Kansallisen energia- ja ilmastopolitiikan toteuttaminen puolustushallinnossa

Tässä diplomityössä selvitetään kansallisen energia- ja ilmastopolitiikan toteuttamiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä puolustushallinnossa. Tavoitteena on tunnistaa, minkälaisia haasteita ja edellytyksiä toteuttamiseen liittyy ja minkälaisia toimenpiteitä ja päätöksiä politiikan toteuttaminen hallinnossa edellyttää. Tutkimuskysymyksiä lähestytään strategiakirjallisuuden, olemassa olevan tutkimustiedon sekä kvalitatiivisen haastattelututkimuksen kautta. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on edesauttaa hallinnon oman energia- ja ilmastostrategian laadintaa sekä toimia johdon työkaluna toteuttamispäätösten tekemisessä. Merkittävimmiksi toteuttamiseen vaikuttaviksi tekijöiksi tunnistettiin resursointikysymykset, johdon sitoutuminen sekä puolustustoimialan erityispiirteet. Lisäksi vaikutuksia tunnistettiin olevan muun muassa kiinteistö- ja energiasopimusjärjestelyillä, asenteilla sekä puolustusvoimauudistuksella. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen teoreettisille käsitteille löydettiin pitkälti vastineet empiirisestä tutkimuksesta, mutta osa haasteista nousi esiin nimenomaan puolustushallinnon toimintaympäristöstä. Osa tuloksista on yleistettävissä laajemmin energia- ja ilmastotoimenpiteille, valtiosektorille ja muille toimialoille. Saatujen tulosten perusteella on mahdollista määrittää reunaehdot hallinnonalan oman energia- ja ilmasto-ohjelman laadinnalle sekä ennakoida toteuttamisedellytyksiä. Ohjelman toteuttamista tukevina jatkotoimenpide-ehdotuksina esitetään yhteistyöverkoston yhteistä julkista sitoutumista energia- ja ilmastopolitiikan edistämiseen, konkreettisten toimintaohjelmien laatimista sekä tietoisuuden kasvattamista toiminnan ilmastovaikutuksista ja ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksista toimintaan viestinnän ja seurantajärjestelmien keinoin sekä osana päätöksentekoprosesseja.

From emerging opportunities to successful business networks – evidence from bioenergy

Increasing renewable energy utilization is a challenge that is tried to be solved in different ways. One of the most promising options for renewable energy is different biomasses, and the bioenergy field offers numerous emerging business opportunities. The actors in the field have rarely all the needed know-how and resources for exploiting these opportunities, and thus it is reasonable to seize them in cooperation. Networking is not an easy task to carry out, however, and in addition to its advantages for the firms engaged, it sets numerous challenges as well. The development of a network is a result of several steps firms need to take. In order to gain optimal advantage of their networks, firms need to weigh out with whom, why and how they should cooperate. In addition, everything does not depend on the firms themselves, as several factors in the external environment set their own enablers and barriers for cooperation. The formation of a network around a business opportunity is thus a multiphase process. The objective of this thesis is to depict this process via a step-by-step analysis and thus increase understanding on the whole development path from an entrepreneurial opportunity to a successful business network. The empirical evidence has been gathered by discussing the opportunities of animal manure refinement to biogas and forest biomass utilization for heating in Finland. The thesis comprises two parts. The first part provides an overview of the study, and the second part includes five research publications. The results reveal that it is essential to identify and analyze all the steps in the development process of a network, and several frameworks are used in the thesis to analyze these steps. The frameworks combine the views of theory and practical experiences of empirical study, and thus give new multifaceted views for the discussion on SME networking. The results indicate that the ground for cooperation should be investigated adequately by taking account of the preconditions in all the three contexts in which the actors operate: the social context, the region and the institutional environment. In case the project advances to exploitation, the assets and objectives of the actors should be paired off, which sets a need for relationships and sub-networks differing in breadth and depth. Different relationships and networks require different kinds of maintenance and management. Moreover, the actors should have the capability to change the formality or strategy of the relationships if needed. The drivers for these changes come along with the changing environment, which causes changes in the objectives of the actors and this way in the whole network. Bioenergy as the empirical field of the study represents well an industrial field with many emerging opportunities, a motley group of actors, and sensitivity for fast changes.

Dental fear in adolescents' transition to early adulthood

The aims of the study were to assess the validity of a clinical dental fear question (Short Dental Fear Question, SDFQ) and an instrument measuring interaction between adolescents and dental staff (Patient Dental Staff Interaction Questionnaire, PDSIQ). Also, adolescents’ subjective perception of interaction with dental staff, the association with adolescents’ dental fear and sense of coherence as well as a multi-professional small-group intervention model for decreasing high dental fear were assessed. The study sample comprised Finnish adolescents in transition to early adulthood, aged 18–26 years (n = 777, n = 773, n = 5), except for a sample of 15-year-old adolescents (n = 27). Dental fear, sense of coherence (SOC) and the adolescents’ perceived interaction with dental staff were assessed with questionnaires. The principles of fear treatment such as gradual exposure, relaxation, encouragement and cornerstones of the reteaming method based on a solution-focused framework to maintain motivation and peer support were used to decrease fear in the intervention study. The SDFQ was found to be a valid dental fear instrument and the PDSIQ a valid interaction instrument with five factors of interaction retrieved: ‘kind atmosphere and mutual communication’, ‘roughness’, ‘insecurity’, ‘trust and safety’, and ‘shame and guilt’. Highly fearful young adults more often perceived their interaction with dental staff as negative, more often felt insecure and had a weaker sense of coherence compared to their peers with no to moderate dental fear. The results of the intervention study showed that young adults’ high dental fear decreased and their commitment to dental treatment increased. The SDFQ is clinically feasible and informative instrument in measuring dental fear. Knowledge of the level of fear enables dental staff to better consider an adolescent’s fear. Dental staff should be aware that a supportive interaction style, creating trust and safety, is especially beneficial for highly dentally fearful young adults. A weak SOC may affect young adults’ high dental fear in that they would not have enough tools to manage their fear. A multi-professional small therapeutic group seems to increase fearful young adults’ resources for confronting dental treatment.

Suorituskyvyn johtamisjärjestelmän jalkauttamisen ja tehokkaan käyttämisen edistäminen bioenergia- ja lämpöliiketoimialalla

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää suorituskyvyn johtamisjärjestelmän jalkauttamisen, tehokkaan käyttämisen ja jatkuvan parantamisen kulttuurin luomisen edistäviä tekijöitä bioenergia- ja lämpöliiketoimialalla. Tämä tutkimus tukee kohdeorganisaation suorituskyvyn johtamisjärjestelmän implementointiprosessia. Tutkimuksen mukaan suorituskyvyn johtamisjärjestelmän jalkauttamista tukee kolme tärkeää tekijää: johdon ja henkilöstön sitoutuminen, mittariston hyödyllisyyden näkeminen ja mittariston rakenne ja sisältö. Johdon ja henkilöstön sitoutumista sekä mittariston hyödyllisyyden näkemistä edistävät oikeanlainen viestintä, mittariston ymmärtäminen ja liiketoimintaa tukevat mittarit. Mittareiden käyttöönottoa edistävät ymmärrettävät ja luotettavat mittarit sekä kannustimet. Tutkimuksen mukaan suorituskykymittariston tehokasta käyttämistä tukevat mittareiden ajantasaisuus ja mittaustiedon hyödyntäminen liiketoiminnassa. Mittariston tehokasta käyttämistä edistävät mittariston muutosherkkyys, käyttäjäläheinen kehittäminen ja mittareiden liittäminen palkitsemiseen. Jatkuvan parantamisen kulttuurin luomista edistävät mittaristoon ja organisaatioon liittyvät tekijät mm. organisaatiokulttuuri ja johtamistyyli sekä mittariston muutosherkkyys.

University students’ regulation of learning and text processing – examples from medical and teacher education

The general aim of the thesis was to study university students’ learning from the perspective of regulation of learning and text processing. The data were collected from the two academic disciplines of medical and teacher education, which share the features of highly scheduled study, a multidisciplinary character, a complex relationship between theory and practice and a professional nature. Contemporary information society poses new challenges for learning, as it is not possible to learn all the information needed in a profession during a study programme. Therefore, it is increasingly important to learn how to think and learn independently, how to recognise gaps in and update one’s knowledge and how to deal with the huge amount of constantly changing information. In other words, it is critical to regulate one’s learning and to process text effectively. The thesis comprises five sub-studies that employed cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental designs and multiple methods, from surveys to eye tracking. Study I examined the connections between students’ study orientations and the ways they regulate their learning. In total, 410 second-, fourth- and sixth-year medical students from two Finnish medical schools participated in the study by completing a questionnaire measuring both general study orientations and regulation strategies. The students were generally deeply oriented towards their studies. However, they regulated their studying externally. Several interesting and theoretically reasonable connections between the variables were found. For instance, self-regulation was positively correlated with deep orientation and achievement orientation and was negatively correlated with non-commitment. However, external regulation was likewise positively correlated with deep orientation and achievement orientation but also with surface orientation and systematic orientation. It is argued that external regulation might function as an effective coping strategy in the cognitively loaded medical curriculum. Study II focused on medical students’ regulation of learning and their conceptions of the learning environment in an innovative medical course where traditional lectures were combined wth problem-based learning (PBL) group work. First-year medical and dental students (N = 153) completed a questionnaire assessing their regulation strategies of learning and views about the PBL group work. The results indicated that external regulation and self-regulation of the learning content were the most typical regulation strategies among the participants. In line with previous studies, self-regulation wasconnected with study success. Strictly organised PBL sessions were not considered as useful as lectures, although the students’ views of the teacher/tutor and the group were mainly positive. Therefore, developers of teaching methods are challenged to think of new solutions that facilitate reflection of one’s learning and that improve the development of self-regulation. In Study III, a person-centred approach to studying regulation strategies was employed, in contrast to the traditional variable-centred approach used in Study I and Study II. The aim of Study III was to identify different regulation strategy profiles among medical students (N = 162) across time and to examine to what extent these profiles predict study success in preclinical studies. Four regulation strategy profiles were identified, and connections with study success were found. Students with the lowest self-regulation and with an increasing lack of regulation performed worse than the other groups. As the person-centred approach enables us to individualise students with diverse regulation patterns, it could be used in supporting student learning and in facilitating the early diagnosis of learning difficulties. In Study IV, 91 student teachers participated in a pre-test/post-test design where they answered open-ended questions about a complex science concept both before and after reading either a traditional, expository science text or a refutational text that prompted the reader to change his/her beliefs according to scientific beliefs about the phenomenon. The student teachers completed a questionnaire concerning their regulation and processing strategies. The results showed that the students’ understanding improved after text reading intervention and that refutational text promoted understanding better than the traditional text. Additionally, regulation and processing strategies were found to be connected with understanding the science phenomenon. A weak trend showed that weaker learners would benefit more from the refutational text. It seems that learners with effective learning strategies are able to pick out the relevant content regardless of the text type, whereas weaker learners might benefit from refutational parts that contrast the most typical misconceptions with scientific views. The purpose of Study V was to use eye tracking to determine how third-year medical studets (n = 39) and internal medicine residents (n = 13) read and solve patient case texts. The results revealed differences between medical students and residents in processing patient case texts; compared to the students, the residents were more accurate in their diagnoses and processed the texts significantly faster and with a lower number of fixations. Different reading patterns were also found. The observed differences between medical students and residents in processing patient case texts could be used in medical education to model expert reasoning and to teach how a good medical text should be constructed. The main findings of the thesis indicate that even among very selected student populations, such as high-achieving medical students or student teachers, there seems to be a lot of variation in regulation strategies of learning and text processing. As these learning strategies are related to successful studying, students enter educational programmes with rather different chances of managing and achieving success. Further, the ways of engaging in learning seldom centre on a single strategy or approach; rather, students seem to combine several strategies to a certain degree. Sometimes, it can be a matter of perspective of which way of learning can be considered best; therefore, the reality of studying in higher education is often more complicated than the simplistic view of self-regulation as a good quality and external regulation as a harmful quality. The beginning of university studies may be stressful for many, as the gap between high school and university studies is huge and those strategies that were adequate during high school might not work as well in higher education. Therefore, it is important to map students’ learning strategies and to encourage them to engage in using high-quality learning strategies from the beginning. Instead of separate courses on learning skills, the integration of these skills into course contents should be considered. Furthermore, learning complex scientific phenomena could be facilitated by paying attention to high-quality learning materials and texts and other support from the learning environment also in the university. Eye tracking seems to have great potential in evaluating performance and growing diagnostic expertise in text processing, although more research using texts as stimulus is needed. Both medical and teacher education programmes and the professions themselves are challenging in terms of their multidisciplinary nature and increasing amounts of information and therefore require good lifelong learning skills during the study period and later in work life.

Konsernistrategiasta johdetun kiinteistöstrategian toimeenpanosuunnitelma

Kiinteistöosasto on yksi liiketoimintaa tukeva toiminto ja osaston strategia on johdettu pääosin konsernin strategiasta. Kiinteistöjen osuus Pirkanmaan Osuuskaupan tasearvosta on kuitenkin niin merkittävä, että kiinteistöstrategiassa on myös omia erityispiirteitä kuten kiinteistöjen salkutus. Strategiassa keskitytään tukemaan osuuskaupan omaa liiketoimintaa ja kaikki toimet tähtäävät loppuasiakkaan parempaan tyytyväisyyteen. Toimeenpanosuunnitelmassa on suuri rooli yhdessä tekemisellä ja kirjoittaja uskoo vahvasti sitoutumisen muutokseen muodostuvan asioiden keskustelemisen ja muutoksen merkityksen ymmärtämisen kautta. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa käydään läpi kiinteistöstrategian teorioita, päästrategian ja tukitoimintostrategian suhdetta ja teorioita strategian toimeenpanosta. Prosessi eteni koko kiinteistöosaston henkilökunnan muutamasta yhteisestä päivästä ja päättyi kiinteistöstrategian toimeenpanosuunnitelmaan. Kaksi suurinta tekijää strategian toimeenpanon onnistumisessa ovat viestintä ja johtaminen. Yhteisten keskustelujen ansiosta saamme paremman lopputuloksen ja koko kiinteistöosaston henkilöstö on sitoutunut uuteen kiinteistöstrategiaan.

Aerobic exercise in adolescence : self-efficacy and stage of change

The purpose of this cross-sectional exploratory study was to examine the relationships among self-efficacy, stage of change, and exercise behaviour in a sample of younger (Grade 9) and older (Grade 12) adolescents. A secondary objective of this study was to apply the transtheoretical model of Stage of Change, as a measure of intention to change, in order to discover the applicability of the model to an adolescent cohort in relation to exercise behaviour. This five-stage model is a self-report measure of an individual's readiness to adopt a new behaviour (e.g., regular exercise). The transtheoretical model incorporates Bandura's self-efficacy factor, which is purported to be a predictive measure of exercise behaviour and a covariant of stage. Exercise behaviour was measured with the Physical Activity Scale, and the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URleA) was used to measure the stage of change and self-efficacy variables. The results of this study indicated significant differences between younger and older adolescents, and between males and females in their exercise behaviour. No significant differences were found for grade and gender on stage of change as measured by either a single-item question or a continuous measure of stage. Although grade and gender subgroups were not significantly different in their self-efficacy, significant interaction was found in the grade*gender variable.

The effectiveness of a goal-setting model on behavioural change

To evaluate the effectiveness of a goal-setting model on behavioural change, thirty nine adults between the ages of23 and 73 years who were in a weight loss program were assigned to one oftwo groups. One group was taught to change eating behaviour using a weight-reducing diet. The other group was taught to use a goal-setting model to change behaviour. Pretest and posttest surveys were completed by all participants, and a callback survey by theexperimentals. The PET Type Check and Kolb's Learning Style Inventory were administered to all participants. As well, five ofthe experimentals were interviewed. Results of qualitative analyses showed no significant difference between the two groups, but qualitative research suggested that experimentals were more likely to use the goal-setting model to make behavioural changes, and that being successful increased their self-efficacy.

Perennial negotiations/elemental encounters autoethnographic perspectives on approaching food sovereignty

This thesis uses a multifaceted process to engage with the topic of food sovereignty in California. It employs diverse methods, including critical and creative prose, photography, autoethnographic mixed media, storytelling and poetry. I am particularly concerned with the " " challenges of approaching food sovereignty, a radical praxis that combines subsistence practices with anti-capitalist resistance, while in my own "skin," which is thoroughly embedded in white, urban, middle classed culture and in corltextualizing ecological relationshipslkinships via cultural, historical and economic trajectories. The project utilizes a processual methodlology drawing substantially from the work of Brian Massumi to explore these issues through four creative narrative pieces which coalesce around the elemental metaphors of air, fire, water and earth. Following Deleuze and Guatarri's concept ofrhizomatic plateaus, the thesis narratives are comprised of many non-hierarchical layers and can be read from many angles. Each is offered "in process" rather than as a finished piece, thus practically validating the concept of the ongoing work of research and suggesting the equally omnipresent possibility of change and mutation in the formation relationally based knowledges. Cultivating ecological ethic and healing on multisensory levels, as well as commitment to emergent and re-productivist worldviews are goals of this project's research.

Acute endocrine responses to plyometrics versus resistance exercise in children

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute hormonal responses to a bout of resistance versus plyometric exercise in young male athletes. Specifically, changes in salivary cortisol, testosterone and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio from pre- to post-exercise between the two different exercise protocols were examined. Twenty-six peri-pubertal active boys participated in this cross-over study, completing two exercise sessions. During each session, participants first completed a 30 min control period, which did not include any exercise, and then was randomly assigned to perform a 45 min of either a resistance exercise or a plyometric exercise protocol. All participants crossed over to perform the other exercise protocol during their second exercise session, a week later. Four saliva samples during each protocol were taken at: baseline, pre-exercise, 5 min post-exercise and 30 min post-exercise. Significant increases in testosterone values were reported 5 min post-exercise following the resistance protocol, but not the plyometric protocol. Both exercise protocols resulted in significant cortisol decreases overtime, as well as significant testosterone-to-cortisol ratio increases. The post-exercise increases in salivary testosterone and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio followed the typical exercise induced anabolic response seen in adults. However, the post-exercise decrease in salivary cortisol was different than the typical adult response indicating an insufficient stimulus for this age group maybe due to their stage of the biological development. Thus, in the adolescent boys, exercise appears to change the anabolic to catabolic balance in favor of anabolism.

Change of Name, 1988

A document with an article of amendment to change the present name of Barnes Wines, Limited to 3273 Ontario Limited.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from Fred Holmes

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from Fred Holmes who says that he received Mr. Woodruff’s instructions to change the level of the bottom of the northwest corner of lots no. 9-15. He then received a note from Mr. Cook, the foreman that they had to quit working because of too much water in the ditch, Aug. 1, 1857.

La danse des fantômes à la cour Suprême du Canada: les droits autochtones pendant le premier quart de siècle de l'article 35 de la loi constitutionnelle, 1982

Titre de la page de titre additionnel: Ghost dancing at the Supreme Court of Canada : indigenous rights during the First quarter century of s.35.of Canada's Constitution Act, 1982.

Doing Justice to Recognition

The traditional role of justice is to arbitrate where the good will of people is not enough, if even present, to settle a dispute between the concerned parties. It is a procedural approach that assumes a fractured relationship between those involved. Recognition, at first glance, would not seem to mirror these aspects of justice. Yet recognition is very much a subject of justice these days. The aim of this paper is to question the applicability of justice to the practice of recognition. The methodological orientation of this paper is a Kantian-style critique of the institution of justice, highlighting the limits of its reach and the dangers of overextension. The critique unfolds in the following three steps: 1) There is an immediate appeal to justice as a practice of recognition through its commitment to universality. This allure is shown to be deceptive in providing no prescription for the actual practice of this universality. 2) The interventionist character of justice is designed to address divided relationships. If recognition is only given expression through this channel, then we can only assume division as our starting ground. 3) The outcome of justice in respect to recognition is identification. This identification is left vulnerable to misrecognition itself, creating a cycle of injustice that demands recognition from anew. It seems to be well accepted that recognition is essentjustice, but less clear how to do justice to recognition. This paper is an effort in clarification.

Constructive Universalism: Sen and Sensitivity to Difference

Amartya Sen’s capability approach is, on the one hand, in line with universalism such as exhibited in Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach and Len Doyal and Ian Gough’s human need theory. On the other hand, his approach puts priority on people’s “self-evaluation” of capabilities and needs. The latter emphasis makes his approach distinctly sensitive to people’s differences such as gender, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc.. One could ask, however, how successfully the former commitment to universalism relates to this latter feature that places importance on taking difference seriously. This question is especially relevant with respect to global justice and gender, for example. To offer a potential answers to this question is main goal of this paper.