A probabilistic approach to the estimation of regional photovoltaic power generation using meteorological data

In Germany the upscaling algorithm is currently the standard approach for evaluating the PV power produced in a region. This method involves spatially interpolating the normalized power of a set of reference PV plants to estimate the power production by another set of unknown plants. As little information on the performances of this method could be found in the literature, the first goal of this thesis is to conduct an analysis of the uncertainty associated to this method. It was found that this method can lead to large errors when the set of reference plants has different characteristics or weather conditions than the set of unknown plants and when the set of reference plants is small. Based on these preliminary findings, an alternative method is proposed for calculating the aggregate power production of a set of PV plants. A probabilistic approach has been chosen by which a power production is calculated at each PV plant from corresponding weather data. The probabilistic approach consists of evaluating the power for each frequently occurring value of the parameters and estimating the most probable value by averaging these power values weighted by their frequency of occurrence. Most frequent parameter sets (e.g. module azimuth and tilt angle) and their frequency of occurrence have been assessed on the basis of a statistical analysis of parameters of approx. 35 000 PV plants. It has been found that the plant parameters are statistically dependent on the size and location of the PV plants. Accordingly, separate statistical values have been assessed for 14 classes of nominal capacity and 95 regions in Germany (two-digit zip-code areas). The performances of the upscaling and probabilistic approaches have been compared on the basis of 15 min power measurements from 715 PV plants provided by the German distribution system operator LEW Verteilnetz. It was found that the error of the probabilistic method is smaller than that of the upscaling method when the number of reference plants is sufficiently large (>100 reference plants in the case study considered in this chapter). When the number of reference plants is limited (<50 reference plants for the considered case study), it was found that the proposed approach provides a noticeable gain in accuracy with respect to the upscaling method.

Implementação de um plano de segurança de águas num hospital

Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Revisão do plano de segurança da água do sistema regional do Carvoeiro

Os Planos de Segurança da Água surgem com a necessidade de aumentar a segurança da água de abastecimento, superando a monitorização de conformidade de “fim de linha”, permitindo aumentar a confiança do consumidor na qualidade da água que lhe é fornecida. Esta nova abordagem recorre a uma metodologia de gestão baseada na identificação e no controlo de riscos em pontos críticos de um sistema de abastecimento, em complemento do controlo realizado através da monitorização da conformidade da água entregue aos consumidores. O Plano de Segurança da Água (PSA) encontra-se implementado no Sistema Regional do Carvoeiro (SRC) desde o ano de 2009. O SRC é um sistema de abastecimento de água em alta, sendo constituído por conjunto de infraestruturas de captação, tratamento, transporte e armazenamento de água desde a sua origem, localizada no rio Vouga, em Carvoeiro, até aos municípios integrados na Associação de Municípios do Carvoeiro-Vouga. Atendendo à obra de expansão do SRC, tornou-se imperativo efetuar uma revisão ao PSA, sendo este o objetivo primordial do trabalho de estágio desenvolvido na empresa Águas do Vouga S.A, concessionária responsável pela gestão do SRC. Para a prossecução deste objetivo, o trabalho desenvolvido envolveu os seguintes passos metodológicos: identificação das operações aplicadas no SRC; identificação de perigos e eventos perigosos em todos os órgãos constituintes do sistema; avaliação de riscos; identificação de pontos críticos de controlo; identificação de pontos de monitorização e medidas preventivas; elaboração do plano de monitorização, incluindo, procedimentos de controlo operacional em condições normais de funcionamento e em caso de desvio; validação deste plano. Deste trabalho resultou a identificação de 166 eventos perigosos, 17 tipologias de perigos, 3 pontos de controlo crítico e 17 pontos de monitorização. Os pontos de controlo crítico foram identificados nos processos de tratamento da ETA do Carvoeiro. O primeiro foi localizado na etapa de filtração com areia, antracite e zeólitos correspondendo aos perigos com metais (Fe e Mn), outros compostos químicos perigosos, partículas, turvação, matéria orgânica e alumínio. O segundo ponto foi identificado na etapa de filtração com filtros de carvão ativado granular relativo ao aparecimento de sabor e cianotoxinas. O terceiro ponto de controlo crítico foi encontrado na etapa de desinfeção referente aos microrganismos patogénicos. Os pontos de monitorização foram localizados ao longo do sistema em situações onde não se dispõem de nenhuma medida de controlo para eliminar o perigo e antes e após os pontos de controlo crítico. O plano de monitorização foi desenvolvido para estes pontos, embora os limites e procedimentos definidos devam ser alvo de revisão após a conclusão da obra de expansão do sistema. A validação da revisão do plano foi iniciada, mas cingiu-se apenas na avaliação preliminar de riscos, prévia ao início de operação da ETA do Carvoeiro. Para além da revisão deste plano, foram realizadas outras tarefas, nomeadamente uma análise à qualidade da água fornecida e distribuída pelo sistema, a elaboração do plano PCQA para o ano de 2016, a configuração da plataforma de gestão operacional NAVIATM e a revisão do Manual de Gestão da Águas do Vouga relativo ao processo de qualidade na captação, tratamento e distribuição e ao processo de qualidade na gestão do PSA.

Estágio profissional em gabinete de engenharia, na componente de climatização

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica com Especialização em Energia, Climatização e Refrigeração

A framework for better understanding drinking-water quality in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador: Implications for optimization and protection of municipally supplied water

This research project was driven by the recurring complaints and concerns voiced in the media by residents living in the Valley area of the community of Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador. Drinking water in this town is supplied by two water treatment plants (a municipality treatment plant and a DND treatment plant), which use raw water from two different sources (groundwater from multiple wells versus surface water from Spring Gulch brook) and use two different processes of drinking-water treatment. In fact, the drinking water supplied in the Valley area has a unique distribution arrangement. To meet demand, the Valley area is served by a blend of treated waters from a storage reservoir (Sandhill reservoir), which is fed by both water treatment plants. Most of the time, treated water from the municipal treatment plant dominates in the mixture. As water travels through the distribution system and household plumbing, specific reactions can occur either in the water itself and/or at the solid–liquid interface at the pipe walls; this is strongly influenced by the physical and chemical characteristics of the water. These reactions can introduce undesirable chemical compounds and/or favor the growth of bacteria in the drinking water, causing the deterioration of the quality of water reaching the consumer taps. In the distribution system in general, these chemical constituents and bacteria may pose potential threats to health or the water’s aesthetic qualities (smell, taste or appearance). Drinking water should be not only safe, but also palatable.

AIR SIDE HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN HEAT EXCHANGERS UTILIZING INNOVATIVE DESIGNS AND THE ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE

Over the last decade, rapid development of additive manufacturing techniques has allowed the fabrication of innovative and complex designs. One field that can benefit from such technology is heat exchanger fabrication, as heat exchanger design has become more and more complex due to the demand for higher performance particularly on the air side of the heat exchanger. By employing the additive manufacturing, a heat exchanger design was successfully realized, which otherwise would have been very difficult to fabricate using conventional fabrication technologies. In this dissertation, additive manufacturing technique was implemented to fabricate an advanced design which focused on a combination of heat transfer surface and fluid distribution system. Although the application selected in this dissertation is focused on power plant dry cooling applications, the results of this study can directly and indirectly benefit other sectors as well, as the air-side is often the limiting side for in liquid or single phase cooling applications. Two heat exchanger designs were studied. One was an advanced metallic heat exchanger based on manifold-microchannel technology and the other was a polymer heat exchanger based on utilization of prime surface technology. Polymer heat exchangers offer several advantages over metals such as antifouling, anticorrosion, lightweight and often less expensive than comparable metallic heat exchangers. A numerical modeling and optimization were performed to calculate a design that yield an optimum performance. The optimization results show that significant performance enhancement is noted compared to the conventional heat exchangers like wavy fins and plain plate fins. Thereafter, both heat exchangers were scaled down and fabricated using additive manufacturing and experimentally tested. The manifold-micro channel design demonstrated that despite some fabrication inaccuracies, compared to a conventional wavy-fin surface, 15% - 50% increase in heat transfer coefficient was possible for the same pressure drop value. In addition, if the fabrication inaccuracy can be eliminated, an even larger performance enhancement is predicted. Since metal based additive manufacturing is still in the developmental stage, it is anticipated that with further refinement of the manufacturing process in future designs, the fabrication accuracy can be improved. For the polymer heat exchanger, by fabricating a very thin wall heat exchanger (150μm), the wall thermal resistance, which usually becomes the limiting side for polymer heat exchanger, was calculated to account for only up to 3% of the total thermal resistance. A comparison of air-side heat transfer coefficient of the polymer heat exchanger with some of the commercially available plain plate fin surface heat exchangers show that polymer heat exchanger performance is equal or superior to plain plate fin surfaces. This shows the promising potential for polymer heat exchangers to compete with conventional metallic heat exchangers when an additive manufacturing-enabled fabrication is utilized. Major contributions of this study are as follows: (1) For the first time demonstrated the potential of additive manufacturing in metal printing of heat exchangers that benefit from a sophisticated design to yield a performance substantially above the respective conventional systems. Such heat exchangers cannot be fabricated with the conventional fabrication techniques. (2) For the first time demonstrated the potential of additive manufacturing to produce polymer heat exchangers that by design minimize the role of thermal conductivity and deliver a thermal performance equal or better that their respective metallic heat exchangers. In addition of other advantages of polymer over metal like antifouling, anticorrosion, and lightweight. Details of the work are documented in respective chapters of this thesis.

Arquitetura híbrida com DSP e FPGA para implementação de controladores de filtros ativos de potência

The presence of non-linear loads at a point in the distribution system may deform voltage waveform due to the consumption of non-sinusoidal currents. The use of active power filters allows significant reduction of the harmonic content in the supply current. However, the processing of digital control structures for these filters may require high performance hardware, particularly for reference currents calculation. This work describes the development of hardware structures with high processing capability for application in active power filters. In this sense, it considers an architecture that allows parallel processing using programmable logic devices. The developed structure uses a hybrid model using a DSP and an FPGA. The DSP is used for the acquisition of current and voltage signals, calculation of fundamental current related controllers and PWM generation. The FPGA is used for intensive signal processing, such as the harmonic compensators. In this way, from the experimental analysis, significant reductions of the processing time are achieved when compared to traditional approaches using only DSP. The experimental results validate the designed structure and these results are compared with other ones from architectures reported in the literature.

Datahubin merkitys jakeluverkonhaltijalle case: Vantaan Energia Sähköverkot Oy

Tavoitteena oleva hiilineutraali energiantuotanto muokkaa sähköntuotannosta sykkivämpää ja vaatii kulutuksen sopeutumista siihen. Tämä synnyttää tarpeen kansallisia markkinoita laajemmille sähkön vähittäismarkkinoille ja vaatii kuluttajilta aktiivisempaa roolia markkinoilla. Pohjoismaiset kantaverkkoyhtiöt ovat alkaneet valmistella pohjoismaisia sähkömarkkinoita sähkön vähittäiskaupan avaamiselle. Sähkön vähittäiskaupan avautuminen eri maiden välillä vaatii kansallisten markkinamenetelmien yhtenäistämistä varsinkin taseselvityksen ja tiedonvaihdon osalta. Tässä työssä tutkitaan Suomessa vuonna 2019 käyttöönotettavan keskitetyn tiedonvaihtojärjestelmän, Datahubin, vaikutuksia jakeluverkonhaltijalle. Vaikutuksia tarkastellaan Vantaan Energia Sähköverkot Oy:n näkökulmasta. Työssä kartoitetaan jakeluverkonhaltijan nykyisiä liiketoiminnan pääprosesseja ja niihin liittyvää tiedonvaihtoa eri markkinaosapuolten kanssa prosessien toteutuksessa. Lisäksi työssä esitellään jakeluverkonhaltijan nykyisten liiketoiminnan pääprosessien toteuttaminen Datahubissa. Jakeluverkonhaltijan liiketoiminnan nykyisiä pääprosesseja ja tiedonvaihtoa verrataan Datahubin kautta suoritettaviin prosesseihin. Työssä todettiin Datahubin korjaavan jakeluverkonhaltijan liiketoiminannan nykyisissä pääprosesseissa havaittuja ongelmia ja mahdollistavan prosessien tehostamisen. Datahub ei sinällään muuta nykyisiä jakeluverkonhaltijan liiketoimintaprosesseja merkittävästi, mutta mahdollistaa prosessien kehittämisen markkinoiden muutoksen mukana. Datahubin kokonaisvaltainen hyödyntäminen on toimijoiden itsensä käsissä, niiltä osin, kun sähkömarkkinalaki ei velvoita tiettyyn toimintamalliin. Jakeluverkonhaltijan liiketoimintaprosessien osalta suurin muutos kohdistuu jakeluverkonhaltijan taseselvitykseen, joka siirtyy kokonaisuudessaan Datahubin tehtäväksi. Datahub tulee kaventamaan jakeluverkonhaltijan roolia markkinapaikalla ja siksi jakeluverkonhaltijoiden tulisi kartoittaa liiketoiminnan laajentamisen tarvetta ja mahdollisuuksia tulevaisuudessa.

Experimental study on the impact of using a fan coil in the evaluation of contaminant removal effectiveness of common air diffusion strategies

Indoor Air 2016 - The 14th International Conference Indoor Air Quality and Climate

Real-time load-side control of electric power systems

Two trends are emerging from modern electric power systems: the growth of renewable (e.g., solar and wind) generation, and the integration of information technologies and advanced power electronics. The former introduces large, rapid, and random fluctuations in power supply, demand, frequency, and voltage, which become a major challenge for real-time operation of power systems. The latter creates a tremendous number of controllable intelligent endpoints such as smart buildings and appliances, electric vehicles, energy storage devices, and power electronic devices that can sense, compute, communicate, and actuate. Most of these endpoints are distributed on the load side of power systems, in contrast to traditional control resources such as centralized bulk generators. This thesis focuses on controlling power systems in real time, using these load side resources. Specifically, it studies two problems.

(1) Distributed load-side frequency control: We establish a mathematical framework to design distributed frequency control algorithms for flexible electric loads. In this framework, we formulate a category of optimization problems, called optimal load control (OLC), to incorporate the goals of frequency control, such as balancing power supply and demand, restoring frequency to its nominal value, restoring inter-area power flows, etc., in a way that minimizes total disutility for the loads to participate in frequency control by deviating from their nominal power usage. By exploiting distributed algorithms to solve OLC and analyzing convergence of these algorithms, we design distributed load-side controllers and prove stability of closed-loop power systems governed by these controllers. This general framework is adapted and applied to different types of power systems described by different models, or to achieve different levels of control goals under different operation scenarios. We first consider a dynamically coherent power system which can be equivalently modeled with a single synchronous machine. We then extend our framework to a multi-machine power network, where we consider primary and secondary frequency controls, linear and nonlinear power flow models, and the interactions between generator dynamics and load control.

(2) Two-timescale voltage control: The voltage of a power distribution system must be maintained closely around its nominal value in real time, even in the presence of highly volatile power supply or demand. For this purpose, we jointly control two types of reactive power sources: a capacitor operating at a slow timescale, and a power electronic device, such as a smart inverter or a D-STATCOM, operating at a fast timescale. Their control actions are solved from optimal power flow problems at two timescales. Specifically, the slow-timescale problem is a chance-constrained optimization, which minimizes power loss and regulates the voltage at the current time instant while limiting the probability of future voltage violations due to stochastic changes in power supply or demand. This control framework forms the basis of an optimal sizing problem, which determines the installation capacities of the control devices by minimizing the sum of power loss and capital cost. We develop computationally efficient heuristics to solve the optimal sizing problem and implement real-time control. Numerical experiments show that the proposed sizing and control schemes significantly improve the reliability of voltage control with a moderate increase in cost.

Evaluación técnica y económica para analizar la viabilidad del montacargas eléctrico en el sector productivo

Esta tesis pretende demostrar y describir las diferentes características de los montacargas que existen en el mercado, teniendo en cuenta sus ventajas y desventajas, logrando como objetivo analizar la viabilidad de la implementación de los montacargas eléctricos en la industria colombiana a partir de la información brindada sobre las características esenciales de los montacargas eléctricos que hay en el mercado. Así mismo, se quiere mostrar que los montacargas eléctricos generan un ahorro sustancial en comparación con los montacargas convencionales que hay hoy en día en el mercado, logrando así que la industria colombiana reduzca sus gastos en un porcentaje mediante la implementación de las nuevas referencias de montacargas eléctricos los cuales serian una alternativa para las compañías colombianas. Mediante una detallada revisión conceptual, se mostrara la viabilidad de los montacargas eléctricos frente a los otros tipos de montacargas, teniendo como premisa el conocimiento de lo que hoy en día requieren las industrias colombianas, y cumpliendo así con una detallada comparación en donde se enfatice la diferenciación de los montacargas eléctricos con otros tipos que existen y se logre brindar una clara percepción de estos junto con las ventajas de estos vehículos para lograr así brindar mayor información a la industria colombiana sobre las ventajas de la implementación de los montacargas eléctricos en la industria colombiana.

La distribución tradicional y online: la distribución dual

El 10 de mayo de 2022 se publicó el Reglamento (UE) 720/2022 relativo a la aplicación del apartado 3 del artículo 101 del TFUE a determinadas categorías de acuerdos verticales y prácticas concertadas. Entre las novedades más significativas introducidas por el Reglamento se encuentra la regulación de la distribución dual. La distribución dual es una situación en la que un fabricante decide distribuir sus productos directamente (utilizando sus propios distribuidores) y, al mismo tiempo, contratar a distribuidores independientes (que no tienen ninguna relación de propiedad con el fabricante). En efecto, en la distribución dual, el fabricante compite a dos niveles: por un lado, a nivel de fabricante -compite con otras empresas que fabrican productos potencialmente sustitutivos- y, por otro, a nivel de distribución -compite con distribuidores independientes en la venta de sus productos-. Es en este último nivel donde existe el riesgo de restringir la competencia cuando el fabricante impone restricciones (por ejemplo, precios mínimos u otras condiciones de venta) a sus distribuidores independientes. En consecuencia, en el presente trabajo se estudia, en primer lugar, la naturaleza del contrato de distribución tanto en el derecho español como en el derecho comparado. En segundo lugar, se analizan las principales cuestiones relacionadas con el modelo de distribución online, en primer lugar, se realiza un estudio exhaustivo de las plataformas digitales o marketplaces, analizando sus características, sus tipos y las partes que intervienen en ellas, en segundo lugar, se examina la posibilidad de calificar el contrato entre las plataformas digitales y el vendedor o prestador de servicios como contrato de distribución, analizando su contenido contractual y su encaje en el Reglamento (UE) 2019/1150. Finalmente, se concluye con una profundización en el sistema de distribución dual, así como un estudio de los intercambios de información que tienen lugar en un sistema de distribución dual.

Exact and heuristic algorithms for the integrated planning of multi-energy systems

The aim of this thesis is to present exact and heuristic algorithms for the integrated planning of multi-energy systems. The idea is to disaggregate the energy system, starting first with its core the Central Energy System, and then to proceed towards the Decentral part. Therefore, a mathematical model for the generation expansion operations to optimize the performance of a Central Energy System system is first proposed. To ensure that the proposed generation operations are compatible with the network, some extensions of the existing network are considered as well. All these decisions are evaluated both from an economic viewpoint and from an environmental perspective, as specific constraints related to greenhouse gases emissions are imposed in the formulation. Then, the thesis presents an optimization model for solar organic Rankine cycle in the context of transactive energy trading. In this study, the impact that this technology can have on the peer-to-peer trading application in renewable based community microgrids is inspected. Here the consumer becomes a prosumer and engages actively in virtual trading with other prosumers at the distribution system level. Moreover, there is an investigation of how different technological parameters of the solar Organic Rankine Cycle may affect the final solution. Finally, the thesis introduces a tactical optimization model for the maintenance operations’ scheduling phase of a Combined Heat and Power plant. Specifically, two types of cleaning operations are considered, i.e., online cleaning and offline cleaning. Furthermore, a piecewise linear representation of the electric efficiency variation curve is included. Given the challenge of solving the tactical management model, a heuristic algorithm is proposed. The heuristic works by solving the daily operational production scheduling problem, based on the final consumer’s demand and on the electricity prices. The aggregate information from the operational problem is used to derive maintenance decisions at a tactical level.

Geographical Distribution Of The Association Between El Niño South Oscillation And Dengue Fever In The Americas: A Continental Analysis Using Geographical Information System-based Techniques.

El Niño South Oscillation (ENSO) is one climatic phenomenon related to the inter-annual variability of global meteorological patterns influencing sea surface temperature and rainfall variability. It influences human health indirectly through extreme temperature and moisture conditions that may accelerate the spread of some vector-borne viral diseases, like dengue fever (DF). This work examines the spatial distribution of association between ENSO and DF in the countries of the Americas during 1995-2004, which includes the 1997-1998 El Niño, one of the most important climatic events of 20(th) century. Data regarding the South Oscillation index (SOI), indicating El Niño-La Niña activity, were obtained from Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The annual DF incidence (AIy) by country was computed using Pan-American Health Association data. SOI and AIy values were standardised as deviations from the mean and plotted in bars-line graphics. The regression coefficient values between SOI and AIy (rSOI,AI) were calculated and spatially interpolated by an inverse distance weighted algorithm. The results indicate that among the five years registering high number of cases (1998, 2002, 2001, 2003 and 1997), four had El Niño activity. In the southern hemisphere, the annual spatial weighted mean centre of epidemics moved southward, from 6° 31' S in 1995 to 21° 12' S in 1999 and the rSOI,AI values were negative in Cuba, Belize, Guyana and Costa Rica, indicating a synchrony between higher DF incidence rates and a higher El Niño activity. The rSOI,AI map allows visualisation of a graded surface with higher values of ENSO-DF associations for Mexico, Central America, northern Caribbean islands and the extreme north-northwest of South America.

Microbial distribution in the root canal system after periapical lesion induction using different methods

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial distribution in the root canal system after periapical lesion induction in dogs' teeth using different methods. Fifty-two root canals were assigned to 4 groups (n=13). Groups I and II: root canals were exposed to the oral cavity for 180 days; groups III and IV: root canals were exposed for 7 days and then the coronal openings were sealed for 53 days. The root apices of groups I and III were perforated, while those of groups II and IV remained intact. After the experimental periods, the animals were euthanized and the anatomic pieces containing the roots were processed and stained with the Brown & Brenn method to assess the presence and distribution of microorganisms. The incidence of microorganisms at different sites of the roots and periapical lesions was analyzed statistically by the chi-square test at 5% significance level. All groups presented microorganisms in the entire root canal system. A larger number of microorganisms was observed on the root canal walls, apical delta and dentinal tubules (p<0.05), followed by cementum and cemental resorption areas. In spite of the different periods of exposure to the oral environment, the methods used for induction of periapical periodontitis yielded similar distribution of microorganisms in the root canal system.