicity appears more concentrated within the upper crust and it is mostly clustered along the Lucanian Apennine chain. In particular, two well-defined clusters were located in the Potentino and in the Abriola-Pietrapertosa sector (central Lucanian region). Their hypocentral depths are slightly deeper than those observed beneath the chain. I suggest that these two seismic features are representative of the transition from the inner portion of the chain with NE-SW extension to the external margin characterized by dextral strike-slip kinematics. In the easternmost part of the study area, below the Bradano foredeep and the Apulia foreland, the seismicity is generally deeper and more scattered and is associated to the Murge uplift and to the small structures present in the area. I also observed a small structure NE-SW oriented in the Abriola-Pietrapertosa area (activated with a swarm in November 2008) that could be considered to act as a barrier to the propagation of a potential rupture of an active NW-SE striking faults system. Focal mechanisms computed in this study are in large part normal and strike-slip solutions and their tensional axes (T-axes) have a generalized NE-SW orientation. Thanks to denser coverage of seismic stations and the detailed analysis, this study is a further contribution to the comprehension of the seismogenesis and state of stress of the Southern Apennines region, giving important contributions to seismotectonic zoning and seismic hazard assessment.

Finite element models of coseismic deformation due to the 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) and 2008 Wenchuan(China) earthquakes

The topic of my Ph.D. thesis is the finite element modeling of coseismic deformation imaged by DInSAR and GPS data. I developed a method to calculate synthetic Green functions with finite element models (FEMs) and then use linear inversion methods to determine the slip distribution on the fault plane. The method is applied to the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake (Italy) and to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (China). I focus on the influence of rheological features of the earth's crust by implementing seismic tomographic data and the influence of topography by implementing Digital Elevation Models (DEM) layers on the FEMs. Results for the L’Aquila earthquake highlight the non-negligible influence of the medium structure: homogeneous and heterogeneous models show discrepancies up to 20% in the fault slip distribution values. Furthermore, in the heterogeneous models a new area of slip appears above the hypocenter. Regarding the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the very steep topographic relief of Longmen Shan Range is implemented in my FE model. A large number of DEM layers corresponding to East China is used to achieve the complete coverage of the FE model. My objective was to explore the influence of the topography on the retrieved coseismic slip distribution. The inversion results reveals significant differences between the flat and topographic model. Thus, the flat models frequently adopted are inappropriate to represent the earth surface topographic features and especially in the case of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.

La nutrizione-idratazione artificiale è terapia? All'interfaccia tra scienza, diritto e bioetica, il fine vita in Italia, secondo una prospettiva di comunicazione della scienza post-accademica e Science&Technologies Studies (STS)

The question “artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) is therapy or not?” is one of the key point of end-of-life issues in Italy, since it was (and it is also nowadays) a strategic and crucial point of the Italian Bioethics discussion about the last phases of human life: determining if ANH is therapy implies the possibility of being included in the list of treatments that could be mentioned for refusal within the living will document. But who is entitled to decide and judge if ANH is a therapy or not? Scientists? The Legislator? Judges? Patients? This issue at first sight seems just a matter of science, but at stake there is more than a scientific definition. According to several scholars, we are in the era of post-academic Science, in which Science broaden discussion, production, negotation and decision to other social groups that are not just the scientific communities. In this process, called co-production, on one hand scientific knowledge derives from the interaction between scientists and society at large. On the other hand, science is functional to co-production of social order. The continuous negotation on which science has to be used in social decisions is just the evidence of the mirroring negotation for different way to structure and interpret society. Thus, in the interaction between Science and Law, deciding what kind of Science could be suitable for a specific kind of Law, envisages a well defined idea of society behind this choice. I have analysed both the legislative path (still in progress) in the living will act production in Italy and Eluana Englaro’s judicial case (that somehow collapsed in the living will act negotiation), using official documents (hearings, texts of the official conference, committees comments and ruling texts) and interviewing key actors in the two processes from the science communication point of view (who talks in the name of science? Who defines what is a therapy? And how do they do?), finding support on the theoretical framework of the Science&Technologies Studies (S&TS).

Spectral-Element and Adjoint 3D Full-Wave Tomography for the Lithosphere of Central Italy

The primary objective of this thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the 3D velocity structure of the lithosphere in central Italy. To this end, I adopted the Spectral-Element Method to perform accurate numerical simulations of the complex wavefields generated by the 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila event and by its foreshocks and aftershocks together with some additional events within our target region. For the mainshock, the source was represented by a finite fault and different models for central Italy, both 1D and 3D, were tested. Surface topography, attenuation and Moho discontinuity were also accounted for. Three-component synthetic waveforms were compared to the corresponding recorded data. The results of these analyses show that 3D models, including all the known structural heterogeneities in the region, are essential to accurately reproduce waveform propagation. They allow to capture features of the seismograms, mainly related to topography or to low wavespeed areas, and, combined with a finite fault model, result into a favorable match between data and synthetics for frequencies up to ~0.5 Hz. We also obtained peak ground velocity maps, that provide valuable information for seismic hazard assessment. The remaining differences between data and synthetics led us to take advantage of SEM combined with an adjoint method to iteratively improve the available 3D structure model for central Italy. A total of 63 events and 52 stations in the region were considered. We performed five iterations of the tomographic inversion, by calculating the misfit function gradient - necessary for the model update - from adjoint sensitivity kernels, constructed using only two simulations for each event. Our last updated model features a reduced traveltime misfit function and improved agreement between data and synthetics, although further iterations, as well as refined source solutions, are necessary to obtain a new reference 3D model for central Italy tomography.

Three dimensional seismic imaging and earthquake locations in a complex, segmented fault region in Southern Apennines (Italy)

The southern Apennines of Italy have been experienced several destructive earthquakes both in historic and recent times. The present day seismicity, characterized by small-to-moderate magnitude earthquakes, was used like a probe to obatin a deeper knowledge of the fault structures where the largest earthquakes occurred in the past. With the aim to infer a three dimensional seismic image both the problem of data quality and the selection of a reliable and robust tomographic inversion strategy have been faced. The data quality has been obtained to develop optimized procedures for the measurements of P- and S-wave arrival times, through the use of polarization filtering and to the application of a refined re-picking technique based on cross-correlation of waveforms. A technique of iterative tomographic inversion, linearized, damped combined with a strategy of multiscale inversion type has been adopted. The retrieved P-wave velocity model indicates the presence of a strong velocity variation along a direction orthogonal to the Apenninic chain. This variation defines two domains which are characterized by a relatively low and high velocity values. From the comparison between the inferred P-wave velocity model with a portion of a structural section available in literature, the high velocity body was correlated with the Apulia carbonatic platforms whereas the low velocity bodies was associated to the basinal deposits. The deduced Vp/Vs ratio shows that the ratio is lower than 1.8 in the shallower part of the model, while for depths ranging between 5 km and 12 km the ratio increases up to 2.1 in correspondence to the area of higher seismicity. This confirms that areas characterized by higher values are more prone to generate earthquakes as a response to the presence of fluids and higher pore-pressures.

Fault delineation and stress orientations from the analysis of background, low magnitude seismicity in Southern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of this work was to show that refined analyses of background, low magnitude seismicity allow to delineate the main active faults and to accurately estimate the directions of the regional tectonic stress that characterize the Southern Apennines (Italy), a structurally complex area with high seismic potential. Thanks the presence in the area of an integrated dense and wide dynamic network, was possible to analyzed an high quality microearthquake data-set consisting of 1312 events that occurred from August 2005 to April 2011 by integrating the data recorded at 42 seismic stations of various networks. The refined seismicity location and focal mechanisms well delineate a system of NW-SE striking normal faults along the Apenninic chain and an approximately E-W oriented, strike-slip fault, transversely cutting the belt. The seismicity along the chain does not occur on a single fault but in a volume, delimited by the faults activated during the 1980 Irpinia M 6.9 earthquake, on sub-parallel predominant normal faults. Results show that the recent low magnitude earthquakes belongs to the background seismicity and they are likely generated along the major fault segments activated during the most recent earthquakes, suggesting that they are still active today thirty years after the mainshock occurrences. In this sense, this study gives a new perspective to the application of the high quality records of low magnitude background seismicity for the identification and characterization of active fault systems. The analysis of the stress tensor inversion provides two equivalent models to explain the microearthquake generation along both the NW-SE striking normal faults and the E- W oriented fault with a dominant dextral strike-slip motion, but having different geological interpretations. We suggest that the NW-SE-striking Africa-Eurasia convergence acts in the background of all these structures, playing a primary and unifying role in the seismotectonics of the whole region.

Integrating new and traditional approaches for the estimate of slip-rates of active faults: examples from the Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake area, Central Italy

This thesis is based on the integration of traditional and innovative approaches aimed at improving the normal faults seimogenic identification and characterization, focusing mainly on slip-rate estimate as a measure of the fault activity. The L’Aquila Mw 6.3 April 6, 2009 earthquake causative fault, namely the Paganica - San Demetrio fault system (PSDFS), was used as a test site. We developed a multidisciplinary and scale‐based strategy consisting of paleoseismological investigations, detailed geomorphological and geological field studies, as well as shallow geophysical imaging and an innovative application of physical properties measurements. We produced a detailed geomorphological and geological map of the PSDFS, defining its tectonic style, arrangement, kinematics, extent, geometry and internal complexities. The PSDFS is a 19 km-long tectonic structure, characterized by a complex structural setting and arranged in two main sectors: the Paganica sector to the NW, characterized by a narrow deformation zone, and the San Demetrio sector to SE, where the strain is accommodated by several tectonic structures, exhuming and dissecting a wide Quaternary basin, suggesting the occurrence of strain migration through time. The integration of all the fault displacement data and age constraints (radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and tephrochronology) helped in calculating an average Quaternary slip-rate representative for the PSDFS of 0.27 - 0.48 mm/yr. On the basis of its length (ca. 20 km) and slip per event (up to 0.8 m) we also estimated a max expected Magnitude of 6.3-6.8 for this fault. All these topics have a significant implication in terms of surface faulting hazard in the area and may contribute also to the understanding of the PSDFS seismic behavior and of the local seismic hazard.

L’istituto della riabilitazione tra cancellazione del reato e riparazione alla vittima: la sua applicazione nelle realtà europee italiana e belga

La realizzazione di questa ricerca ha come obiettivo principe lo studio approfondito dell’istituto della riabilitazione penale all’interno del panorama legislativo italiano, con riferimento al contesto bolognese, e nella legislazione belga; inoltre si pone come scopo l’analisi dell’interazione autore-vittima del reato, con una particolare attenzione al risarcimento elargito alla persona offesa dal reato e alla figura della vittima prima nel sistema penale, poi nel procedimento specifico che porta alla riabilitazione del condannato. Il punto di partenza del lavoro di ricerca intrapreso è costituito da un’accurata ricerca bibliografica inerente agli argomenti trattati, al fine di poter approfondire una buona parte della letteratura italiana e belga esistente in materia. La fase successiva della ricerca è stata quella di reperire informazioni riguardanti l’ambito di studio da approfondire, cioè la riabilitazione, secondo una direttrice empirica. Pertanto, per quanto concerne la realtà italiana, sono stati analizzati, tramite una griglia di rilevazione costruita ad hoc, i fascicoli processuali relativi alla riabilitazione presenti negli archivi del Tribunale di Sorveglianza di Bologna (2004-2009); la situazione belga è invece stata studiata reperendo dati, riferiti alla réhabilitation pénal, rintracciati presso il “Service Public Fédéral Justice - Bureau Permanent Statistiques et Mesure de la charge de travail (BPSM)” (2008-2009), sia livello nazionale che delle cinque Corti di appello. Inoltre, al fine di ottenere un ulteriore punto di vista empirico riguardante l’istituto della riabilitazione penale, sono state effettuate delle interviste semi-strutturate al Presidente del Tribunale di Sorveglianza Dott. Francesco Maisto e al Sostituto Procuratore Generale di Liège Mr. Nicolas Banneux. Infatti l’esperienza lavorativa e il particolare ruolo ricoperto da questi “osservatori privilegiati”, competenti di riabilitazione e particolarmente sensibili alle tematiche criminologiche e vittimologiche, li pone direttamente in contatto con l’istituto e la procedura della riabilitazione, determinando in loro una profonda padronanza dell’oggetto di ricerca.

Indoor and Outdoor Natural Radioactivity in the Vulsini Volcanic District (Central Italy): Estimation of Doses and Radiological Risks

Terrestrial radioactivity for most individual is the major contributor to the total dose and is mostly provided by 238U, 232Th and 40K radionuclides. In particular indoor radioactivity is principally due to 222Rn, a radioactive noble gas descendent of 238U, second cause of lung cancer after cigarettes smoking. Vulsini Volcanic District is a well known quaternary volcanic area located between the northern Latium and southern Tuscany (Central Italy). It is characterized by an high natural radiation background resulting from the high concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the volcanic products. In this context, subduction-related metasomatic enrichment of incompatible elements in the mantle source coupled with magma differentiation within the upper crust has given rise to U, Th and K enriched melts. Almost every ancient village and town located in this part of Italy has been built with volcanic rocks pertaining to the Vulsini Volcanic District. The radiological risk of living in this area has been estimated considering separately: a. the risk associated with buildings made of volcanic products and built on volcanic rock substrates b. the risk associated to soil characteristics. The former has been evaluated both using direct 222Rn indoor measurements and simulations of “standard rooms” built with the tuffs and lavas from the Vulsini Volcanic District investigated in this work. The latter has been carried out by using in situ measurements of 222Rn activity in the soil gases. A radon risk map for the Bolsena village has been developed using soil radon measurements integrating geological information. Data of airborne radioactivity in ambient aerosol at two elevated stations in Emilia Romagna (North Italy) under the influence of Fukushima plume have been collected, effective doses have been calculated and an extensive comparison between doses associated with artificial and natural sources in different area have been described and discussed.

Effetti della Salinizzazione sugli Invertebrati del suolo

Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di valutare l'effetto della salinizzazione dei suoli sugli invertebrati edafici. Nell'ambito di questo obiettivo generale sono state effettuate due distinte attività di ricerca: una indagine sul campo e una serie di esperimenti di laboratorio. Lo studio sul campo è stato condotto nella Pineta di San Vitale (Ravenna, Italia). L'obiettivo specifico è stato quello di valutare la qualità biologica dei suoli attraverso l'analisi del popolamento dei microartropodi edafici, in relazione alla diversità del suolo e in particolare alla salinizzazione. La qualità biologica dei suoli è stata valutata mediante l'indice QBS-ar. La Pineta è stata campionata nella zona Est, più colpita da intrusione salina e nella zona Ovest dove questo fenomeno è meno evidente. I campionamenti sono stati effettuati in primavera ed estate. I risultati confermano che le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche si modificano in base al gradiente sommità dunali-depressioni interdunali. Per quanto riguarda il popolamento dei microartropodi alcune caratteristiche sono comuni alla maggior parte delle stazioni con lo stesso pedotipo. Non è stato evidenziato alcuno stress sui popolamenti attribuibule alla salinizzazione. Nel complesso, i valori di QBS-ar sono piuttosto elevati. Gli esperimenti di laboratorio sono stati finalizzata alla valutazione degli effetti combinati della salinità del suolo e della contaminazione da pesticidi (chlorpyrifos) sul lombrico Eisenia andrei. Nel complesso, i risultati indicano che effetti avversi sui lombrichi sono possibili a livelli di salinizzazione dei suoli ancora compatibili a concentrazioni di chlorpyrifos che sono piuttosto alte in confronto con i tipici risultati di campo, ma ancora compatibili con l'uso consigliato.

Analisi degli effetti degli interventi agronomici all’impianto in un intervento di recupero ambientale di una cava di sabbie ed argille della collina bolognese: parametrizzazione e quantificazione dell’azoto.

In questo lavoro sono state analizzate diverse strategie di recupero di una cava dismessa situata presso la località Colombara (Monte San Pietro, Bologna). Su questi terreni sono state condotte tre prove, costituite da diverse parcelle nelle quali sono stati adottati differenti trattamenti. Sono state svolte analisi di tipo quantitativo del suolo e della parte epigea delle specie arbustive e arboree, focalizzandosi sull'azoto (N totale, ammoniacale, nitrico, e firma isotopica) e sulla sostanza organica del suolo. Inoltre è stata effettuata un'indagine qualitativa della composizione floristica. Scopo della tesi è quello di individuare le strategie più efficaci per un recupero di suoli degradati. Non sempre a trattamenti iniziali migliori corrispondono i migliori risultati portando a conclusioni apparentemente controintuitive a cui si è cercato di dare risposta.

Processi e impatti della migrazione. L'esperienza di chi resta in tre famiglie peruviane

Questo studio propone un’esplorazione dei nessi tra fenomeno migratorio, dinamiche transnazionali e quadri familiari, in un contesto specificato che è quello peruviano. Dal confronto critico con i paradigmi disciplinari in uso negli ambiti dell’antropologia delle migrazioni, degli studi sul transnazionalismo e sulle famiglie transnazionali, e dell’etnografia multi-situata, si è tentata una lettura teorica e metodologica che renda conto del contesto socio-familiare di partenza non come parte periferica di una completa visione del migrante, ma quale oggetto specifico della ricerca. L’obbiettivo è verificare, a livello locale, quale siano gli impatti della migrazione esterna di uno o più membri sulle strutture e sulle dinamiche, sui codici e sui ruoli del nucleo parentale originario. E individuare, sul piano transnazionale, quali reti, quali rituali o pratiche di connessione funzionino tra coloro che vanno e coloro che restano, quali discorsi e quali culture migratorie si sviluppino e si condividano. La ricerca si è svolta in Perù tra il 2009 ed il 2011. Il campo dell’indagine si è diviso tra due località nell’area della Costa del Perù. Lima, la capitale, e Chiclín, un villaggio rurale nella regione settentrionale de La Libertad. Attraverso le tecniche d’inchiesta della pratica etnografica, una permanenza prolungata sul terreno e l’osservazione partecipante, si è lavorato con i membri adulti di ambo i sessi di tre gruppi parentali distribuiti tra i due luoghi menzionati, selezionati in partenza sulla base dei contatti forniti da alcuni dei loro familiari emigrati in Italia tra il 1990 ed il 2000. Centrare l’analisi sulle figure per certi aspetti marginali dell’esperienza della migrazione normalmente considerata, è servito da un lato a rovesciare parzialmente la prospettiva transnazionale aggiustandola proprio rispetto a quegli attori sociali; dall’altro e ad un tempo, ha permesso di fare luce su dinamiche migratorie più generali, di ricostruirle e di ri-teorizzarle.

Ricerca sulle Caratteristiche di Filtrabilità della Birra e Ottimizzazione del Processo di Filtrazione

Il presente lavoro ha avuto lo scopo di identificare le caratteristiche di filtrabilità della birra attraverso lo svolgimento di prove tecnologiche di filtrazione in scala di laboratorio e su scala pilota, utilizzando diverse tipologie di sistemi filtranti e sperimentando diversi materiali di membrana. La fase preliminare della caratterizzazione della filtrabilità della birra è stata condotta presso i laboratori del Campden-BRI – The Brewing Research International, Inghilterra, mentre le prove tecnologiche su scala pilota si sono svolte presso il CERB – Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca sulla Birra. Le prove di filtrazione e le analisi sui campioni hanno permesso di verificare le performance delle diverse membrane utilizzate in risposta alla variazione dei principali parametri del processo di filtrazione tangenziale. Sono stati analizzati diversi parametri di qualità della birra filtrata attraverso il monitoraggio del processo e lo svolgimento di prove analitiche sul prodotto volte ad evidenziare gli effetti delle differenti tecnologie adottate. Per quanto riguarda le prove di laboratorio per la caratterizzazione della filtrabilità della birra, l’analisi della PCS (Photon Correlation Spectroscopy) è stata utilizzata per verificare l’influenza di diversi trattamenti enzimatici sulla efficienza del processo di filtrazione e la loro influenza sulla stabilità colloidale della birra filtrata. Dai risultati ottenuti è emerso che il PCS è un valido strumento per determinare la distribuzione in classi di diametro e il diametro medio effettivo delle particelle solide in sospensione nella birra e può essere utilizzato sia per predire la stabilità della birra filtrata, sia per monitorare il processo di filtrazione in tempo reale.

La produzione cinematografica nel sistema economico-industriale italiano tra il 1908 e il 1914. Il caso della Milano Films

La tesi riguarda il processo evolutivo dell’industria cinematografica italiana dal momento della sua prima espansione (biennio1906-1908) fino allo scoppio della I guerra mondiale. In particolare il lavoro si è concentrato sulle vicende societarie e produttive di una delle maggiori case di produzioni attive in Italia nel periodo preso in esame: la Milano Films. Le ricerche relative alla società milanese hanno portato al rinvenimento di una cospicua quantità di documenti finora inediti, attraverso i quali è stato possibile ricostruire nel dettaglio la vicenda societaria e produttiva della casa di produzione. Lo studio ha inoltre analizzato le peculiarità specifiche che, tra il 1908 e il 1914, contraddistinguono la cinematografia italiana dal punto di vista degli assetti societari e finanziari, dell’organizzazione produttiva, delle strategie distributive e commerciali, attraverso un costante confronto con il complessivo quadro industriale italiano coevo e, in particolare, con quei settori produttivi considerati più all’avanguardia nei primi anni del Novecento.