Contribuições para entender a experiência estética

Este trabalho coloca em análise algumas concepções sobre arte, obra de arte, atitude estética e experiência estética com o intuito de propor o exercício da racionalidade estética como uma ampliação da capacidade dos sujeitos para orientar sua percepção e compreensão ante as infinitas possibilidades da existência. A razão estética habilita o sujeito para que se concebam mundos não apenas a partir de e/ou sobre esquemas referenciais, mas, a partir de e sobre a experiência da presentificação do que existe, do ser-aí, da história efeitual e da desrealização dos limites estabelecidos pelas formas tradicionais de racionalidade. Postulo a idéia da experiência estética como uma oportunidade de ampliação, de desvelamento e de expansão da subjetividade na medida que representa uma abertura para a coleção de exemplos que são a arte e a vida. A atitude estética é uma atitude desinteressada, é uma abertura, uma disponibilidade não tanto para a coisa ou o acontecimento “em si”, naquilo que ele tem de consistência, mas para os efeitos que ele pode produzir.

Uma estética do espaço ou a Lisboa das Gerações de 70 e de 90 como paisagem literária

Com a presente abordagem, pretende-se demonstrar que as universos urbanos que Eça de Queirós, Abel Botelho e outros escritores do séc. XIX se tornam um objeto teórico e poético de representação e um complexo texto humano, construído por sobreposições de imagens objetivas e subjetivas. Construídas pelo olhar objetivo do sujeito e pela sua imaginação e fantasia, estas representações têm também em vista a transformação da sociedade pela denúncia dos seus vícios, das suas patologias sociais, de forma a combater a “miséria portuguesa” de Oitocentos.

La casa popular de Quito. «Otra» estética, «otra» vida

Esta investigación sobre la casa popular de Quito construida por inmigrantes del campo en las décadas de 1980 y 1990, generalmente en los bordes de la ciudad, combina herramientas de tres áreas del conocimiento: la cultura, la arquitectura y la comunicación. El grupo social estudiado está compuesto principalmente por artesanos de la construcción y empleadas domésticas, quienes en su trabajo cuotidiano se relacionan con diferentes estratos de la sociedad y trasladan a su espacio doméstico fragmentos de la cultura de esos grupos sociales, convirtiéndose así en «mediadores sociales». El conjunto de elementos visuales y su disposición afuera y adentro de la casa popular forman, según la autora, un sistema de comunicación que vincula las prácticas culturales cotidianas y de tradición familiar con un «orden» que expresa una estética y unos valores propios de lo popular. Desde el conjunto arquitectónico hasta el objeto doméstico, se atisba una vocación na tural y creativa por realizar lo que Lévi- Strauss denomina el «bricolage» –en este ca - so cultural–, mediante procesos de ensayo e in vención, re-utilización y resignificación de materiales y objetos que son compartidos, ex hibidos, copiados y reciclados entre quienes practican esta estrategia de supervivencia. Mediante varios ejemplos se pone en evidencia la versatilidad con la que la cultura popular decodifica los cánones culturales de otros grupos sociales para incorporarlos en su vida diaria, como una manera de superar su condición de subalteridad.

La construcción social de lo visual: estudio de caso en la visión de la virgen de Piendamó en 1971 y su concreción estética en el santuario

Este trabajo responde a la iniciativa de referir el conocimiento académico adquirido al lugar de origen, de éste modo llevo a cabo un análisis enfocado hacia el papel de la construcción social de lo visual a partir de un elemento identitario relevante para el pueblo colombiano del cual provengo: La visión que tuvo una niña mestiza de once años, de la virgen en Piendamó, Cauca, Colombia en 1971. La reflexión parte del supuesto de que la aparición de la virgen responde a una construcción social, cuyo repositorio visual es la aparición de la virgen y luego su concreción estética en el santuario; busco explorar la aparición como respuesta a una serie de fenómenos que mantenían en tensión el campo social, los cuales se relacionan directamente con: 1. El origen del pueblo que le otorga la condición de bárbaro en relación a su Otro civilizado fundado en el marco de la encomienda española 2. La aparición de la virgen como mecanismo de tensión cultural 3. Producciones o disputas en torno a la aparición y su importancia para la comunidad. Esta propuesta se torna relevante en tanto hay un desplazamiento del análisis de lo visual como objeto, hacia las ideas de las cuales es repositorio, esto es hacia la forma en que lo visual es construido a la vez que construye el campo social de las relaciones. La aparición de la virgen es un dispositivo que permite leer mediante los estudios visuales la naturalización de los fenómenos culturales y los significados que perpetua, orientando el análisis hacia los significados reprimidos en ese proceso naturalizador. El marco de fuentes que componen ésta propuesta consisten en: Entrevistas realizadas en campo, observación y análisis del santuario, revisión, análisis y selección de producción mediática, artística y académica, todo ello a la luz de José Luís Brea, Mieka Bal, Homi Bhabha, Bolívar Echeverría, Alberto Flores Galindo, Michel Foucault, Judith Buttler, Sergei Gruzinski, Enrique Dussel entre otros.

Entre el cine boliviano de los años sesenta y la novela indigenista: un caso de transculturación estética andina (Estudios)

El artículo es un ejercicio de historia cultural que explora la conflictiva relación entre la obra cinematográfica del realizador boliviano Jorge Sanjinés y del grupo Ukamau, desarrollada en los años setenta, y la novela indigenista andina escrita varias décadas antes, en relación a la problemática de la representación del indígena y de su lugar en la comunidad nacional. En esta perspectiva, el trabajo analiza la compleja interacción entre cultura letrada, cinematografía y construcción nacional en Bolivia. El estudio considera el contexto histórico modernizador emprendido por la revolución de 1952 y los ulteriores momentos de este proceso político y social fundamental de ese país andino, situando los desafíos estéticos y políticos que la obra de Jorge Sanjinés debió enfrentar.

Árboles redondos, cabezas cuadradas: normativa, patrimonialización y estética en la ciudad de Quito

Los árboles que habitan nuestra ciudad reflejan buena parte de lo que somos. Su presencia, ausencia y disposición nos habla de cómo concebimos, valoramos y utilizamos el espacio en que vivimos y de la manera en que nos relacionamos con la estética y la naturaleza. Al observarlos por la ciudad, encontramos que muchos de ellos reflejan una cultura que privilegia la homogenización, el orden militar y la estética de consumo. Esta tesis investiga la relación del municipio de Quito -y otras entidades estatales- con el arbolado urbano. A partir de esto se perfila cómo la manera de dirigirnos a los árboles refleja y construye algunas de las apreciaciones culturales y estéticas de la ciudad de Quito. El presente trabajo comprende una investigación de base sobre las normativas y políticas públicas en torno al arbolado urbano de Quito, un vistazo al patrimonio natural-cultural que estamos construyendo, y un análisis visual y estético acerca del lugar que ocupa el árbol dentro de la ciudad y los ciudadanos.

Facial feature extraction and selection by Gabor wavelets and boosting

In this paper, we present a feature selection approach based on Gabor wavelet feature and boosting for face verification. By convolution with a group of Gabor wavelets, the original images are transformed into vectors of Gabor wavelet features. Then for individual person, a small set of significant features are selected by the boosting algorithm from a large set of Gabor wavelet features. The experiment results have shown that the approach successfully selects meaningful and explainable features for face verification. The experiments also suggest that for the common characteristics such as eyes, noses, mouths may not be as important as some unique characteristic when training set is small. When training set is large, the unique characteristics and the common characteristics are both important.

Intact imitation of emotional facial actions in autism spectrum conditions.

It has been proposed that there is a core impairment in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) to the mirror neuron system (MNS): If observed actions cannot be mapped onto the motor commands required for performance, higher order sociocognitive functions that involve understanding another person's perspective, such as theory of mind, may be impaired. However, evidence of MNS impairment in ASC is mixed. The present study used an 'automatic imitation' paradigm to assess MNS functioning in adults with ASC and matched controls, when observing emotional facial actions. Participants performed a pre-specified angry or surprised facial action in response to observed angry or surprised facial actions, and the speed of their action was measured with motion tracking equipment. Both the ASC and control groups demonstrated automatic imitation of the facial actions, such that responding was faster when they acted with the same emotional expression that they had observed. There was no difference between the two groups in the magnitude of the effect. These findings suggest that previous apparent demonstrations of impairments to the MNS in ASC may be driven by a lack of visual attention to the stimuli or motor sequencing impairments, and therefore that there is, in fact, no MNS impairment in ASC. We discuss these findings with reference to the literature on MNS functioning and imitation in ASC, as well as theories of the role of the MNS in sociocognitive functioning in typical development.

Theory of mind and attentional bias to facial emotional expressions: A preliminary study

Theory of mind ability has been associated with performance in interpersonal interactions and has been found to influence aspects such as emotion recognition, social competence, and social anxiety. Being able to attribute mental states to others requires attention to subtle communication cues such as facial emotional expressions. Decoding and interpreting emotions expressed by the face, especially those with negative valence, are essential skills to successful social interaction. The current study explored the association between theory of mind skills and attentional bias to facial emotional expressions. According to the study hypothesis, individuals with poor theory of mind skills showed preferential attention to negative faces over both non-negative faces and neutral objects. Tentative explanations for the findings are offered emphasizing the potential adaptive role of vigilance for threat as a way of allocating a limited capacity to interpret others’ mental states to obtain as much information as possible about potential danger in the social environment.

Interpretation of infant facial expression in the context of maternal postnatal depression

Postnatal maternal depression is associated with difficulties in maternal responsiveness. As most signals arising from the infant come from facial expressions one possible explanation for these difficulties is that mothers with postnatal depression are differentially affected by particular infant facial expressions. Thus, this study investigates the effects of postnatal depression on mothers’ perceptions of infant facial expressions. Participants (15 controls, 15 depressed and 15 anxious mothers) were asked to rate a number of infant facial expressions, ranging from very positive to very negative. Each face was shown twice, for a short and for a longer period of time in random order. Results revealed that mothers used more extreme ratings when shown the infant faces (i.e. more negative or more positive) for a longer period of time. Mothers suffering from postnatal depression were more likely to rate negative infant faces shown for a longer period more negatively than controls. The differences were specific to depression rather than an effect of general postnatal psychopathology—as no differences were observed between anxious mothers and controls. There were no other significant differences in maternal ratings of infant faces showed for short periods or for positive or neutral valence faces of either length. The findings that mothers with postnatal depression rate negative infant faces more negatively indicate that appraisal bias might underlie some of the difficulties that these mothers have in responding to their own infants signals.

FACSGen: a tool to synthesize emotional facial expressions through systematic manipulation of facial action units

To investigate the perception of emotional facial expressions, researchers rely on shared sets of photos or videos, most often generated by actor portrayals. The drawback of such standardized material is a lack of flexibility and controllability, as it does not allow the systematic parametric manipulation of specific features of facial expressions on the one hand, and of more general properties of the facial identity (age, ethnicity, gender) on the other. To remedy this problem, we developed FACSGen: a novel tool that allows the creation of realistic synthetic 3D facial stimuli, both static and dynamic, based on the Facial Action Coding System. FACSGen provides researchers with total control over facial action units, and corresponding informational cues in 3D synthetic faces. We present four studies validating both the software and the general methodology of systematically generating controlled facial expression patterns for stimulus presentation.

How reward modulates mimicry: EMG evidence of greater automatic facial mimicry of more rewarding faces

Spontaneous mimicry is a marker of empathy. Conditions characterized by reduced spontaneous mimicry (e.g., autism) also display deficits in sensitivity to social rewards. We tested if spontaneous mimicry of socially rewarding stimuli (happy faces) depends on the reward value of stimuli in 32 typical participants. An evaluative conditioning paradigm was used to associate different reward values with neutral target faces. Subsequently, electromyographic activity over the Zygomaticus Major was measured whilst participants watched video clips of the faces making happy expressions. Higher Zygomaticus Major activity was found in response to happy faces conditioned with high reward versus low reward. Moreover, autistic traits in the general population modulated the extent of spontaneous mimicry of happy faces. This suggests a link between reward and spontaneous mimicry and provides a possible underlying mechanism for the reduced response to social rewards seen in autism.