Hyperexpression of chicken riboflavin carrier protein: Antibodies to the recombinant protein curtail pregnancy in rodents

Chicken riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) is a phosphoglycoprotein present in the egg white and yolk of egg-laying animals and in the sera of laying hens and of estrogenized chicks. The RCP cDNA, encoding a protein of predictedMr27,000, has been cloned into a T7 polymerase-driven vector, and high-level expression was observed on induction with IPTG inEscherichia coli.The protein was largely localized in inclusion bodies when expressed at 37°C but was present in the cytosolic fraction when induced at 22°C. At 37°C, two major bands were detected in whole-cell lysates of the strain expressing the protein. N-terminal sequence analysis indicated that the two proteins represented translated products with and without the pelB leader sequence encoded in the pET20b vector, but both included an additional 10 amino acids generated during cloning procedures. The inclusion body obtained at 37°C, on extraction with detergent, led to preferential solubilization of the protein without the pelB signal sequence. The solubilized recombinant RCP was recognized by polyclonal antisera to native RCP but radioimmunoassay revealed quantitative differences in the epitopes exhibited by the recombinant protein. Thus, sequence-specific monoclonal antibodies to chicken RCP also cross-reacted with the recombinant protein with almost equal efficiency, but antibodies which recognize conformation-dependent epitopes showed relatively reduced cross-reactivity with the recombinant protein. Polyclonal antibodies to recombinant RCP were able to recognize both the native and the denatured RCP. Administration of recombinant RCP antisera to pregnant mice led to embryonic resorption leading to early pregnancy termination. These findings reveal that the recombinant protein will be useful for investigations related to the mechanism of pregnancy termination on immunoneutralization of RCP in mammals, as well as in unraveling folding properties of RCP in terms of its ligand binding and antigenetic determinants exposed at its surface.

Regulation of Kinin receptor Expression in Heart Failure with a Focus on Vascular Endothelium

Accumulating evidence show that kinins, notably bradykinin (BK) and kallidin, have cardioprotective effects. To these include reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and progression of heart failure. The effects are mediated through two G protein-coupled receptors- bradykinin type-2 receptor (BK-2R) and bradykinin type -1 receptor (BK-1R). The widely accepted cardioprotective effects of BK-receptors relate to triggering the production and release of vasodilating nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. They also exert anti-proliferative effects on fibroblasts and anti-hypertrophic effects on myocytes, and thus may play an essential role in the cardioprotective response to myocardial injury. The role for BK-1Rs in HF is based on experimental animal models, where the receptors have been linked to cardioprotective- but also to cardiotoxic -effects. The BK-1Rs are induced under inflammatory and ischemic conditions, shown in animal models; no previous reports, concerning BK-1Rs in human heart failure, have been presented. The expression of BK-2Rs is down-regulated in human end-stage heart failure. Present results showed that, in these patients, the BK-1Rs were up-regulated, suggesting that also BK-1Rs are involved in the pathogenesis of human heart failure. The receptors were localized mainly in the endothelium of intramyocardial coronary vessels, and correlated with the increased TNF-α expression in the myocardial coronary vessels. Moreover, in cultured endothelial cells, TNF-α was a potent trigger of BK-1Rs. These results suggest that cytokines may be responsible for the up-regulation of BK-1Rs in human heart failure. A linear relationship between BK-2R mRNA and protein expression in normal and failing human left ventricles implies that the BK-2Rs are regulated on the transcriptional level, at least in human myocardium. The expression of BK-2Rs correlated positively with age in normal and dilated hearts (IDC). The results suggest that human hearts adapts to age-related changes, by up-regulating the expression of cardioprotective BK-2Rs. Also, in the BK-2R promoter polymorphism -58 T/C, the C-allele was accumulated in cardiomyopathy patients which may partially explain the reduced number of BK-2Rs. Statins reduce the level of plasma cholesterol, but also exert several non-cholesterol-dependent effects. These effects were studied in human coronary arterial endothelial cells (hCAEC) and incubation with lovastatin induced both BK-1 and BK-2Rs in a time and concentration-dependent way. The induced BK-2Rs were functionally active, thus NO production and cGMP signaling was increased. Induction was abrogated by mevalonate, a direct HMG-CoA metabolite. Lovastatin is known to inhibit Rho activation, and by a selective RhoA kinase inhibitor (Y27632), a similar induction of BK-2R expression as with lovastatin. Interestingly a COX-2-inhibitor (NS398) inhibited this lovastatin-induction of BK-2Rs, suggesting that COX-2 inhibitors may affect the endothelial BK-2Rs, in a negative fashion. Hypoxia is a common denominator in HF but also in other cardiovascular diseases. An induction of BK-2Rs in mild hypoxic conditions was shown in cultured hCAECs, which was abolished by a specific BK-2R inhibitor Icatibant. These receptors were functionally active, thus BK increased and Icatibant inhibited the production of NO. In rat myocardium the expression of BK-2R was increased in the endothelium of vessels, forming at the border zone, between the scar tissue and the healthy myocardium. Moreover, in in vitro wound-healing assay, endothelial cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions and BK significantly increased the migration of these cells and as Icatibant inhibited it. These results show, that mild hypoxia triggers a temporal expression of functionally active BK-2Rs in human and rat endothelial cells, supporting a role for BK-2Rs, in hypoxia induced angiogenesis. Our and previous results show, that BK-Rs have an impact on the cardiovascular diseases. In humans, at the end stage of heart failure, the BK-2Rs are down-regulated and BK-1Rs induced. Whether the up-regulation of BK-1Rs, is a compensatory mechanism against the down-regulation of BK-2Rs, or merely reflects the end point of heart failure, remains to bee seen. In a clinical point of view, the up-regulation of BK-2Rs, under hypoxic conditions or statin treatment, suggests that, the induction of BK-2Rs is protective in cardiovascular pathologies and those treatments activating BK-2Rs, might give additional tools in treating heart failure.

Deregulation of miR-126 expression in colorectal cancer pathogenesis and its clinical significance

In this study, we investigated the expression profiles and clinicopathological significance of miR-126 in large cohort of patients with colorectal cancers as well the cellular repercussions of miR-126 in colon cancer cells along with its targets in-vitro. Down regulation of miR-126 expression was associated with histological subtypes, peri-neural tumour infiltration, microsatellite instability and pathological staging of colorectal cancers (p<0.05). Low miR-126 expression was also associated with poorer survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Analysis of matched tissues from the same patient revealed that approximately 70% of the tested patients had similar levels of expression of miR-126 in primary cancer and cancer metastases in both lymph node and distant metastases. In addition, induced overexpression of miR-126 showed reduced cell proliferation, increased apoptosis and decreased accumulation of cells in the G0-G1 phase of the colon cancer cells. Furthermore, SW480(+miR-126) cells showed reduced BCL-2 and increased P53 protein expression. To conclude, deregulation of miR-126 in colorectal cancer at the tissue and cellular levels as well as its correlation with various clinicopathological parameters confirm the cancer suppressive role of miR-126 in colorectal cancer.

Cloning,overexpression and purification of functionally active Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hop1 protein from scherichia coli

One of the major limitations to the application of high-resolution biophysical techniques such as X-crystallography and spectroscopic analyses to structure-function studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hop1 protein has been the non-availability of sufficient quantities of functionally active pure protein. This has, indeed, been the case of many proteins, including yeast synaptonemal complex proteins. In this study, we have performed expression screening in Escherichia coli host strains, capable of high-level expression of soluble S. cerevisiae Hop1 protein. A new protocol has been developed for expression and purification of S. cerevisiae Hop1 protein, based on the presence of hexa-histidine tag and double-stranded DNA-Cellulose chromatography. Recombinant S. cerevisiae Hop1 protein was >98% pure and exhibited DNA-binding activity with high-affinity to the Holliday junction. The availability of the recombinant HOP1 expression vector and active Hop1 protein would facilitate structure-function investigations as well as the generation of appropriate truncated and site-directed mutant proteins, respectively. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Primary Structural Documentation of the Major Urinary Protein of the Indian Commensal Rat (Rattus rattus) Using a Proteomics Platform

Purpose: A number of proteome studies have been performed recently to identify pheromone-related protein expression and their molecular function using genetically modified rodents' urine. However, no such studies have used Indian commensal rodents; interestingly, in a previous investigation, we confirmed the presence of volatile molecules in commensal rodents urine and these molecules seem to be actively involved in pheromonal communication. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the major urinary protein [MUP] present in commensal rat urine, which will help us to understand the protein's expression pattern and intrinsic properties among the rodents globally. Experimental Design: Initially, the total urinary proteins were separated by 1-D and 2-D electrophoresis and then subsequently analyzed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight and Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF/MS). Furthermore, they were then fragmented with the aid of a Tandem Mass Spectrometer (TOF/TOF) and the identified sequences aligned and confirmed using similarity with the deduced primary structures of members of the lipocalin superfamily.Results: The SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed distinct proteins with molecular masses of 15, 22.4, 25, 28, 42, 50, 55, 68, and 91 kDa. Of these proteins, the 22.4 kDa protein was considered to be target candidate. When 2D electrophoresis was carried out, about similar to 50 spots were detected with different masses and various pI ranges. The 22.4 kDa protein was found to have a pI of about 4.9. This 22.4 kDa protein spot was digested and subjected to mass spectrometry; it was identified as rat MUP. The fragmented peptides from the rat MUP at 935, 1026, 1192, and 1303 m/z were further fragmented with the aid of MS/MS and generated de novo sequence and this confirmed this protein to be the MUP present in the urine of commensal rats.Conclusion: The present investigation confirms the presence of MUP with a molecular mass of 22.4 kDa in the urine of commensal rats. This protein may be involved in the binding of volatile molecules and opens up a discussion about how volatile and non-volatile molecules in the commensal rats' urine may contribute chemo-communication.

Dynamic changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities in the corpus luteum of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) during development, induced luteolysis, and simulated early pregnancy: A role for p38 MAPK in the regulation of luteal function

Changes in MAPK activities were examined in the corpus luteum (CL) during luteolysis and pregnancy, employing GnRH antagonist (Cetrorelix)-induced luteolysis, stages of CL, and hCG treatment to mimic early pregnancy as model systems in the bonnet monkey. We hypothesized that MAPKs could serve to phosphorylate critical phosphoproteins to regulate luteal function. Analysis of several indices for structural (caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation) and functional (progesterone and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression) changes in the CL revealed that the decreased luteal function observed during Cetrorelix treatment and late luteal phase was associated with increased caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation. As expected, human chorionic gonadotropin treatment dramatically increased luteal function, but the indices for structural changes were only partially attenuated. All three MAPKs appeared to be constitutively active in the mid-luteal-phase CL, and activities of ERK-1/2 and p38-MAPK (p38), but not Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-1/2, decreased significantly (P < 0.05) within 12 - 24 h after Cetrorelix treatment. During the late luteal phase, in contrast to decreased ERK-1/2 and p38 activities, JNK-1/2 activities increased significantly (P < 0.05). Although human chorionic gonadotropin treatment increased ERK-1/2 and p38 activities, it decreased JNK-1/2 activities. The activation status of p38 was correlated with the phosphorylation status of an upstream activator, MAPK kinase-3/6 and the expression of MAPK activated protein kinase-3, a downstream target. Intraluteal administration of p38 kinase inhibitor (SB203580), but not MAPK kinase-1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), decreased the luteal function. Together, these data suggest an important role for p38 in the regulation of CL function in primates.

Lacrimal Proline Rich 4 (LPRR4) Protein in the Tear Fluid Is a Potential Biomarker of Dry Eye Syndrome

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a complex, multifactorial, immune-associated disorder of the tear and ocular surface. DES with a high prevalence world over needs identification of potential biomarkers so as to understand not only the disease mechanism but also to identify drug targets. In this study we looked for differentially expressed proteins in tear samples of DES to arrive at characteristic biomarkers. As part of a prospective case-control study, tear specimen were collected using Schirmer strips from 129 dry eye cases and 73 age matched controls. 2D electrophoresis (2DE) and Differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) was done to identify differentially expressed proteins. One of the differentially expressed protein in DES is lacrimal proline rich 4 protein (LPRR4). LPRR4 protein expression was quantified by enzyme immune sorbent assay (ELISA). LPRR4 was down regulated significantly in all types of dry eye cases, correlating with the disease severity as measured by clinical investigations. Further characterization of the protein is required to assess its therapeutic potential in DES.

Identification of heat shock factor binding protein in Plasmodium falciparum

Background: Heat shock factor binding protein (HSBP) was originally discovered in a yeast two-hybrid screen as an interacting partner of heat shock factor (HSF). It appears to be conserved in all eukaryotes studied so far, with yeast being the only exception. Cell biological analysis of HSBP in mammals suggests its role as a negative regulator of heat shock response as it appears to interact with HSF only during the recovery phase following exposure to heat stress. While the identification of HSF in the malaria parasite is still eluding biologists, this study for the first time, reports the presence of a homologue of HSBP in Plasmodium falciparum. Methods: PfHSBP was cloned and purified as his-tag fusion protein. CD (Circular dichroism) spectroscopy was performed to predict the secondary structure. Immunoblots and immunofluorescence approaches were used to study expression and localization of HSBP in P. falciparum. Cellular fractionation was performed to examine subcellular distribution of PfHSBP. Immunoprecipitation was carried out to identify HSBP interacting partner in P. falciparum. Results: PfHSBP is a conserved protein with a high helical content and has a propensity to form homo-oligomers. PfHSBP was cloned, expressed and purified. The in vivo protein expression profile shows maximal expression in trophozoites. The protein was found to exist in oligomeric form as trimer and hexamer. PfHSBP is predominantly localized in the parasite cytosol, however, upon heat shock, it translocates to the nucleus. This study also reports the interaction of PfHSBP with PfHSP70-1 in the cytoplasm of the parasite. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the structural and biochemical conservation of PfHSBP with its mammalian counterpart and highlights its potential role in regulation of heat shock response in the malaria parasite. Analysis of HSBP may be an important step towards identification of the transcription factor regulating the heat shock response in P. falciparum.

STAT-1 expression is regulated by IGFBP-3 in malignant glioma cells and is a strong predictor of poor survival in patients with glioblastoma Laboratory investigation

Object. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGEBPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glioma. In a previous study the authors demonstrated that IGFBP-3 is a novel glioblastoma biomarker associated with poor survival. Since signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) has been shown to be regulated by IGFBP-3 during chondrogenesis and is a prosurvival and radioresistant molecule in different tumors, the aim in the present study was to explore the functional significance of IGFBP-3 in malignant glioma cells, to determine if STAT-1 is indeed regulated by IGFBP-3, and to study the potential of STAT-1 as a biomarker in glioblastoma. Methods. The functional significance of IGFBP-3 was investigated using the short hairpin (sh)RNA gene knockdown approach on U251MG cells. STAT-1 regulation by IGFBP-3 was tested on U251MG and U87MG cells by shRNA gene knockdown and exogenous treatment with recombinant IGFBP-3 protein. Subsequently, the expression of STAT-1 was analyzed with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in glioblastoma and control brain tissues. Survival analyses were done on a uniformly treated prospective cohort of adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (136 patients) using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Results. IGFBP-3 knockdown significantly impaired proliferation, motility, migration, and invasive capacity of U251MG cells in vitro (p < 0.005). Exogenous overexpression of IGFBP-3 in U251MG and U87MG cells demonstrated STAT-1 regulation. The mean transcript levels (by real-time RT-PCR) and the mean labeling index of STAT-1 (by IHC) were significantly higher in glioblastoma than in control brain tissues (p = 0.0239 and p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate survival analysis revealed that STAT-1 protein expression (HR 1.015, p = 0.033, 95% CI 1.001-1.029) along with patient age (HR 1.025, p = 0.005, 95% CI 1.008-1.042) were significant predictors of shorter survival in patients with glioblastoma. Conclusions. IGFBP-3 influences tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and regulates STAT-1 expression in malignant glioma cells. STAT-1 is overexpressed in human glioblastoma tissues and emerges as a novel prognostic biomarker.

Evaluation of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin and the Levels of mRNA Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7, Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor and COX-2 for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer

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Expression and activity profiles of DPP IV/CD26 and NEP/CD10 glycoproteins in the human renal cancer are tumor-type dependent

Background: Cell-surface glycoproteins play critical roles in cell-to-cell recognition, signal transduction and regulation, thus being crucial in cell proliferation and cancer etiogenesis and development. DPP IV and NEP are ubiquitous glycopeptidases closely linked to tumor pathogenesis and development, and they are used as markers in some cancers. In the present study, the activity and protein and mRNA expression of these glycoproteins were analysed in a subset of clear-cell (CCRCC) and chromophobe (ChRCC) renal cell carcinomas, and in renal oncocytomas (RO). Methods: Peptidase activities were measured by conventional enzymatic assays with fluorogen-derived substrates. Gene expression was quantitatively determined by qRT-PCR and membrane-bound protein expression and distribution analysis was performed by specific immunostaining. Results: The activity of both glycoproteins was sharply decreased in the three histological types of renal tumors. Protein and mRNA expression was strongly downregulated in tumors from distal nephron (ChRCC and RO). Moreover, soluble DPP IV activity positively correlated with the aggressiveness of CCRCCs (higher activities in high grade tumors). Conclusions: These results support the pivotal role for DPP IV and NEP in the malignant transformation pathways and point to these peptidases as potential diagnostic markers.

A study of protein targeting reveals insights into mitigating protein aggregation

A unique chloroplast Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) in green plants is primarily dedicated to the post-translational targeting of light harvesting chlorophyll-a/b binding (LHC) proteins. Our study of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the GTPases of the system demonstrates that GTPase complex assembly and activation are highly coupled in the chloroplast GTPases, suggesting they may forego the GTPase activation step as a key regulatory point. This reflects adaptations of the chloroplast SRP to the delivery of their unique substrate protein. Devotion to one highly hydrophobic family of proteins also may have allowed the chloroplast SRP system to evolve an efficient chaperone in the cpSRP43 subunit. To understand the mechanism of disaggregation, we showed that LHC proteins form micellar, disc-shaped aggregates that present a recognition motif (L18) on the aggregate surface. Further molecular genetic and structure-activity analyses reveal that the action of cpSRP43 can be dissected into two steps: (i) initial recognition of L18 on the aggregate surface; and (ii) aggregate remodeling, during which highly adaptable binding interactions of cpSRP43 with hydrophobic transmembrane domains of the substrate protein compete with the packing interactions within the aggregate. We also tested the adaptability of cpSRP43 for alternative substrates, specifically in attempts to improve membrane protein expression and inhibition of amyloid beta fibrillization. These preliminary results attest to cpSRP43’s potential as a molecular chaperone and provides the impetus for further engineering endeavors to address problems that stem from protein aggregation.

Bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina em ilhotas pancreáticas e fígado na obesidade induzida por dieta em camundongos

As associações entre obesidade, doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (NAFLD) e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) são bem estabelecidas, e o sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) pode proporcionar uma ligação entre eles. O bloqueio do SRA em diferentes níveis pode estar relacionado a respostas na resistência à insulina, remodelagem do pâncreas e do fígado em um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta hiperlipídica (HF) durante oito semanas e depois tratados com alisquireno (50 mg/kg/dia), enalapril (30 mg/kg/dia) ou losartana (10 mg/kg/dia) por um período adicional de seis semanas. As drogas foram incorporadas na dieta. Avaliou-se a massa corporal (MC), pressão arterial, consumo e gasto energético (GE), metabolismo da glicose e lipídico, histopatologia pancreática e hepática, análise hormonal, imunohistoquímica, perfil gênico e/ou proteico do SRA no pâncreas, gliconeogênese hepática, sinalização da insulina, oxidação e acúmulo lipídico. Todos os inibidores do SRA reduziram significativamente o aumento da pressão arterial nos camundongos alimentados com dieta HF. O tratamento com enalapril, mas não alisquireno ou losartana, reduziu o ganho de MC e a ingestão alimentar; aumentou o GE; amenizou a intolerância à glicose e resistência à insulina; melhorou a massa de células alfa e beta; impediu a redução da adiponectina plasmática e restaurou a sensibilidade à leptina. Além disso, o tratamento com enalapril melhorou a expressão proteica nas ilhotas pancreáticas de Pdx1, GLUT2, ECA2 e do receptor Mas. O tratamento com losartana apresentou uma elevação na expressão proteica de AT2R no pâncreas. No fígado, a administração de enalapril atenuou a esteatose hepática, o acúmulo de triglicerídeos e preveniu o aumento dos níveis de PEPCK, G6Pase e do GLUT2. Do mesmo modo, o enalapril melhorou a transdução dos sinais da insulina através da via IRS-1/Akt, bem como reduziu os níveis de expressão gênica e/ou proteica de PPAR-gama, SREBP-1c e FAS. Esses resultados sugerem que a inibição da ECA com enalapril atenuou muitos efeitos deletérios provocados pelo consumo da dieta HF, incluindo: normalização da morfologia e função das ilhotas pancreáticas, proteção contra a resistência à insulina e acúmulo de lipídios no fígado. Estes efeitos protetores do enalapril podem ser atribuídos, principalmente, à redução no ganho de MC e ingestão alimentar, aumento do GE, ativação do eixo ECA2/Ang(1-7)/receptor Mas e dos níveis de adiponectina, o que promove uma melhora na ação hepática da insulina e leptina, normalização da gliconeogênese, amenizando a NAFLD.

Efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana nos tecidos adiposos branco e marrom: aumento da expressão gênica e proteica pan-PPAR em camundongos obesos

Receptores ativadores de proliferação perixossomal(PPARs) são fatores de transcrição envolvidos com a oxidação dos ácidos graxos e proliferação celular, mediando diversas vias, o que representa uma estratégia promissora para enfrentar as características da síndrome metabólica. Existem três isoformas de PPARs(PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama), que são diferencialmente expressos em diferentes tecidos.No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana, um anti-hipertensivo, bloqueador do receptor AT1 da angiotensina e agonista parcial PPAR gama, no tecido adiposo branco (TAB) e marrom (TAM) em camundongos obesos induzido por dieta.Camundongos machos, da linhagem C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão (standard-chow, 10% da energia proveniente de lipídios) ou com uma dieta com alto teor lipídico (high fat, 49% de energia proveniente de lipídios) durante 10 semanas. Em seguida, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: SC, SC-T, HF e HF-T (n=10). O fármaco foi administrado (10mg/kg de dieta) durante 4 semanas para os grupos SC-T e HF-T.O grupo HF apresentou sobrepeso, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, perfil de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, resistência insulínica, diminuição do gasto energético, comprometimento do metabolismo da glicose e distribuição anormal da massa adiposa. Além disso, a obesidade ocasionou diminuição da expressão de PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama noTAB e TAM, resultando na inadequação da captação de glicose e termogênese insuficiente. Por outro lado,a ativação das três isoformas de PPARs, a melhora do perfil inflamatório das adipocinas, o aumento da sensibilidade à insulina e a melhora da captação de glicose, foi vistaapós o tratamento com telmisartana. A ativação dos PPARs no TAB trouxe muitos benefícios. No TAM, resultados surpreendentes foram que a telmisartana provocou o aumento da expressão do recepetor adrenérgico beta 3 (RAβ3), induzido pela ativação de PPARbeta/delta e maior termogênese comaumento da expressão da proteína desacopladora1 (UCP1). Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que telmisartanaaumenta a expressão gênica e proteica PAN-PPAR no TAB e TAM em camundongos obesos induzidos por dieta. Nossas observações mostram que, apesar do grupo HF-T ter reduzido a ingestão energética, os efeitossão explicados pela ativação PAN-PPAR da telmisartana, causando a ativação da termogênese e resultando num balanço energético negativo.

Nifedipine调节白皮松(Pinus bungeana)花粉管蛋白质表达及其对细胞壁构建的影响

花粉管是种子植物受精过程中的雄性生殖单位的载体，由于其生长依赖于胞内Ca2+梯度，并具有典型的顶端极性生长的特点，因而成为近年来研究植物细胞相互识别、胞内和胞外信号传导理想的模式系统。裸子植物花粉与被子植物相比具有萌发时间长、生长缓慢等特点。Ca2+在裸子植物花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的作用机制目前尚不明确。本研究以裸子植物白皮松(Pinus bungeana)的花粉为材料，运用不同浓度钙通道抑制剂Nifedipine（Nif）处理，对其花粉萌发和花粉管生长进行了细胞学研究和蛋白质组学分析，以探讨Ca2+对白皮松花粉生长的调控机制，为进一步揭示裸子植物花粉萌发和花粉管生长机理提供参考。 本论文首先研究了钙通道抑制剂Nif和Ca2+螯合剂EGTA对白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明，用Nif处理花粉后，花粉萌发和花粉管生长均受到明显抑制。经Ca2+荧光探针Fluo-3AM标记，对Nif处理后Ca2+在花粉管中的分布模式进行了观察，发现Ca2+在正常生长的花粉管中呈梯度分布，并在其顶端的荧光最强。与对照相比，处理后的花粉管荧光强度明显减弱，且顶端Ca2+梯度消失。通过EGTA漂洗后的花粉粒，在正常培养基上萌发率较高，但其生长速率受到抑制。由此说明了细胞壁钙库对花粉管生长的抑制效应显著高于对花粉萌发的影响，是花粉管生长的限速因子。同时外加钙调素还可逆转EGTA对其花粉萌发和花粉管生长的抑制。上述结果表明，白皮松花粉萌发及花粉管生长需要外源Ca2+的内流，以及胞内形成的Ca2+浓度梯度。 用FM4-64探针标记结果发现，正常花粉管中的胞吞作用主要发生在顶端和亚顶端区域，胞吞的小泡也集中分布在这两个区域。经Nif处理后，既不影响花粉管的胞吞过程，同时胞吞发生的位置也与对照相似，只是胞吞的小泡分散于整个花粉管中。电子显微镜观察表明，各种细胞器在白皮松正常生长的花粉管中分布与被子植物存在较大差异，例如前者无明显地分区现象，不具胼胝质塞。白皮松花粉管顶端和亚顶端的壁旁体与质膜融合现象频繁发生。花粉管经Nif处理后，线粒体出现不同程度的解体和液泡化，内质网液泡化和核糖体脱落，液泡大量聚集在花粉管顶端，壁旁体与膜融合现象减少，以及花粉管壁明显变薄等。此外，通过微丝特异性探针鬼笔环肽标记结果表明，正常生长花粉管的微丝呈长轴向排列， Nif处理后微丝断裂，其断裂程度与处理浓度有关。由此可见，外源Ca2+对花粉管的胞吞无明显抑制或促进作用，但对胞吞小泡重回收可能有影响。当胞内Ca2+梯度消失后，则明显抑制了微丝骨架的聚合，进而使胞吐作用减缓，高尔基体分泌小泡聚集，多种细胞器液泡化，引起花粉管顶端膨大，细胞壁变薄，继而抑制花粉管的正常生长。 运用免疫荧光标记技术显示，正常生长的花粉管壁含有纤维素、胼胝质、果胶质和阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白（AGPs），其中纤维素和胼胝质在细胞壁上呈均匀分布，而酸性果胶质只存在花粉管两侧壁上，酯化果胶分布于花粉管顶端。经过Nif处理后，胼胝质和酸性果胶质均在花粉管顶端累积，而AGPs和纤维素的分布却无明显变化。另外，傅里叶红外光谱分析结果也同样支持上述结论。通过花粉管壁蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析表明，Nif对细胞壁蛋白的合成也有较大的影响。 在花粉管的钙通道受到抑制后，应用蛋白质组学技术分析其蛋白质的表达图谱，通过双向电泳已分离出约1000个蛋白质斑点，经软件分析发现，除其中50个蛋白斑点外，大部分蛋白质的表达量均未发生变化。上述50个发生变化的蛋白斑点酶切后，再经过ESI－MS/MS鉴定和质谱数据库的搜索，共鉴定出28个蛋白，其中12个为上调蛋白，16个下调蛋白，根据其主要功能分为与代谢、细胞扩展、翻译后修饰以及信号相关的蛋白。经过Nif处理后，花粉管中碳水化合物代谢能力下降，ATP的产生受到抑制，参与细胞壁多糖合成及小泡运输的蛋白，如valosin containing protein（VCP）、reversibly glycolsylated polypeptide(RGP)、UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDPGDH)和α-tubulin表达下调。另外，通过上述方法还鉴定出与丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶保守结构域同源的受体蛋白激酶等。 综上所述，白皮松花粉管钙通道受到抑制后，通过影响花粉管蛋白的表达，抑制微丝微管骨架的组装，致使胞吐速度变慢，花粉管壁酸性果胶质、胼胝质等多糖分布的变化及总多糖含量的减少，最终抑制了花粉管的正常生长。