Travelling on land.

Investiga los distintos modos de transporte que se utilizan en el mundo, incluyendo elefantes, motos, camiones, trenes y metro y concluye con una mirada en el futuro del transporte terrestre. Tiene referencias para saber más sobre el tema., ,ver por uno mismo, da la oportunidad de probar algunas ideas que se explican, y una, lista de preguntas, acerca de cada tema.

Working with images : a resource book for the language classroom.

El recurso tiene un doble propósito: reevaluar el papel de la imagen visual, y animar a los profesores a experimentar y acceder a las imágenes por sí mismos. Contiene más de setenta y cinco ideas para la enseñanza práctica del idioma en el aula. Las actividades involucran el uso de baja y de alta tecnología y las imágenes son adecuadas para una amplia variedad de contextos de enseñanza: alumnos jóvenes y adultos; inglés general y especializado; aulas mucho o mínimamente equipadas. Las actividades pueden ser utilizadas en cualquier orden y en cualquier momento del curso. Además, su diseño permite a los profesores adaptar y aplicar las ideas de otros temas. El CD-ROM contiene un banco de imágenes listo para su uso en el aula. Está diseñado para satisfacer las necesidades tanto de los nuevos profesores de idiomas como de los experimentados.

Contrastando los factores de riesgo y protectores del comportamiento inadaptado en menores : implicaciones para la prevención.

Determinar los factores protectores que incrementan la resistencia del menor para manifestar conductas inadaptadas, que permitan extraer conclusiones que orienten las intervenciones, recabando información sobre las diversas variables dinámicas (déficits y disfunciones en el aprendizaje, cogniciones, socialización y adquisición de destrezas), y estáticas (patología) . 380 menores entre 10 y 16 años: 180 de primaria, 88 en colegios de alto riesgo y 92 en colegios de bajo riesgo; 200 de secundaria, 90 en colegios de alto riesgo. Respecto al contexto social, el 33,8 por ciento presentaba indicios de inadaptación familiar. Las evaluaciones mediante baterías de cuestionarios, en pases colectivos, se llevaron a cabo por técnicos del grupo de investigación a lo largo de 4 días con dos sesiones cada uno de 40 minutos en cada centro educativo.. Cuestionario de autoconcepto AFA-4 (Musitu, García y Gutiérrez, 1997), 'Trait Meta-Mood-Scale' (TMMS) (Savoley y otros, 2002), Cuestionario de Habilidades Sociales (Goldstein y otros, 1989), Escala de Locus de Control de Rotter (1966), Batería de Socialización (BAS-3) (Silva y Martorell, 1989), Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil (TAMAI) (Hernández, 2002), Escala de Afrontamiento para adolescentes (ACS) (Frydenberg y Lewis, 2000), lista de Comprobación de Síntomas (SCL-90-R) (Derogatis, 1977; 2002), Medida del comportamiento inadaptado, Medida de los grupos de riesgo social y riesgo familiar. Aspectos analizados: El factor riesgo social media la socialización al igual que el factor riesgo familiar, pero sus efectos son independientes. Los menores de alto riesgo tienen un perfil negativo de socialización derivado de un peso mayor en las escalas inhibidoras de la socialización, retraimiento y de uno menor en las facilitadoras, autocontrol y consideración por los demás. Los menores socializados en un ambiente familiarmente inadaptado apuntan una dirección de socialización negativa al pesar más en las escalas inhibidoras de la socialización, retraimiento y ansiedad-timidez, y menos en las facilitadoras, consideración hacia los demás y autocontrol. En relación a la adaptación: los menores del grupo de riesgo alto presentan una inadaptación personal y social caracterizadas por la infravaloración ,el miedo,la culpabilidad, y el descontrol y la restricción social; la inadaptación familiar conlleva problemas de autodesajuste y desajuste disociativo, baja implicación escolar y mayor emisión de conductas disruptivas en el aula. Sobre la patología: el factor riesgo social explica el perfil patológico de los menores de alto riesgo, caracterizado por la inferioridad, inseguridad, falta de motivación, hostilidad, egocentrismo, aprensividad, agresividad, irritabilidad, y comportamiento de evitación; los menores de riesgo familiar presentan una personalidad obsesivo-compulsiva, con sentimientos de inferioridad y faltos de motivación para la integración. El factor riesgo social tiene unos efectos significativos en la inteligencia emocional, pero no así el factor riesgo familiar ni la interacción de ambos, presentado los menores de alto riesgo una menor habilidad para la evaluación y expresión de las emociones en sí mismos y en los demás, y para el control de las emociones en sí mismos. En cuanto al autoconcepto , los menores de alto riesgo social participan de una identidad social más baja que los de bajo riesgo social; los menores de familias inadaptadas se evalúan con más labilidad emocional, menos competencia social, menos adecuación familiar y menos potencial académico. Los menores de alto riesgo social tienden más al uso de estrategias de 'huida intrapunitiva', mientras que los de bajo riesgo social se orientan más al uso de estrategias de 'acción positiva'. Las habilidades sociales que el grupo de alto riesgo dispone en mayor grado son las de escuchar, expresar sentimientos, autorecompensarse, resistir a las presiones del grupo y tomar la iniciativa; los de bajo riesgo poseen más destrezas para formular preguntas, para dar las gracias, mayor capacidad para participar, pedir permiso y compartir algo. Los menores inmersos en ambientes de riesgo social y familias inadaptadas presentan rasgos de una socialización disfuncional que debería reeducarse para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de los menores ante la inadaptación y desarrollar todas sus potencialidades. Se pone al descubierto una clara relación entre inadaptación en las distintas áreas que componen el campo de actuación del individuo: personal, social, escolar y familiar. En el campo psicológico-individual se ponen de relieve carencias en el autoconcepto, los procesos atributivos, las estrategias de afrontamiento disponibles y las habilidades sociales. Es preciso generar en los menores los procesos que remedien estas carencias; estos procesos son complejos requieren de un entrenamiento de las habilidades cognitivas básicas, en la actuación conforme a las demandas cognitivas y en la empatía tanto cognitiva como afectiva. Respecto a la inteligencia emocional se ha comprobado que los menores de riesgo presentan una mayor tendencia al desajuste emocional , sin discriminar, identificar, regular o usar correctamente sus emociones. Los menores de riesgo social y familiar emiten conductas inadaptadas tanto antisociales como delictivas. La intervención educativa ha de adoptar una aproximación multimodal, que incluya diferentes modos de actuación y multinivel que integre tanto al menor como a los diferentes ámbitos en los que éste interactúa.

Desarrollo de habilidades sociales en estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria a trav??s de actividades virtuales en la plataforma Moodle

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Noise exposure in high school aged youths and distortion product otoacoustic emissions

This paper discusses the effect of noise exposure on high school aged boys' hearing levels and how to measure the effects.

A study of cochlear potentials

This paper is a review of the electrophysiology of the cochlea and the auditory nerve--the behavior of the acting potential, the cochlear microphonics and the summating potential under identical conditions.

Fast and frugal framing effects?

Three experiments examine whether simple pair-wise comparison judgments, involving the “recognition heuristic” (Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002), are sensitive to implicit cues to the nature of the comparison required. Experiments 1 & 2 show that participants frequently choose the recognized option of a pair if asked to make “larger” judgments but are significantly less likely to choose the unrecognized option when asked to make “smaller” judgments. Experiment 3 demonstrates that, overall, participants consider recognition to be a more reliable guide to judgments of a magnitude criterion than lack of recognition and that this intuition drives the framing effect. These results support the idea that, when making pair-wise comparison judgments, inferring that the recognized item is large is simpler than inferring that the unrecognized item is small.

Proceedings of the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference 2010

FOREWORD Welcome to this West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) conference taking place here in Ghana. Thank you for coming and welcome to Accra. The main aims of the WABER conference are: to help young researchers and early-career scholars in West Africa to develop their research work and skills through constructive face-to-face interaction with experienced academics; to provide a platform for networking and collaborative work among senior built environment academics in West Africa; and to serve as a vehicle for developing the field of construction management and economics in Africa. Waber 2009 The WABER event in 2009 was held at the British Council in Accra, Ghana on 2-3 June. The event was a resounding success. It attracted participation from 32 researchers, from 12 different institutions, who presented their work to an audience of approximately 100 people. Each presenter received immediate and constructive feedback from an international panel. The event was opened by Professor K.K. Adarkwa, Vice Chancellor of KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, with several senior academics and researchers from universities, polytechnics, and other institutions in Ghana and Nigeria in attendance. There was also a significant level of attendance by senior construction practitioners in Ghana. Thank you to the School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, UK for funding the inaugural event in 2009. We are also grateful to all of you who helped to make the event a success and to those of you who have joined us here today to build upon the success and legacy of WABER 2009. Waber 2010 This year, we have 60+ peer-reviewed papers and presentations on topics relating to Building services and maintenance, Construction costs, Construction design and technology, Construction education, Construction finance, Construction procurement, Contract administration, Contract management, Contractor development, Decision support systems, Dispute resolution, Economic development, Energy efficiency, Environment and sustainability, Health and safety, Human resources, Information technology, Marketing, Materials science, Organisation strategy and business performance, Productivity, Project management, Quantity surveying, Real estate and planning, Solar energy systems, Supply chain management and Urban development. We hope that these papers will generate interest among delagates and stimulate discussion here and beyond the conference into the wider community of academia and industry. The delegates at this conference come from 10 different countries. This provides a rich international and multicultural blend and a perfect platform for networking and developing collaborations. This year we are blessed to have three high profile keynote speakers in the persons of Professor George Ofori (National University of Singapore), Dr Roine Leiringer (University of Reading, UK) and Professor Will Hughes (University of Reading, UK). We are also thankful to Dr Chris Harty (University of Reading, UK) who is facilitating the Research Skills Workshop on ‘Writing a scientific article’. Thank you to Dr Sena Agyepong of our conference organising team for her capable management of local organising arrangements. And above all, thank you to all of you for coming to this conference. Enjoy and have a safe journey back home. Dr Samuel Laryea School of Construction Management and Engineering University of Reading, July 2010

The relative success of recognition-based inference in multichoice decisions

The utility of an "ecologically rational" recognition-based decision rule in multichoice decision problems is analyzed, varying the type of judgment required (greater or lesser). The maximum size and range of a counterintuitive advantage associated with recognition-based judgment (the "less-is-more effect") is identified for a range of cue validity values. Greater ranges of the less-is-more effect occur when participants are asked which is the greatest of to choices (m > 2) than which is the least. Less-is-more effects also have greater range for larger values of in. This implies that the classic two-altemative forced choice task, as studied by Goldstein and Gigerenzer (2002), may not be the most appropriate test case for less-is-more effects.

When does ignorance make us smart? Additional factors guiding heuristic inference

“Fast & frugal” heuristics represent an appealing way of implementing bounded rationality and decision-making under pressure. The recognition heuristic is the simplest and most fundamental of these heuristics. Simulation and experimental studies have shown that this ignorance-driven heuristic inference can prove superior to knowledge based inference (Borges, Goldstein, Ortman & Gigerenzer, 1999; Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002) and have shown how the heuristic could develop from ACT-R’s forgetting function (Schooler & Hertwig, 2005). Mathematical analyses also demonstrate that, under certain conditions, a “less-is-more effect” will always occur (Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002). The further analyses presented in this paper show, however, that these conditions may constitute a special case and that the less-is-more effect in decision-making is subject to the moderating influence of the number of options to be considered and the framing of the question.

Less-is-more effects in knowledge-based heuristic inference

Inference on the basis of recognition alone is assumed to occur prior to accessing further information (Pachur & Hertwig, 2006). A counterintuitive result of this is the “less-is-more” effect: a drop in the accuracy with which choices are made as to which of two or more items scores highest on a given criterion as more items are learned (Frosch, Beaman & McCloy, 2007; Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002). In this paper, we show that less-is-more effects are not unique to recognition-based inference but can also be observed with a knowledge-based strategy provided two assumptions, limited information and differential access, are met. The LINDA model which embodies these assumptions is presented. Analysis of the less-is-more effects predicted by LINDA and by recognition-driven inference shows that these occur for similar reasons and casts doubt upon the “special” nature of recognition-based inference. Suggestions are made for empirical tests to compare knowledge-based and recognition-based less-is-more effects

The importance of friction in mountain wave drag amplification by Scorer parameter resonance

A mechanism for amplification of mountain waves, and their associated drag, by parametric resonance is investigated using linear theory and numerical simulations. This mechanism, which is active when the Scorer parameter oscillates with height, was recently classified by previous authors as intrinsically nonlinear. Here it is shown that, if friction is included in the simplest possible form as a Rayleigh damping, and the solution to the Taylor-Goldstein equation is expanded in a power series of the amplitude of the Scorer parameter oscillation, linear theory can replicate the resonant amplification produced by numerical simulations with some accuracy. The drag is significantly altered by resonance in the vicinity of n/l_0 = 2, where l_0 is the unperturbed value of the Scorer parameter and n is the wave number of its oscillation. Depending on the phase of this oscillation, the drag may be substantially amplified or attenuated relative to its non-resonant value, displaying either single maxima or minima, or double extrema near n/l_0 = 2. Both non-hydrostatic effects and friction tend to reduce the magnitude of the drag extrema. However, in exactly inviscid conditions, the single drag maximum and minimum are suppressed. As in the atmosphere friction is often small but non-zero outside the boundary layer, modelling of the drag amplification mechanism addressed here should be quite sensitive to the type of turbulence closure employed in numerical models, or to computational dissipation in nominally inviscid simulations.

Motivations behind farmers’ pesticide use in Bangladesh rice farming

This paper addresses the motivations behind farmers’ pesticide use in two regions of Bangladesh. The paper considers farmers’ knowledge of arthropods and their perceptions about pests and pest damage, and identifies why many farmers do not use recommended pest management practices. We propose that using the novel approach of classifying farmers according to their motivations and constraints rather than observed pesticide use can improve training approaches and increase farmers’ uptake and retention of more appropriate integrated pest management technologies.