Ascanio.

Written in collaboration with Paul Meurice, and dramatized as "Benvenuto Cellini."

Die landstandische Verfassung und Verwaltung in der Kurmark Brandenburg wahrend der Regierung des Kurfursten Johann Georg (1571-1598) : I. Abschnitt, I. Kapitel.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat zu Berlin.

Die Geschichte des frankischen Kreises von 1500 bis 1533 : 1. Teil.

Thesis (doctoral)--Georg-August-Universitat zu Gottingen.

Goethes sämtliche Werke.

Accompanied by "Register" (viii, 423 p.)

Town and Countryside in early modern Hungary The Case of Sopron, c. 1500-1800

The town of Sopron (Ödenburg) is situated near the western border of Hungary at the junction of major routes of commerce, no further than 70 km from Vienna. As early as in 1291 the town had become a chartered town or free royal town, which meant the most fully-fledged municipial autonomy in this period. The town was subordinated only to the king and could represent itself in parliament from 1445. The surrounding seigniorial towns and villages often lodged an appeal with the Town Court due to its wide legal autonomy. The inhabitants of seigniorial towns and the villagers could have been under the necessity of going to the town, and the legal proceedings they experienced in Sopron may have meant a model pattern for them. The seigniorial town (oppidum) is a settlement under the landlord's authority, with limited legal privileges, concentrated mostly on agricultural production and on the exchange of products of its immediate hinterland. Sopron as a county town was gradually becoming significant during the early modern period. The county (megye) was not only the unit of administration in Hungary, but that of the autonomy of nobility, too. The importance of Sopron as a county town attracted many noblemen dwelling in Sopron county to the town. The county was one of the most densely populated in the 15-18th c., at the beginning of the 18th c., for example, the density was 32 person/km2 and it rose more than 40 p/km2 by the end of the century. The population of Sopron was approximately 3500-3700 in the middle of the 15th c., and due to the decline during the later decades some 3000 persons lived in the town in the early 16th c. According to the first national census the population of Sopron was 12600 in 1784-87. These data place Sopron at the high level of Hungarian urban hierarchy in this period. This paper will explore two significant aspects of the relation between the town and its countryside: the problems of mutual economic dependence and the role of Sopron as a centre of culture.

Uvigerina spp. minor element and derived d18Oseawater records over the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (500-1500 kyr), DSDP Hole 94-607

During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), the dominant glacial-interglacial cyclicity as inferred from the marine d18O records of benthic foraminifera (d18Obenthic) changed from 41 kyr to 100 kyr years in the absence of a comparable change in orbital forcing. Currently, only two Mg/Ca-derived, high-resolution bottom water temperature (BWT) records exist that can be used with d18Obenthic records to separate temperature and ice volume signals over the Pleistocene. However, these two BWT records suggest a different pattern of climate change occurred over the MPT-a record from North Atlantic DSDP Site 607 suggests BWT decreased with no long-term trend in ice volume over the MPT, while South Pacific ODP Site 1123 suggests that BWT has been relatively stable over the last 1.5 Myr but that there was an abrupt increase in ice volume at ~900 kyr. In this paper we attempt to reconcile these two views of climate change across the MPT. Specifically, we investigated the suggestion that the secular BWT trend obtained from Mg/Ca measurements on Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis umbonatus species from N. Atlantic Site 607 is biased by the possible influence of D[CO3]2- on Mg/Ca values in these species by generating a low-resolution BWT record using Uvigerina spp., a genus whose Mg/Ca values are not thought to be influenced by D[CO3]2-. We find a long-term BWT cooling of ~2-3°C occurred from 1500 to ~500 kyr in the N. Atlantic, consistent with the previously generated C. wuellerstorfi and O. umbonatus BWT record. We also find that changes in ocean circulation likely influenced d18Obenthic, BWT, and d18Oseawater records across the MPT. N. Atlantic BWT cooling starting at ~1.2 Ma, presumably driven by high-latitude cooling, may have been a necessary precursor to a threshold response in climate-ice sheet behavior at ~900 ka. At that point, a modest increase in ice volume and thermohaline reorganization may have caused enhanced sensitivity to the 100 kyr orbital cycle.

Climate variability in the Aegean Sea (marine record M2, Athos basin) during the past 1500 years

We provide new evidence on sea surface temperature (SST) variations and paleoceanographic/paleoenvironmental changes over the past 1500 years for the north Aegean Sea (NE Mediterranean). The reconstructions are based on multiproxy analyses, obtained from the high resolution (decadal to multi-decadal) marine record M2 retrieved from the Athos basin. Reconstructed SSTs show an increase from ca. 850 to 950 AD and from ca. 1100 to 1300 AD. A cooling phase of almost 1.5 °C is observed from ca. 1600 AD to 1700 AD. This seems to have been the starting point of a continuous SST warming trend until the end of the reconstructed period, interrupted by two prominent cooling events at 1832 ± 15 AD and 1995 ± 1 AD. Application of an adaptive Kernel smoothing suggests that the current warming in the reconstructed SSTs of the north Aegean might be unprecedented in the context of the past 1500 years. Internal variability in atmospheric/oceanic circulations systems as well as external forcing as solar radiation and volcanic activity could have affected temperature variations in the north Aegean Sea over the past 1500 years. The marked temperature drop of approximately ~2 °C at 1832 ± 15 yr AD could be related to the 1809 ?D 'unknown' and the 1815 AD Tambora volcanic eruptions. Paleoenvironmental proxy-indices of the M2 record show enhanced riverine/continental inputs in the northern Aegean after ca. 1450 AD. The paleoclimatic evidence derived from the M2 record is combined with a socio-environmental study of the history of the north Aegean region. We show that the cultivation of temperature-sensitive crops, i.e. walnut, vine and olive, co-occurred with stable and warmer temperatures, while its end coincided with a significant episode of cooler temperatures. Periods of agricultural growth in Macedonia coincide with periods of warmer and more stable SSTs, but further exploration is required in order to identify the causal links behind the observed phenomena. The Black Death likely caused major changes in agricultural activity in the north Aegean region, as reflected in the pollen data from land sites of Macedonia and the M2 proxy-reconstructions. Finally, we conclude that the early modern peaks in mountain vegetation in the Rhodope and Macedonia highlands, visible also in the M2 record, were very likely climate-driven.

The biogeographical status of Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursch in sub-Arctic southern Greenland : do pollen records indicate local populations during the past 1500 years?

Peer reviewed

El dinero fuente de pecados en el Inferno de Dante y en la traducción de Pedro Fernández de Villegas (Burgos, 1515)

El trabajo se centra en el análisis de los pecados relacionados con el dinero en el Inferno de Dante y en la primera traducción castellana de la primera cantiga de la Commedia, obra del arcediano de Burgos Pedro Fernández de Villegas. La traducción, compuesta en coplas de arte mayor y acompañada de un enciclopédico comentario, se publicó en 1515. Particular atención se dedica a la reflexión sobre el problema del mal uso del dinero que Villegas desarrolla en la glosa de los cantos en que con más vigor se levanta la voz de Dante para denunciar la gravedad del pecado de la sed de riquezas. Se analiza la postura del traductor español ante el tema comparándola no sólo con la de Dante sino también con la de Cristoforo Landino, autor del Comento sopra la Comedia, obra exégetica que se publicó por primera vez en Florencia en 1481 y que representó el punto de referencia privilegiado de Villegas.

Leitungsgewalt und Kollegialität. Vom benediktinischen Beratungsrecht zum Konstitutionalismus deutscher Domkapitel und des Kardinalkollegs (ca. 500-1500).

Die kirchliche Verfassungsgeschichte des Mittelalters war von einer analogen Entwicklung scheinbar konträrer monarchischer und kollegialer Prinzipien geprägt. Dem Leitungsanspruch von Äbten, Bischöfen und Päpsten standen Beratungsrechte und Mitbestimmungsanliegen ihrer Mönche, Domkapitulare und Kardinäle gegenüber. Die Abhandlung zeigt auf, wie sich letztere im Verlauf der mittelalterlichen Geschichte als mehr oder weniger unabhängige Wahl- und Ratskollegien formierten und um eine Transformation eher unverbindlicher Beratungsfunktionen zu quasi parlamentarischen Rechten bemühten. Einschlägige verfassungsgeschichtliche Dokumente von der Benediktsregel aus dem 6. Jahrhundert bis hin zu bischöflichen und päpstlichen Wahlkapitulationen aus dem 15. Jahrhundert werden hinsichtlich ihrer kulturgeschichtlichen Zusammenhänge und Wirkungen analysiert.

Factores de riesgo presentes en prematuros menores de 1500 gramos de peso al nacer con displasia broncopulmonar atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Especializado de Maternidad 2011 – 2013.

La investigación se realizó con un universo de 220 pacientes, todos fueron niños prematuros menores de 1500 gramos nacidos entre el año 2011 al año 2013 y atendidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos e intermedios neonatales del Hospital Nacional Especializado de Maternidad. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realizó principalmente basado en la necesidad de oxígeno suplementario por un mínimo de 28 días y según los criterios diagnósticos propuestos por el consenso del Instituto Nacional de la Salud de EE.UU (NICHD/NHLBI/ORD WORSHOP, 2000) (4) Se pudo evidenciar que los prematuros estudiados nacieron con mayor frecuencia a las 29 semanas de edad gestacional (calculadas por el método de Ballard modificado) y con un peso entre los 750 y los 1000 gramos. El tipo de displasia broncopulmonar más frecuentemente diagnosticado fue el de tipo leve y los factores de riesgo relacionados al desarrollo de la enfermedad fueron la presencia de infección materna al momento del parto y la infección posnatal, principalmente la infección asociada a la atención sanitaria (IAAS), la prematurez extrema y el extremado bajo peso al nacer; así como el uso prolongado de oxígeno por más de 55 días. El uso excesivo de líquidos endovenosos y la presencia de un conducto arterioso permeable ocurrieron con menos frecuencia.