965 resultados para C-0(GAMMA, X) SPACES


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We describe the growth of GaN on Si(111) substrates with AlxGa1-xN/AlN buffer layer by ammonia gas source molecular beam epitaxy (NH3-GSMBE). The influence of the AlN and AlxGa1-xN buffer layer thickness and the Al composition on the crack density of GaN has been investigated. It is found that the optimum thickness is 120 and 250 nm for AlN and AlxGa1-xN layers, respectively. The optimum Al composition is between 0.3 < x < 0.6. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Sb-doped Zn1-xMgxO films were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The p-type conduction of the films (0.05 <= x <= 0.13) was confirmed by Hall measurements, revealing a hole concentration of 10(15)-10(16) cm(-3) and a mobility of 0.6-4.5 cm(2)/V s. A p-n homojunction comprising an undoped ZnO layer and an Sb-doped Zn0.95Mg0.05O layer shows a typical rectifying characteristic. Sb-doped p-type Zn1-xMgxO films also exhibit a changeable wider band gap as a function of x, implying that they can probably be used for fabrication of ZnO-based quantum wells and ultraviolet optoelectronic devices. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

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X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering/channeling were used to characterize the crystalline quality of an InN layer grown on Al2O3(0001) Using metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition. A full width at half maximum of 0.27 degrees from an InN(0002) omega scan and a minimum yield of 23% from channeling measurements show that this 480-nm-thick InN layer grown at low temperature (450 degrees C) has a relatively good crystalline quality. High-resolution x-ray diffraction indicates that the InN layer contains a small fraction of cubic InN, besides the predominant hexagonal phase. From this InN sample, the lattice constants a=0.353 76 nm and c=0.570 64 nm for the hexagonal InN and a=0.4986 nm for the cubic InN were determined independently. 2 theta/omega-chi mapping and a pole figure measurement revealed that the crystallographic relationship among the cubic InN, the hexagonal InN, and the substrate is: InN[111]parallel to InN[0001]parallel to Al2O3[0001] and InN{110}parallel to InN{1120}parallel to Al2O3{1010}, and that the cubic InN is twinned. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the band-gap energy of this sample is approximately 0.82 eV. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.

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We have demonstrated an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) monolithically integrated with novel dual-waveguide spot-size converters (SSCs) at the input and output ports for low-loss coupling to planar light-guide circuit silica waveguide or cleaved single-mode optical fiber. The device is fabricated by means of selective-area MOVPE growth (SAG), quantum well intermixing (QWI) and asymmetric twin waveguide (ATG) technologies with only three steps low-pressure MOVPE growth. For the device structure, in SOA/EAM section, double ridge structure was employed to reduce the EAM capacitances and enable high bit-rate operation. In the SSC sections, buried ridge stripe (BRS) were incorporated. Such a combination of ridge, ATG and BRS structure is reported for the first time in which it can take advantage of both easy processing of ridge structure and the excellent mode characteristic of BRS. At the wavelength range of 1550-1600 nm, lossless operation with extinction ratios of 25 dB DC and more than 10 GHz 3-dB bandwidth is successfully achieved. The beam divergence angles of the input and output ports of the device are as small as 8.0 degrees x 12.6 degrees, resulting in 3.0 dB coupling loss with cleaved single-mode optical fiber. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Self-organized In0.55Al0.45As/Al0.50Ga0.50As quantum dots are grown by the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode using molecular beam epitaxy on the GaAs(311)A substrate. The optical properties of type-II InAlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots have been demonstrated by the excitation power and temperature dependence of photoluminescence spectra. A simple model accounting for the size-dependent band gap of quantum dots is given to qualitatively understand the formation of type-II In0.55Al0.45As/Al0.50Ga0.50As quantum dots driven by the quantum-confinement-induced Gamma --> X transition. The results provide new insights into the band structure of InAlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(00)00725-7].

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The pressure behaviour of In0.55Al0.45As/Al0.5Ga0.5As self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) has been studied at 15 K in the pressure range of 0-1.3 GPa. The atomic force microscopy image shows that the QDs have a multi-modal distribution in size. Three emission peaks were observed in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra, corresponding to the different QD families. The measured pressure coefficients are 82, 93 and 98 meV GPa(-1) for QDs with average lateral size of 26, 52 and 62 nm, respectively. The pressure coefficient of small QDs is about 17% smaller than that of bulk In0.55Al0.45As An envelope-function calculation was used to analyse the effect of pressure-induced change of barrier height, effective mass and dot size on the pressure coefficients of QDs. The Gamma-X state mixing was also included in the evaluation of the reduction of the pressure coefficients. The results indicate that both the pressure-induced increase of effective mass and Gamma-X mixing respond to the decrease of pressure coefficients, and the Gamma-X mixing is more important for small dots. The calculated Gamma-X interaction potentials are 15 and 10 meV for QDs with lateral size of 26 and 52 nm, respectively. A type-II alignment for the X conduction band is suggested according to the pressure dependence of the PL intensities. The valence-band offset was then estimated as 0.15 +/- 0.02.

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This paper describes the effect of electron irradiation and thermal annealing on LPE AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction solar cells with various p/n junction depths. The electron irradiation experiments were performed with energy of 3 MeV, fluences ranging from 1 x 10(14) to 5 x 10(15) e/cm(2). The results obtained demonstrate that the irradiation-induced degradation of performances of the cells is mainly in the short circuit current and could be mostly recovered by annealing at 260 degrees C for 30 min. Four electron traps, E-c - 0.24 eV, E-c - 0.41 eV, E-c - 0.51 eV, E-c - 0.59 eV, were found by DLTS analysis, only two shallow levels of which could be removed by the annealing. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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We have demonstrated an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) monolithically integrated with novel dual-waveguide spot-size converters (SSCs) at the input and output ports for low-loss coupling to planar light-guide circuit silica waveguide or cleaved single-mode optical fiber. The device is fabricated by means of selective-area MOVPE growth (SAG), quantum well intermixing (QWI) and asymmetric twin waveguide (ATG) technologies with only three steps low-pressure MOVPE growth. For the device structure, in SOA/EAM section, double ridge structure was employed to reduce the EAM capacitances and enable high bit-rate operation. In the SSC sections, buried ridge stripe (BRS) were incorporated. Such a combination of ridge, ATG and BRS structure is reported for the first time in which it can take advantage of both easy processing of ridge structure and the excellent mode characteristic of BRS. At the wavelength range of 1550-1600 nm, lossless operation with extinction ratios of 25 dB DC and more than 10 GHz 3-dB bandwidth is successfully achieved. The beam divergence angles of the input and output ports of the device are as small as 8.0 degrees x 12.6 degrees, resulting in 3.0 dB coupling loss with cleaved single-mode optical fiber. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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软件测试是保证软件质量的重要手段. 随着软件技术的发展, 软件的规模越来越大, 程序的复杂度也逐渐增加. 软件测试也由原来的人工操作逐渐走向自动化. 自动化软件测试已经成为国内外软件工程研究的热点之一. 本文研究了自动软件测试中的两个问题, 它们分别属于自动测试数据生成和错误查找两方面. 主要贡献如下: 本文提出了一种对含有字符串和字符串函数调用的C语言程序自动生成测试数据的方法. 具体做法是将C语言程序中的字符变量看成是取值范围在0~255之间的整数, 并使用字符数组来表示字符串, 同时将字符串函数建模成一阶逻辑公式和赋值语句. 通过使用前置条件和后置条件来描述函数调用语句, 将程序中的字符串函数调用语句替换成逻辑公式和赋值语句, 之后使用路径分析技术自动生成程序的测试数据. 此外, 本文还实现了一个自动化工具, 能够为真实的C程序自动生成测试数据. 另一方面, 本文还提出了一种自动检查程序中是否含有死循环的方法. 该方法基于静态代码分析, 结合了循环展开和路径可行性分析技术. 具体做法是首先通过遍历控制流图生成待查循环的检验路径, 之后通过分析检验路径的可行性以及路径之间的联系, 判断这些路径是否符合死循环模式. 在此基础上, 本文实现了原型工具, 并对一组基准程序进行测试. 实验结果表明, 工具能高效地检测出C语言程序中的死循环, 准确率较高. 工具的自动化程度较高, 能处理复杂的控制流以及嵌套的循环.

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A novel Nd3+-doped lead fluorosilicate glass (NPS glass) is prepared by a two-step melting process. Based on the absorption spectrum a Judd-Ofelt theory analysis is made. The emission line width of NPS glass is 44.2nm. The fluorescence decay lifetime of the 4F3/2 level is 586±20μsec, and the stimulated emission cross-section is 0.87×10-20cm2 at 1056nm. A laser oscillation is occurred at 1062nm when pumped by 808nm Diode Laser. The slope efficiency is 23.7% with a 415mJ threshold. It is supposed that NPS glass is a good candidate for using in ultra-short pulse generation and amplification by the broad emission bandwidth and long fluorescence lifetime.

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本论文以淀粉为研究对象,从高分子的基本理论出发,通过化学与物理的手段利用淀粉上的经基,调控了淀粉大分子链的聚集态结构,探索了将淀粉这种天然储能高分子变为实用的材料的可能性。采用化学交联的手段制备了交联淀粉膜。研究了淀粉交联后的老化过程和水在其中的结合状态。试验证明,交联键的引入使得淀粉的结晶和局部有序结构程度下降,让淀粉大分子的聚集态结构趋于均一化的同时,释放出大量的"自由轻基"。改变了淀粉膜的吸水能力和淀粉内部水分子的结合状态,综合交联与水分子的增塑作用,可以在一定程度上调控淀粉膜的力学性能。淀粉和生物降解大分子(PCL、PHBV)制备的IPN材料显著的提高了淀粉的耐水性能。通过实验证明DMSO/water配合体系作为一种高效、安全的组合溶剂对淀粉的醚化反应非常有效,取代度最高可达1.81。控制节基氯和淀粉重复单元的摩尔比、反应温度、DMSO/water组合溶剂的不同配比等可以制备出不同取代度的节基淀粉醚。经证实,淀粉的醚化反应主要发生在脱水葡萄糖环上的2位碳原子的经基上,其次发生在C-6、C-3碳原子的经基上。醚化后的淀粉即使很低的取代度(Ds:0.0546)时淀粉在x一射线衍射曲线上的结晶峰已经完全消失了。发现了稳定、高效的淀粉增塑剂FSDT。使用FSDT成功的对淀粉进行了塑化处理,而且塑化后的淀粉一年后仍保持优良的机械性能,特别是当FSDT的含量超过30%以后,淀粉从无法加工的脆性材料变成了类似弹性体的材料,在此基础对淀粉进行了化学交联,交联后样品的断裂伸长率有了更进一步的提升,达到470%。

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本论文首先研究了Ni、Zr分别对Ti-V-Cr固溶体储氢合金中Cr和Ti部分取代的影响,得到了性能良好的Ti0.17Zr0.08V0.35Cr0.10Ni030基质合金。在此基础上进一步研究了入甄、B、Fe、Co、Al元素的添加或取代对基质合金的结构及电化学性能的影响。采用XRD、ICP、SEM一EDX、XPS、EIS、线性极化和阳极极化等表征手段对Ti一V-Cr固溶体储氢合金的结构及电化学性能进行分析和表征,主要结果如下:①Ti一V-Cr合金自身在碱性电解液中几乎无电化学活性。当用Ni部分取代Cr后,合金中出现具有电化学活性的第二相,其电化学性能得到有效地改善和提高。②Ti0.25-xZr_xV0.35Cr0.1Ni0.3(x=0.05-0.15)合金主要是由bcc相和c14Laves相组成。随Zr含量从0.05增加到0.08,合金电极的放电容量和倍率放电能力增加;当x继续从0.08增加到0.15时,其变化较小。合金电极的电荷转移电阻随x增加而降低,当x在0.08到0.15之间变化时,电荷转移电阻变化也比较小。表明电荷转移电阻的大小与合金的电化学性能密切相关。③经过50次充、放电循环后,Tio.17zr"sV时scrol0Ni03。合金电极在303K和313K的放电容量能保持在90%以上;在70℃时的放电容量仍能达到275mA扮g。根据不同温度时的交换电流密度,计算了Ti。,17Zr008V时SCr川0Ni030合金电极表面电化学反应的表观活化能,其值约为50kJ/mol。④通过Nln、B、Fe、C。、AI对Tio.17zroosvo35Crol0Nio3。合金基质的添加与取代的研究,得到了具有高容量的储氢合金。其中Tio.17Zr008Vo35Cro.10Ni020Mnol。合金室温最高放电容量达到390n1A扮g;在253一343K的温度范围内,Tiol7Zr08V035Cr0JONioz5Mnoos合金具有高的放电容量,其容量在167一298mA树g之间变化,但是这些合金的稳定性有待进一步的提高。⑤合金充、放电过程中,晶格的扭曲和膨胀、Zr和V的溶解使得合金结构发生变化;合金的严重粉化及表面致密氧化膜的形成,是导致Ti一V-Cr合金电化学性能的衰减的主要原因。

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贮氢合金是镍一金属氢化物电池的核心材料,其综合性能的改善是提高镍一金属氢化物电池性能的关键。本研究以探索镍一金属氢化物电池新型负极材料为目的,以非ABS型贮氢合金为研究对象,采用X射线衍射、Rietveld分析、恒电流充/放电、P-C-T曲线及线性微极化等方法,从基础和潜在应用等方面详细研究了非ABS型合金的结构与电化学性能。对La-Ni体系中非ABS型二元合金的结构和电化学性能的研究表明,LaNi_(228)具有最优异的高倍率充电性能;La_2Ni_7合金电极的高倍率放电性能最佳;La_7Ni_3在低温条件下表现出较好的放电性能。然而,所有得到的La-Ni合金电极容量远低于其理论容量。因此,必须通过进一步研究,如元素取代、热处理、表面处理等来提高其电化学容量。对RENi_3(RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,Th,Dy,Ho,Er,Y)研究表明:YNi_3合金因其具有最大的晶胞体积,最小的密度,而表现出最好的高倍率充/放电性能及低温放电性能,但其高温放电性能需要进一步提高,以满足实际应用的要求。用Al、Mn、Ti、Fe、Sn、Si、Cr、M。、Cu和Co十种元素取代Ni进行了大量的配方筛选工作。得到了大量的实验数据,并发现LaNi_(3.7)Al_(0.3)合金电极电化学放电容量最高,达290.8mAh/g;LaNi_(3.7)Mo_(0.3)合金电极的高倍率放电性能最好,在以4200mA/g的电流密度下进行放电时,其放电容量仍达到145.8mA/g;而I镍一金属氢化物电池新型负极材料研究镍一金属氢化物电池新型负极材料的研究Al的取代会使合金电极性能对温度不敏感。以我们的实验为基础,进一步进行合金配方的微调,具有可能开发出具有实用价值的贮氢合金的潜力。在Ar保护下用真空电弧炉熔炼合成了四种Lal一xMg:(NICoAI)3.6体系贮氢合金,制成姐卜Ni电池负极,通过恒电流充/放电方法研究了其电化学性能。结果表明:Lal一xMg:(NiCoAI)3.6体系金属氢化物电极较容易活化,室温下具有优异的高倍率放电性能,在以4200mA/g电流放电时,La卜汉gx(NICoAI)36合金电极的放电容量是ABS型合金电极的3倍,达152hah/g,显示出良好的动力学特性。R,入1兮Ni(R:raree田劝,Ca,Y)型合金因能吸引/释放1.8一1.87%质量的HZ而被认为是种很有希望的贮氢合金。但其吸/放氢平台过高,循环寿命短。如何提高Rh厦g剑19循环稳定性是这类合金能否成功商业化的关键。研究发现,Co能够显著提高ABS型合金电极的循环寿命,但其价格太贵。人们发现Al在提高电极寿命方面与C。有类似的作用,但Al元素的添加因其在碱性电解质的作用下在电极表面易生成致密的氧化膜而不利于氢的扩散,进而对高倍率放电性能不利。入物在提高电极表面活性,改善其高倍率放电性方面作用明显。本工作在前面的基础上用Al和MO联合取代Ni,以期待同时改善La一Mg一Ni一Co合金的循环稳定性和高倍率放电性能。详细研究了La07Mg03Ni切一(A105Mo05)x(x:o,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)系列贮氢合金的晶体结构和电化学性能。X射线衍射及Rietveld分析发现:所有La07Mg03Ni4D一x(A105Mo05)x合金均为包含PuNi3结构的六方LaZMgNig相、CaCus结构的LaNis主相及L匆Ni7,LaN儿和LaNi杂相的多相结构。合金中La(La,Mg)剑19相及LaNis相的晶格参数及晶胞体积均随合金中Al和Mo含量的增加而增大。用电化学方法测得的RC一T曲线显示:Al和'fo部分取代Ni降低了氢的平台压力。随合金中Al和Mo含量的增加,电极的电化学容量从329.7(x=0)、徽橇毓孺鑫盆一11瀚加至365.物A吨(=0.6)后又降低到351.3毗吨(x=0.8)。当以1200m刀g的电流密度进行放电时,其I{RD从62.0%沁0)增加到82.1%沁0.8)。线性微极化结果显示:Al和Mo的添加增大了合金表面的交换电流密度,因而也改善了合金电极的高倍率放电性能。另外,Al和M。取代合金中的Ni增大了氢在电极合金中的扩散系数(D),改善了La07Mgo3Ni4。一x(Alo5M。。5)x(X=o,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)合金电极的低温放电性能(LTD)。

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本论文利用溶胶一凝胶法和水热法制备了不同离子(Eu~3+,Sm~3+,Mn~2+,Fe~3+,Co~2+,Ni~2+)作为磁性杂质的ZnO基稀磁半导体,并系统地研究了材料的薄膜、粉末和纳米结构的结晶特性、结构形态和光、电、磁性质。溶胶一凝胶法制备的薄膜的晶体为c轴取向生长的六方纤维锌矿结构。薄膜的取向生长受烧结气氛、烧结温度和掺杂离子浓度的影响,其中烧结气氛是影响薄膜取向生长的最直接、最显著因素。随着烧结气氛中氧含量的减小,薄膜的沿c轴生长的趋势加强。此外,烧结温度的提高也增强薄膜沿c轴生长的趋势,但掺杂离子浓度的增加却抑制薄膜的c轴取向生长特性。通过薄膜表面形态的研究发现,在空气中烧结的薄膜由立方晶粒构成,而在真空中烧结的样品则由不规则的片状晶粒组成。组成薄膜的多晶颗粒粒径小于10Onm,15层薄膜的膜厚为357-366nm。掺杂离子在薄膜中均匀分布,成膜过程不改变掺杂离子(Eu3+,Sm3+,Mn2+,Fe3+,Co2+,Ni2+)和基质离子(Zn2+和O2-)的价态。 不同Eu3+掺杂浓度的ZnO薄膜样品的吸收光谱的吸收边出现在363nm和368nm之间,对应半导体材料的禁带宽度Eg=3.42~3.40ev。由于Eu3+改变了薄膜的表面性质,Zn1-xEux(0.005≤x≤0.15)薄膜在可见光区出现了一系列干涉带。Zn1-xTMxO薄膜的吸收光谱的吸收边位置出现在356nm-369nm,对应半导体的禁带宽度为3.34-3.46eV,在可见光区发现了Co2+的电子的d-d跃迁引起的吸收带。随着掺杂浓度的增加,薄膜的透光率逐渐减小。Zn1-xCoxO薄膜在近紫外与可见光区的透光率都在60%以上,Zn1-xEuxO薄膜的透光率则高达90%。在Zn1-xEuxO薄膜的激发发射光谱中,以613nm作为监控波长,激发光谱除了检测到Eu3+的7F→5D能级的吸收跃迁外,还检测到最大值位于378nm附近的ZnO的吸收带。以394nm为激发波长,发射光谱检测到Eu3+的5D0→7FJ(J=1,2,3,4)跃迁。以zno的带隙能量378nm作为激发波长进行激发,检测到Eu3+的5D0→7F2跃迁,说明基质zno和E矿十之间存在能量交换。薄膜磁性测试在4-400K温度范围内进行,发现在此温度范围内Zn0.9Eu0.1O薄膜表现居里一外斯顺磁性;在低温区,存在磁性增强现象。zno.gCoo.IO薄膜在23oK以下表现为铁磁性,200K的M-H曲线显示薄膜的剩磁(Br)约为0.21em侧g,矫顽力(Hc)约为327Oe。但Zn0.9Mn0.1O,Zn0.9Ni0.1O,Zn0.9Co0.1O薄膜的磁性测试则显示在80K以上三种薄膜均表现为顺磁性。Zn0.9Eu0.1O薄膜的电阻呈现典型的半导体性质,在ZT的磁场下,薄膜在110K获得最大14.53%的磁阻率。Zn1-xTMxO薄膜的电阻也表现典型的半导体特性,实验研究了薄膜在不同掺杂离子浓度、外加磁场以及温度条件下的磁阻性质。粉末样品中磁性离子的掺杂浓度均小于薄膜样品。Co,Fe,Ni,Mn掺杂的Zn1-xTMxO粉末在80以上均为顺磁性。在Co2+掺杂的粉末样品中没有发现类似于薄膜样品的铁磁性,说明DMS的磁性与制备条件关系密切。实验证明了利用sol-gel方法,Zno:TM稀磁半导体能够有效地组装在MCM-41和AAO的孔道内。ZnO:TM材料组装进在MCM-41孔道后,不改变孔道的六方结构但使孔径变小。随着组装次数的增加,MCM-41的孔径和孔容累进减小。组装在AAo模板孔道内的材料呈单分散纳米颗粒状态,颗粒粒径小于loonm。组装材料的磁性测试显示:组装在MCM-41内的Zn0.9Co0.1O材料在80K-30OK呈现超顺磁性。而Mn,Fe,Ni掺杂的Zno在此温度范围内表现顺磁性。组装在AAO内的ZnO:TM(TM=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)材料在SOK-30OK温度范围内都呈现顺磁性。在水热法合成ZnO:A(A=Bu,Sm,co)纳米粒子的过程中,发现反应温度、压力、时间和溶液浓度等因素只影响Znl.xCoxO纳米粒子的的产量,而溶液的酸度却影响产物的形貌。控制溶液的酸度,可以控制产物的形貌从粒状向棒状转变。当溶液的PH=5时,在甲醇:水体系中可以水热合成规则的棒状ZnO:RE(RE=Eu,Sm)纳米晶。所得到的Zn0.98Co0.02O纳米晶在80K呈超顺磁行为,而ZnO:RE(RE=Eu,Sm)纳米晶在80K则表现较弱的顺磁性。 实验通过控制水热条件,制备了一种新型结构的柠檬酸锌晶体。由于利用了水热反应的非平衡合成条件,所得到的晶体的层状结构不同于目前已知的所有柠檬酸配合物的离散型分子结构。单晶衍射结果表明:化合物是一个由八面体和一个非对称单元交替相连构成的二维层状结构。

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近年来,随着金属多层膜,磁隧道结和钙钦矿锰氧化物等材料中磁阻现象的发现,以研究磁阻效应的机理和应用为目的的磁电子学迅速发展。这其中钙钦矿结构的稀土锰氧化物以其超大的磁阻值和丰富的物理内涵而备受瞩目。尽管人们对此已做了大量的工作,但是对这类氧化物的深入认识直至超大磁电阻效应物理机制的合理解释仍需做艰苦细致的努力。本论文选择层状钙钦矿稀土锰氧化物作为研究对象,系统地研究了A位,B位的变化和B位原子之间的相互作用对氧化物的结构、磁性和磁阻性质的影响。希望得到钙钦矿中磁、电性质和磁阻与结构之间的关系,能对该系列化合物中电、磁性质的变化规律和相互作用机理作出合理的解释。基于LaSr2Mn2O7的结构特殊性,我们选择了它作为母体化合物。并通过过渡金属离子Cr,Ti,Ni,Fe对Mn离子取代来研究B位原子的变化对性质的影响。结果发现,Cr3+因为与Mn4+具有相同的电子形态而能够参与双交换作用,使掺杂Cr3+的系列样品的磁化强度随cr含量的增加而增加。而掺杂讨+,Ni2+,Fe3+离子的化合物虽然与Mn离子之间的相互作用各不相同,但引起的磁性变化却是相同的。这四种元素的掺杂都提高了体系的磁阻和电阻率。通过对这几种过渡金属取代的比较,发现在LaS2Mn2O7中对Mn离子进行取代的离子和Mn离子之间的交换作用对磁性质的影响并不起主要作用,掺杂引起的主要作用是致使Mn位的无序度增加和对双交换作用的稀释和阻碍。值得注意的是每个系列样品中都有一个样品的磁阻在高温时出现较大的正值,且随着温度的降低转变为负值。例如,在Fe掺杂的系列样品中,只有x=0.2的样品表现出正磁阻,且MR在28OK时达到74%。这可能是因为掺杂导致的结构变化引起的。这种正磁阻对材料的应用意义重大。电荷有序对磁阻材料是一种很重要的状态,为了提高LasrZMn2O7的电荷有序温度,我们选择了具有孤对电子的Bi3+来取代Sr2+。结果发现,单相样品只能持续到x≤0.2。样品的电荷有序温度并没有象预想的那样有所提高。这是因为体系的二维结构抑止了Bi3+离子的作用,同时由于体系中Bi3+的含量较少没有达到提高电荷有序温度的程度。但Tco降低的程度相对于其它离子的取代效果(如Gd)要低。目前n=3的层状钙钦矿研究较少,但是由于该化合物具有结构可变性和理论上可以解释磁转换机理,我们对(La,ca)4kMn3O10进行了深入的研究。在La3-3xCa1+3xMn3O10(0.5≤x≤1.0)中随La3+含量的减少,该系列化合物经历了从铁磁性到顺磁性再到反铁磁性的转变,同时在磁阻上也经历了由负磁阻(x=0.5~0.7)到正磁阻(x=0.8-1.0)的转变。根据磁性和电性的变化规律,我们认为这种正负磁阻的转变是由于体系中超交换和双交换作用的相互竞争引起的。La3+含量多时,Mn3十离子含量较多,双交换作用占主导地位,产生负磁阻;随着Mn3+离子含量的减少,双交换作用逐渐减弱,Mn4+离子之间的反铁磁性超交换作用逐渐增强,产生了正磁阻。在低掺杂浓度时LaxCa4-xMn3O10(x=0-0.9)经历了顺磁性到反铁磁性的转变,为了了解其磁性变化过程,我们进一步研究了富含Mn4+的这一区间。发现磁化强度在x≤0.2的范围内随x增加而增强,在高于0.2的掺杂范围后随x的增加而逐渐降低。这是因为这一区间的磁结构由基态时的G型-AFM向x=0.9时的C型-AFM的转变。而且这种转变与载流子浓度密切相关。