Mean first-passage time of continuous non-Markovian processes driven by colored noise

An equation for mean first-passage times of non-Markovian processes driven by colored noise is derived through an appropriate backward integro-differential equation. The equation is solved in a Bourret-like approximation. In a weak-noise bistable situation, non-Markovian effects are taken into account by an effective diffusion coefficient. In this situation, our results compare satisfactorily with other approaches and experimental data.

Colloidal assembly on magnetically vibrated stripes

We investigate the collective organization of paramagnetic colloidal particles externally driven above the periodic stripes of a uniaxial ferrimagnetic garnet film. An external field modulation induces vibration of the stripe walls and produces random motion of the particles. Defects in the stripe pattern break the symmetry of the potential and favor particle nucleation into large clusters above a critical density. Mismatch between particle size and pattern wavelength generates assemblies with different morphological order. At even higher field strengths, repulsive dipolar interactions between the particles induce cluster melting. We propose a novel approach to generate and externally control a variety of colloidal assemblies.

Dynamics of a paramagnetic colloidal particle driven on a magnetic-bubble lattice

We present a theoretical study of the recently observed dynamical regimes of paramagnetic colloidal particles externally driven above a regular lattice of magnetic bubbles [P. Tierno, T. H. Johansen, and T. M. Fischer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 038303 (2007)]. An external precessing magnetic field alters the potential generated by the surface of the film in such a way to either drive the particle circularly around one bubble, ballistically through the array, or in triangular orbits on the interstitial regions between the bubbles. In the ballistic regime, we observe different trajectories performed by the particles phase locked with the external driving. Superdiffusive motion, which was experimentally found bridging the localized and delocalized dynamics, emerge only by introducing a certain degree of randomness into the bubbles size distribution.

Passer d'un modèle de fonctionnement associatif à un modèle institutionnel: une analyse des transformations de l'organisation du travail

Le monde de l'action humanitaire a connu des développements importants durant les dernières décennies. Sur les terrains d'interventions, les crises et les conflits se sont fortement complexifiés, nécessitant la participation de spécialistes de nombreux domaines. Par ailleurs, les volumes financiers générés par les campagnes de dons et mis à disposition par les bailleurs de fonds ont considérablement augmenté. En corollaire de cette croissance financière, les exigences de contrôle et de traçabilité des fonds se sont renforcées. En lien avec ces éléments, le nombre de salariés dans les grandes organisations non gouvernementales a augmenté de manière exponentielle. Une littérature spécifique sur les modalités d'évaluation des performances, le management et le « leadership » des organisations dites du « tiers secteur » a d'ailleurs vu le jour, comme l'illustre la naissance, en 1990, de la revue « Nonprofit Management and Leadership ». Les pays bénéficiaires de l'aide ont également développé des exigences spécifiques envers les projets mis en oeuvre par les ONG. Par des phénomènes de « socialisation des standards occidentaux », ces derniers attendent des acteurs internationaux un certain niveau de qualité des programmes.Pour s'adapter à ces évolutions et répondre aux exigences d'efficacité auxquelles elles sont soumises, les organisations d'aide ont dû se transformer. Les grandes organisations ont ainsi connu durant les dernières décennies un mouvement de professionnalisation de leur structure, les conduisant à se rapprocher d'un modèle de fonctionnement que nous nommerons ici « institutionnel », à savoir formalisé et organisé. Nous employons ici le terme de professionnalisation dans l'appréciation qu'en font les acteurs du milieu humanitaire, à savoir en ce qu'il désigne « les restructurations internes auxquelles leurs organisations font face depuis la fin des années 1980 ». Différents indicateurs de cette professionnalisation au sein des ONG peuvent être identifiés, notamment une plus forte division du travail, le développement de statuts spécifiques, la salarisation croissante des métiers de l'humanitaire ou encore le recours aux fonds publics.Une conséquence également de cette évolution est l'entrée de nouveaux métiers sur la scène humanitaire. À côté des professions traditionnellement à l'origine des ONG (médecins, ingénieurs, juristes, etc.), la complexification et la diversification des tâches a rendu nécessaire de faire appel à des compétences professionnelles spécifiques dans des domaines tels que la communication, l'informatique ou la finance, pour ne citer que quelques exemples. Des connaissances et des pratiques spécifiques en matière de management des ONG se sont développées depuis la fin des années 1990. Le métier de logisticien est apparu, lequel est enseigné dans des structures spécialisées (par exemple par l'association Bioforce en France). Des formations académiques spécialisées dans le domaine de l'humanitaire et de la coopération ont également vu le jour, avec le but affiché de former des professionnels spécialistes de l'humanitaire. On peut par exemple citer le PIAH en Suisse (Programme interdisciniplinaire en action humanitaire, 2011), ou encore les formations dispensées par le CIHC aux États-Unis. [auteur]

Stochastic delay equations with non-negativity constraints driven by fractional Brownian motion

In this note we prove an existence and uniqueness result for the solution of multidimensional stochastic delay differential equations with normal reflection. The equations are driven by a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H > 1/2. The stochastic integral with respect to the fractional Brownian motion is a pathwise Riemann¿Stieltjes integral.

Stochastic delay differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H 1/2

We consider the Cauchy problem for a stochastic delay differential equation driven by a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H>¿. We prove an existence and uniqueness result for this problem, when the coefficients are sufficiently regular. Furthermore, if the diffusion coefficient is bounded away from zero and the coefficients are smooth functions with bounded derivatives of all orders, we prove that the law of the solution admits a smooth density with respect to Lebesgue measure on R.

Microcontroller-driven fluid-injection system for atomic force microscopy.

We present a programmable microcontroller-driven injection system for the exchange of imaging medium during atomic force microscopy. Using this low-noise system, high-resolution imaging can be performed during this process of injection without disturbance. This latter circumstance was exemplified by the online imaging of conformational changes in DNA molecules during the injection of anticancer drug into the fluid chamber.

Neutral and selection-driven decay of sexual traits in asexual stick insects.

Environmental shifts and lifestyle changes may result in formerly adaptive traits becoming non-functional or maladaptive. The subsequent decay of such traits highlights the importance of natural selection for adaptations, yet its causes have rarely been investigated. To study the fate of formerly adaptive traits after lifestyle changes, we evaluated sexual traits in five independently derived asexual lineages, including traits that are specific to males and therefore not exposed to selection. At least four of the asexual lineages retained the capacity to produce males that display normal courtship behaviours and are able to fertilize eggs of females from related sexual species. The maintenance of male traits may stem from pleiotropy, or from these traits only regressing via drift, which may require millions of years to generate phenotypic effects. By contrast, we found parallel decay of sexual traits in females. Asexual females produced altered airborne and contact signals, had modified sperm storage organs, and lost the ability to fertilize their eggs, impeding reversals to sexual reproduction. Female sexual traits were decayed even in recently derived asexuals, suggesting that trait changes following the evolution of asexuality, when they occur, proceed rapidly and are driven by selective processes rather than drift.

Local model predictive control experiences with differential driven wheeled mobile robots

This work extends a previously developed research concerning about the use of local model predictive control in differential driven mobile robots. Hence, experimental results are presented as a way to improve the methodology by considering aspects as trajectory accuracy and time performance. In this sense, the cost function and the prediction horizon are important aspects to be considered. The aim of the present work is to test the control method by measuring trajectory tracking accuracy and time performance. Moreover, strategies for the integration with perception system and path planning are briefly introduced. In this sense, monocular image data can be used to plan safety trajectories by using goal attraction potential fields

Data-driven topo-climatic mapping with machine learning methods

Automatic environmental monitoring networks enforced by wireless communication technologies provide large and ever increasing volumes of data nowadays. The use of this information in natural hazard research is an important issue. Particularly useful for risk assessment and decision making are the spatial maps of hazard-related parameters produced from point observations and available auxiliary information. The purpose of this article is to present and explore the appropriate tools to process large amounts of available data and produce predictions at fine spatial scales. These are the algorithms of machine learning, which are aimed at non-parametric robust modelling of non-linear dependencies from empirical data. The computational efficiency of the data-driven methods allows producing the prediction maps in real time which makes them superior to physical models for the operational use in risk assessment and mitigation. Particularly, this situation encounters in spatial prediction of climatic variables (topo-climatic mapping). In complex topographies of the mountainous regions, the meteorological processes are highly influenced by the relief. The article shows how these relations, possibly regionalized and non-linear, can be modelled from data using the information from digital elevation models. The particular illustration of the developed methodology concerns the mapping of temperatures (including the situations of Föhn and temperature inversion) given the measurements taken from the Swiss meteorological monitoring network. The range of the methods used in the study includes data-driven feature selection, support vector algorithms and artificial neural networks.