Comment on “Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events” by D.F. Smart et al.

Smart et al. (2014) suggested that the detection of nitrate spikes in polar ice cores from solar energetic particle (SEP) events could be achieved if an analytical system with sufficiently high resolution was used. Here we show that the spikes they associate with SEP events are not reliably recorded in cores from the same location, even when the resolution is clearly adequate. We explain the processes that limit the effective resolution of ice cores. Liquid conductivity data suggest that the observed spikes are associated with sodium or another nonacidic cation, making it likely that they result from deposition of sea salt or similar aerosol that has scavenged nitrate, rather than from a primary input of nitrate in the troposphere. We consider that there is no evidence at present to support the identification of any spikes in nitrate as representing SEP events. Although such events undoubtedly create nitrate in the atmosphere, we see no plausible route to using nitrate spikes to document the statistics of such events.

Pedro Piñero Ramírez et al. (eds.), Romancero de la Provincia de Sevilla, Sevilla: Universidad - Diputación, 2013, 935 pp.

Fil: Chicote, Gloria. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

In the Supreme Court of the United States, October term, 1980, Héctor García, petitioner v. Alton V.M. Gloor ... [et al.], respondents : on writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit : petition for writ of certiorari /

At head of title: no.

Alegato presentado a la Sala 1a. de la Corte de Apelaciones como abogado de los señores Rösing Brothers & Co. [et al]

At head of title: La cuestión "R. Samper y Cía".

Reducing wastewater from cucumber pickling process by controlled culture fermentation / by Linda W. Little ... [et al.].

Mode of access: Internet.

National security assessment of the U.S. shipbuilding and repair industry / prepared by Stephen Baker ... [et al.].

"May 2001."

Images galantes et esprit de l'étranger : Berlin, Munich, Vienne, Turin, Londres : 242 illustrations des journaux Wiener Caricaturen ... [et al.] /

Mode of access: Internet.

Weston F. Milliken et al., vs. the Portland & Ogdensburg R.R. Co. et als. /

Brief in hearing on petition before Judge Walton for issue of $50,000 additional certificates of receiver.

Weston F. Milliken et al. vs. the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad Co. et als.

At head of title: State of Maine. Cumberland, ss. Supreme Judicial Court.

Before the Interstate Commerce Commission : no. 879 : City of Spokane, Wash., et al., v. Northern Pacific Railway Company et al., decided February 9, 1909.

"Report and order of the Commission."

United States of America, petitioner, v. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey et al., defendants.

At head of title: In the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern Division of the Eastern Judicial District of Missouri.

The rise of professional proxy solicitors: Georgeson & Co. of Wall Street, et al.

Includes bibliography.

Curso completo de geografía universal antigua y moderna : obra basada sobre Letronne ... [et al.] : enriquecida con todos los conocimientos y descubrimientos modernos /

Mode of access: Internet.

Exâmen público del exterior del caballo, que han de tener sobre las proposiciones siguientes los alumnos de la Real Escuela de Veterinaria de esta corte Antonio Bobadilla [et. al.] ... asistidos de Don Hipólito Estevez ...

Mode of access: Internet.