Kaanaassa, Urhon päivänä [17.6.]1925

Kirje 17.6.1925

Geographical deviations in foreign trade statistics: A study into European trade with Latin American Countries, 1925

We have analyzed the spatial accuracy of European foreign trade statistics compared to Latin American. We have also included USA s data because of the importance of this country in Latin American trade. We have developed a method for mapping discrepancies between exporters and importers, trying to isolate systematic spatial deviations. Although our results don t allow a unique explanation, they present some interesting clues to the distribution channels in the Latin American Continent as well as some spatial deviations for statistics in individual countries. Connecting our results with the literature specialized in the accuracy of foreign trade statistics; we can revisit Morgernstern (1963) as well as Federico and Tena (1991). Morgernstern had had a really pessimistic view on the reliability of this statistic source, but his main alert was focused on the trade balances, not in gross export or import values. Federico and Tena (1991) have demonstrated howaccuracy increases by aggregation, geographical and of product at the same time. But they still have a pessimistic view with relation to distribution questions, remarking that perhaps it will be more accurate to use import sources in this latest case. We have stated that the data set coming from foreign trade statistics for a sample in 1925, being it exporters or importers, it s a valuable tool for geography of trade patterns, although in some specific cases it needs some spatial adjustments.

Helsinki 25.5.1925

Kirje

On the accuracy of Latin American trade statistics: A nonparametric test for 1925

This paper proposes a nonparametric test in order to establish the level of accuracy of theforeign trade statistics of 17 Latin American countries when contrasted with the trade statistics of the main partners in 1925. The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Ranks test is used to determine whether the differences between the data registered by exporters and importers are meaningful, and if so, whether the differences are systematic in any direction. The paper tests for the reliability of the data registered for two homogeneous products, petroleum and coal, both in volume and value. The conclusion of the several exercises performed is that we cannot accept the existence of statistically significant differences between the data provided by the exporters and the registered by the importing countries in most cases. The qualitative historiography of Latin American describes its foreign trade statistics as mostly unusable. Our quantitative results contest this view.

Catalogue des dessins anciens du Moyen-Age et de la Renaissance (XVe et XVIe siècles), Oeuvres de J. Amman, B. Beham, P. Brueghel, H. Burgkmair, L. Cambiaso, J. Cousin, A. Durer, H. Goltzius, U. Graf, Lagneau, E. de Laune, F. Mazzuola, M. Ostendrofer, J. Palma, Le Primatice, B. Ramenghi, D. Robusti, J. Romain, T. Stimmer, P. Vénronèse, L. de Vinci, etc., etc. ; Dessins, pastels, aquarelles des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle par N. Berchem, Brauwer, A. Guyp, Dumonstier, C. Dusart, A. Van Dyck, J.-H. Fragonard, Cl. Gellée, Van Goyen, J. Jordaens, J. Lievens, G. Metzu, I. Moucheron, R. Nanteuil, A. Van Ostade, A. Pajou, J.-B. Perronneau, P. Potter, N. Poussin, Rembrandt, P.-P. Rubens, J. Ruysdael, G.-B. Tiepolo, A. et W. Van de Velde, C. Visscher, A. Watteau, etc., etc., composant la collection de M. A. Beurdeley et dont la vente [6e vente] aux enchères publiques, après décès, aura lieu Galerie Georges Petit, 8, rue de Sèze, les mardi 8, mercredi 9 et jeudi 10 juin 1920 / Commissaires-priseurs, Me F. Lair-Dubreuil, Me Henri Baudoin ; experts M. Jules Féral, M. Marius Paulme ; [préface de Marcel Nicolle]

[Vente (Art). 1920-06-08 - 1920-06-10. Paris]

Helsinki 23.5.1925

Kirje

Energy as an indicator of modernisation in Latin America by 1925

In absence of comparable macroeconomic indicators for most of the Latin American economiesbeyond the 1930s, this paper presents an estimate of the apparent consumption per head of coal and petroleum for 25 countries of Latin American and the Caribbean for the year 1925, doubling the number of countries for which energy consumption estimates were previously available. Energy consumption is then used as an indicator of economic modernisation. As a result, the paper provides the basis for a quantitative comparative analysis of modernisation performance beyond the few countries for which historical national accounts are available in Latin America.

O uso da Internet como auxílio na Prática Pedagógica: O caso da Escola Técnica Grão Duque Henri

Com o presente estudo pretende-se fazer uma reflexão sobre o uso da Internet, principalmente por parte do professor para auxiliar-lhe na sua prática pedagógica, tendo como objectivo analisar a sua importância na prática pedagógica. Estamos numa sociedade, onde as Tecnologias de Informação são consideradas como base fulcral, permitindo aos indivíduos aceder de uma forma fácil uma grande variedade de informações e estar actualizado constantemente, a poder comunicar com os outros a qualquer momento, a trabalhar mesmo fora do local de trabalho, permitindo ao indivíduo estudar a qualquer hora do dia. Sendo assim, a educação tem de adoptar esta ferramenta de forma a proporcionar aos alunos uma interacção com esta máquina a fim de ajudar-lhes com as mais variadas informações disponíveis. A Internet é uma ferramenta que possibilita aos indivíduos todas as vantagens referidas acima, ela constitui um dos melhores recursos educativos. Deste modo, utilizando-a na educação o professor pode tirar o melhor proveito, pois permite-lhe preparar a sua aula tornando-a mais interessante, motivante e colaborativa, buscando melhores e maiores documentos, que ajudalhe na elaboração dos testes, das actividades a serem desenvolvidas na sala de aula. Relativamente ao estudo de caso, este baseou-se na aplicação de questionário aos professores da Escola Técnica Grão Duque Henri. Foi escolhida uma amostra de 25% dos 45 professores do 11º ano da referida escola, na qual foram aplicados questionário para a obtenção de dados relativamente ao uso da Internet pelos mesmos.

Angervonniemellä jouluna 1925

Kirje 25.12.1925

Ferdinand de Saint-Urbain / par Henri Lepage. avec un Catalogue des oeuvres de cet artiste / par M. Beaupré

Comprend : Catalogue descriptif des ouvrages de Ferdinand de Saint-Urbain et de Claude-Augustin de Saint-Urbain