290 resultados para Leges duodecim tabularum


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Pt. 4 (species 292-524, plates 412-600) was edited by J. D. Hooker from descriptions and drawings left by the author; unpublished drawings numbered 601-684, for species 417-485, were deposited in the herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew; species 486-524 had no drawings prepared for them.

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A dolgozatban a hitelderivatívák intenzitásalapú modellezésének néhány kérdését vizsgáljuk meg. Megmutatjuk, hogy alkalmas mértékcserével nemcsak a duplán sztochasztikus folyamatok, hanem tetszőleges intenzitással rendelkező pontfolyamat esetén is kiszámolható az összetett kár- és csődfolyamat eloszlásának Laplace-transzformáltja. _____ The paper addresses questions concerning the use of intensity based modeling in the pricing of credit derivatives. As the specification of the distribution of the lossprocess is a non-trivial exercise, the well-know technique for this task utilizes the inversion of the Laplace-transform. A popular choice for the model is the class of doubly stochastic processes given that their Laplace-transforms can be determined easily. Unfortunately these processes lack several key features supported by the empirical observations, e.g. they cannot replicate the self-exciting nature of defaults. The aim of the paper is to show that by using an appropriate change of measure the Laplace-transform can be calculated not only for a doubly stochastic process, but for an arbitrary point process with intensity as well. To support the application of the technique, we investigate the e®ect of the change of measure on the stochastic nature of the underlying process.

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A cikk a szabadalmak gazdaságban betöltött szerepével, az innovációra és a társadalmi hasznosságra gyakorolt hatásával kapcsolatos fontosabb elméleteket és empirikus kutatásokat foglalja össze. Számos újabb keletű vagy újra aktuálissá vált elmélet vitatja jelenlegi formájában a szabadalmak létjogosultságát. A meglévő empirikus kutatások eredményei is jellemzően azt mutatják, hogy a szabadalmak ugyan betöltik hagyományos szerepüket az innovációk védelmében, de néhány iparág kivételével csak az innovációk kis része esetében nélkülözhetetlenek. Az innovációk nagy része tehát szabadalmak nélkül is megvalósulna, nem feltétlenül lenne szükség minden esetben időleges monopóliumok létrehozására. Az innováció védelmén túlmutató stratégiai szabadalmi motivációk pedig számos olyan negatív hatással járnak, amelyek egyenesen gátolják az innovációs tevékenységet. Konklúzióként a kutatók jellemzően a jelenlegi rendszer reformját, a szabadalmaztatható technológiák körének szűkítését, néhányan pedig a szabadalmi rendszer megszüntetésének megfontolását javasolják. _____ This article summarizes the major theories and findings of empirical researches, regarding the role of patents in the economy and their effects on innovation and social utility. Numerous recent theories along with some reinvigorated older ones question the justification of the patent system. Most empirical studies show that although patents serve their traditional role in protecting innovation, they are not essential for the majority of the innovations in most industries. Most innovations would be generated even without patents and there would be no need for creating temporary monopolies in every case. Next to the protection from imitation, there are strategic motivations for patenting, and some unambiguously have a negative effect on innovative activity. As a conclusion, researchers suggest the reform of the patent system, the restriction of patentable technologies, and some suggest considering the abolishment of the patent system.

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Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. This succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine turbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine deposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and other microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, Cruziana, Glossifungites and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of 78 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa and of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to those from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part of South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, although several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data of studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according to the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.

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Este trabajo estudia la presencia e importancia de las diversiones y el placer en distintos momentos de la vida de la corte de los reyes de Aragón: las prostitutas, dirigidas por el rey Arlot, la música, el juego, el baile o los juglares, observando el aumento de su presencia a lo largo del siglo xiv, con el correlativo aumento de los gastos. También se observa el incremento en el lujo y la complejidad de estas actividades y la siempre mayor presencia de elementos espectaculares como bestias, carros, figuras alegóricas y otros entremeses en coronaciones, bodas o entradas reales, todos ellos aspectos de la progresiva glorificación de la monarquía.