Nominalisaatio ja verbaalisubstantiivin kääntäminen suomesta englantiin sairaanhoitopiirien potilasohjeissa

Tutkielma käsittelee nominalisaatiota ja verbikantaisten substantiivien kääntämistä suomesta englantiin. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, millä eri tavoin kolmen eri sairaanhoitopiirin (HUS, VSHP, VSSHP) potilasohjeissa esiintyvät -minen-päätteiset verbaalisubstantiivit on käännetty englanniksi. Nominalisaatio eli verbaalisubstantiivien käyttö verbin sijasta on erikoisalakielille tyypillinen piirre, joka tekee tekstistä helposti vaikeaselkoista ja heikentää luettavuutta. Suositusten mukaan potilasohjeiden tulisi olla selkeitä, joten liiallista nominalisaatiota tulisi välttää. Hypoteesina oli, että suuri osa verbaalisubstantiiveista on käännetty englannin verbaalisubstantiivilla ja että suomen sijamuoto vaikuttaa ainakin jossain määrin käännösratkaisuihin, koska suomen sijataivutusjärjestelmä on huomattavasti laajempi kuin englannin. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostui 30:stä sairaanhoitopiirien internetsivuillaan julkaisemasta potilasohjeesta ja niiden käännöksistä. Kyseessä on kontrastiivinen tutkimus, joten olen poiminut potilasohjeista kaikki -minen-päätteisen edussanan sisältävät nominilausekkeet (193 kpl) ja niiden englanninkieliset vastineet. Aineisto on jaettu ryhmiin kohdekielen rakenteen perusteella; tuloksia käsitellään ensisijaisesti kvalitatiivisesti kieliopillista taustaa vasten, mutta myös kvantitatiivisesti sekä potilasohjesuosituksiin ja aiempiin tutkimuksiin verraten. Tutkimuksen painopiste on pääosin nominilausekkeen edussanassa ja sen käännösvastineessa, mutta aineistoa analysoidaan myös laajemmin potilasohjeen luettavuuden ja funktion toteutumisen (eli hoidon onnistumisen) kannalta. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että suomen verbaalisubstantiivia vastasi kohdetekstissä seitsemän eri käännösvastinetyyppiä seuraavassa esiintyvyysjärjestyksessä: verbaalisubstantiivi, to-infinitiivi, -ing-partisiippi, vapaa käännös, finiittiverbirakenne, adjektiivimäärite tai substantiivi sekä ei vastinetta. Käännösryhmien osuuksissa ei ollut huomattavia eroja sairaanhoitopiirien välillä. Verbaalisubstantiivi oli selvästi yleisin (46,11 %) käännösvastinetyyppi, joten hypoteesi piti paikkansa. Sijamuodoista vain translatiivi vaikutti selkeästi käännöksiin, sillä sitä vastasi useimmin englannin to-infinitiivi tai pidempi in order to -rakenne. Kokonaisuudessaan käännöksissä oli noudatettu hyvin paljon lähdekielen rakennetta, joten nominalisaatiota esiintyi runsaasti myös kohdekielisissä potilasohjeissa. Finiittiverbirakenne ja vapaa käännös auttoivat poistamaan nominalisaatiota ja paransivat käännösten luettavuutta.

Sukupuolijärjestelmästä sukupuolen järjestyksiin : synteesiä vuosikymmenten varrelta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Startup IPR strategies: Why should startup companies protect their intellectual property?

This thesis studies intellectual property right (also: IPR) strategies from the perspective of high growth startup companies. Due to technology development and intellectualization of business, large part of companies’ assets are nowadays intangible. At the same time, the importance of protection instruments designed to protect these intangible assets, intellectual property rights, is increasing. Utilization of these instruments, however, requires understanding of the functioning of the IPR system, as well as financial resources. Startup companies aiming for growth need to be able compete with more established companies also in relation to intangible assets, but they might not have the required knowledge ot resources to fully utilize IPRs in their business. This research aims to understand what are the benefits a startup company can have from protecting their IPRs, and how can the company achieve those benefits. Based on a review of previous literature, altogether 11 benefits of IPR registration were recognized. To answer to the research questions, six half-structured interviews were conducted with experts form different fields, all with experience in working with startup companies and IPR issues. The interviews were analyzed using different methods of qualitative data analysis, mainly derived from grounded theory and case study methods. As a result, out of the 11 benefits recognized from earlier literature, 8 were recognized to be relevant for startup companies. The most central benefits were recognized to be linked with the financial lifecycle of the startup company, including increasing credibility of the startup and stimulating an investment. In addition it was noticed, that startup companies are mainly able to utilize these benefits at later stages of their lifecycle. However, to be able to utilize the benefits at later stages, the startup company needs to be aware of the functioning of the IPR system and might need to apply for appropriate protection already early on. As a result of this study, a three-step model was formed to describe different levels of IPR utilization. The first level of the model represents the minimum level of understanding that every startup company should have regarding IPRs. The second level views IPR strategy from a risk management perspective, including securing the minimum protection of the company’s own IPRs, contract management and establishing processes for handling IPR issues. The last stage reflects strategic use of IPRs. At this third stage intellectual property rights have a central role in the startup company’s business, and they are used in the company’s value creation.

Performance of dairy heifers raised on Xaraés palissadgrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) pasture supplemented with two types of mineral mixture

The effects of selective (e.g. mineral supplement formulated on the basis of nutritional and clinical examination of the herd) or commercial mineral supplementation of crossbred dairy heifers (Holstein-Mantiqueira), on daily weight gain (DWG), body condition score (BCS), age at first mating (AFM) and the intake of mineral mixture (IMM) managed on Xaraés palissadgrass pasture (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) were evaluated from February 2006 to March 2008. Structural characteristics, forage allowance and nutritional value of Xaraés palissadgrass were also evaluated. The structural variables of pasture, allowances and nutritive value of forage, besides the DWG were only affected (p<0.05) by season, with highest results for spring and summer. Throughout the experimental period (730 days), no sign of mineral deficiency was detected in heifers that ingested the selective supplement. The DWG and AFM were not influenced by the mineral mixture offered (0.52 and 0.33 kg/day during the spring/summer and in fall/winter for DWG, respectively, and 813 days of AFM). The IMM was higher for commercial mineral mixture than for selective (61.6 and 51.0g/day respectively). The BCS was slightly higher for selective (3.17) than for the commercial (3.02) mineral mixture. Thus, the selective mineral supplement was a strategy to prevent mineral deficiency in this herd and resulted in similar performance at lower costs (e.g. due to less IMM) of crossbred heifers when compared with the commercial mineral supplementation.

The good and the successful - Examination of informal learning mechanisms

This thesis strived to find out which informal learning (IL) mechanisms are used the most by the respondents. Additionally, the goal was to know more about the respondents as informal learners and what could explain possible differences. The target was to resolve whether informal learning explains differences in individual performance or, do some other explanations for success exist. Informal learning was to be made more visible, since many are unaware of it. Relevant IL mechanisms that the interviewees could explain were selected for this thesis. The theory on informal learning was presented and some additional informal learning mechanisms were included: Underlying learning theories, internal and external learning resources, as well as some sport related informal learning mechanisms. Various scholars have explained these terms. The final results of this thesis relate to business context, but sport is at the scope of my research. The target group consisted of nine individuals in team sports that were considered as high performers (good/successful). Hence, also the concept of high performance was clarified with competence, expertise and talent literature. The study is qualitative and face-to-face interviews were chosen. The data was analyzed with Grounded Theory principles and theory elaboration. This thesis pointed out similarities and differences between the respondents´ answers (good/successful, inexperienced/experienced). Thus, the analysis clarified that there are different attitudes to learning and different learner profiles in sports context. Also, it became clear that some informal learning mechanisms are more used than others. Secondly, based on the most crucial differences, Typology of Talentum was formulated based on Le Deist & Winteron´s (2005, 39) Typology of holistic competence. Some variables of informal learning seemed to constitute the Meta-competence of Typology that ultimately causes the differences in individual performance and success. The results can be transferred to business context because meta-competence is transferable by nature.

Tietolinja 2/1994

Tieteellisten kirjastojen atk-yksikön 20-vuotisjuhlanumero

AgEcon Search: Evolution of a Subject Repository

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Extending the Hydra Head to Create a Pluggable, Extensible Architecture: Diving into the Technology of Hydramata

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Repository Rant -- Digital Scavenging

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Kjærlighet i forbundethet : en kraft i gamle menneskers åndelighet og verdighet

The thesis is rooted in caring science and the notion that the human being is an indivisible unity of body, soul and spirit. The purpose is to search for new, or expanded knowledge and understanding of the substance of the human’s spiritual space, as well as aspects that may constitute a foundation for the safeguard of human dignity. The clinical research study concerns the importance of spirituality and dignity in the care for older people. The thesis consists of three substudies with four articles, and the methodology is based on Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. Through a metasynthesis of 17 research articles, sub-study I searched for understanding of the concept of spirituality as it may appear in reality (deduction). 17 older people were interviewed in sub-study II. This sub-study sought understanding for spirituality and dignity in the specific reality (induction). Sub-study III searched for theory development regarding spirituality, through a literature review of 20 research articles and a text by Tillich (abduction). The findings imply that spirituality entails human beings’ connectedness with one’s inner space and connectedness beyond oneself. Love in connectedness appears as a force in both spirituality and dignity. Themes portrayed include understanding of the spiritual space, religiousness, dignity, and spiritual care. The relationship between dignity and spirituality can be seen in the confirmation of human worth and care for the whole human being, including the spiritual dimension, and this is understood as a prerequisite for perceived dignity. It seems to be important that older people feel valued, loved, not abandoned, and alive. The theoretical model portrays love as a reunifying and connecting force that may foster confirmation, serving, longing and holiness. The movement towards connectedness may create room for the human being’s perception of dignity and holiness, and as such, it may be a force in the search for wholeness and becoming in health.