Melhoria da Atenção ao Programa de Acompanhamento de Pessoas com Hipertensão Arterial e/ou Diabetes Mellitus, na UBS Orlando Martha, Manacapuru/AM.

As doenças cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa de morbi-mortalidade na população brasileira. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica e o diabetes mellitus representam um dos principais fatores de risco para este agravamento. Assim, o objetivo principal da intervenção foi ampliar a cobertura do Programa de Acompanhamento de Pessoas com Hipertensão Arterial e Diabetes Mellitus, com meta de atingir 45% de cobertura aos hipertensos (353) e 50% aos diabéticos (97), e conferir qualidade ao atendimento prestado aos mesmos. A análise situacional deste programa na UBS Orlando Martha evidenciou, por meio do caderno de ações programáticas, cobertura de 17% hipertensos (134) e 47,4% diabéticos (92), assim como ausência de um registro específico e rotina de cuidados preventivos e de promoção à saúde. Este projeto foi estruturado para ser realizado no período de 03 meses, de agosto a outubro de 2014. Utilizou-se como protocolo para atendimento destes pacientes os Cadernos de Atenção Básica Nª36 e Nª37, Ministério da Saúde, 2013. Ao final da intervenção foram atendidos 219 hipertensos e 126 diabéticos, cobertura de 28% dos hipertensos e 64% dos diabéticos. Todos (100%) receberam orientações sobre hábitos saudáveis e foram estratificados quanto ao risco cardiovascular. Criou-se sistema de registro pela adoção de ficha espelho para 100% dos pacientes. Portanto, a meta de cobertura dos pacientes diabéticos foi alcançada, entre os hipertensos manteve-se abaixo da meta. A intervenção gerou mudanças positivas, qualificação no registro, adoção de rotina de orientações em sala de espera, envolvimento da equipe no conhecimento e solução da problemática, fortalecendo o trabalho como grupo, sendo todos igualmente responsáveis por buscar melhorias ao serviço prestado e à comunidade.

Antibody Recognition Of Plasmodium Falciparum Infected Red Blood Cells By Symptomatic And Asymptomatic Individuals In The Brazilian Amazon.

In the Amazon Region, there is a virtual absence of severe malaria and few fatal cases of naturally occurring Plasmodium falciparum infections; this presents an intriguing and underexplored area of research. In addition to the rapid access of infected persons to effective treatment, one cause of this phenomenon might be the recognition of cytoadherent variant proteins on the infected red blood cell (IRBC) surface, including the var gene encoded P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1. In order to establish a link between cytoadherence, IRBC surface antibody recognition and the presence or absence of malaria symptoms, we phenotype-selected four Amazonian P. falciparum isolates and the laboratory strain 3D7 for their cytoadherence to CD36 and ICAM1 expressed on CHO cells. We then mapped the dominantly expressed var transcripts and tested whether antibodies from symptomatic or asymptomatic infections showed a differential recognition of the IRBC surface. As controls, the 3D7 lineages expressing severe disease-associated phenotypes were used. We showed that there was no profound difference between the frequency and intensity of antibody recognition of the IRBC-exposed P. falciparum proteins in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic infections. The 3D7 lineages, which expressed severe malaria-associated phenotypes, were strongly recognised by most, but not all plasmas, meaning that the recognition of these phenotypes is frequent in asymptomatic carriers, but is not necessarily a prerequisite to staying free of symptoms.

Características físicas e mecânicas de misturas de solo, cimento e cinzas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

This work was done with the objective of studying some physical and mechanical characteristics of the sugarcane bagasse ash added to a soil-cement mixture, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The sugarcane bagasse ash pre-treatment included both sieving and grinding, before mixing with soil and cement. Different proportions of cement-ash were tested by determining its standard consistence and its compressive resistance at 7 and 28 days age. The various treatments were subsequently applied to the specimens molded with different soil-cement-ash mixtures which in turns were submitted to compaction, unconfined compression and water absorption laboratory tests. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 20% of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash without any damage to the mixture's compressive strength.

Nerve endings of filliform, fungiform and vallate papillae of dorsal tongue mucosa of White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari): Neurohistological observations

The neurohistologic observations were performed using the specimens prepared by Winkelmann and Schmitt silver impregnation method. The tissues were fixed in 10% formalin solution and sections of 40µm thickness were obtained by Leica Cryostat at -30ºC. The sections of dorsal mucosa of White-lipped peccary tongue showed numerous filliform and fungiform papillae, and two vallate papillae on the caudal part. The epithelial layer revealed queratinized epithelial cells and the connective tissue papillae of different sizes and shapes. Thick nerve fiber bundles are noted into the subepithelial connective tissue of the papillae. The connective tissue of fungiform and vallate papillae contained numerous sensitive nerves fibers bundles forming a complex nerve plexus.

Efeitos de instruções sobre respostas de checagem

O estudo teve o objetivo de testar o controle verbal de diferentes instruções sobre respostas de checagem. Dois participantes adultos foram instruídos a separar quatro tipos de sementes misturadas. Utilizou-se um delineamento sujeito único ABCA na apresentação das instruções. Os resultados mostraram que a instrução C com descrição de conseqüências aversivas aumentou a freqüência das respostas de checagem, sendo que o participante um o fez em relação à instrução B com autoclítico e o participante dois em relação à instrução A de linha de base. Na fase de reversão ambos os participantes diminuíram a freqüência após a apresentação de uma instrução A sem descrição de conseqüências aversivas. Sugere-se que a instrução C especificando toda a contingência pode ter estabelecido função aversiva para as respostas de separação não-efetivas.

A reabilitação neuropsicológica sob a ótica da psicologia comportamental

CONTEXTO: A reabilitação neuropsicológica é um dos componentes do tratamento de clientes* com lesões cerebrais e/ou distúrbios neurológicos e neuropsiquiátricos. Os programas de reabilitação podem se beneficiar do emprego de procedimentos** comportamentais, principalmente porque a ciência da análise do comportamento dispõe de ferramentas valiosas para a modificação do comportamento e o auxílio nos processos de aprendizagem. OBJETIVOS: Este artigo objetiva discursar sobre a interação entre as áreas de reabilitação neuropsicológica e análise do comportamento. MÉTODOS: Inicia-se esta empreitada apresentando o que é a reabilitação neuropsicológica, passando pela clarificação do emprego de procedimentos comportamentais tanto na avaliação como na reabilitação neuropsicológicas e quais os cuidados necessários na preparação de um programa. RESULTADOS: Objetiva-se, assim, despertar o interesse pelo desenvolvimento de novos estudos neste vasto campo e chamar a atenção dos neuropsicólogos para a importância da aquisição de conhecimentos básicos em análise do comportamento. CONCLUSÃO: Isso parece ser conseqüência não da escassez de estudos sobre o emprego de procedimentos comportamentais em programas de reabilitação neuropsicológica, mas sim da falta de percepção, por parte dos profissionais de reabilitação, de que muitos procedimentos por eles empregados são comportamentais. Ou pode ainda refletir um desconhecimento sobre a existência da vertente da neuropsicologia comportamental, ou ainda ser apenas reflexo dos preconceitos de que a análise do comportamento é alvo.

Fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis entre beneficiários da saúde suplementar: resultados do inquérito telefônico Vigitel, Brasil, 2008

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a distribuição dos principais fatores de risco (FR) e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) entre os beneficiários de planos de saúde. Foi utilizada amostra aleatória de adultos com 18 ou mais anos de idade nas capitais brasileiras, analisando-se frequências de FR em 28.640 indivíduos em 2008. Homens mostraram alta prevalência dos seguintes fatores de risco: tabaco, sobrepeso, baixo consumo de frutas e legumes, maior consumo de carnes gordurosas e álcool, enquanto mulheres mostraram maior prevalência de pressão arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia e osteoporose. Homens praticam mais atividade física e mulheres consomem mais frutas e vegetais. Homens com maior escolaridade apresentam maior frequência de sobrepeso, consumo de carnes com gorduras e dislipidemia. Entre mulheres, tabaco, sobrepeso, obesidade e doenças autorreferidas decrescem com aumento da escolaridade, enquanto o consumo de frutas e legumes, atividade física, mamografia e exame de papanicolau aumentam com a escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: a população usuária de planos de saúde constitui cerca de 26% da população brasileira, e o estudo atual visa acumular evidências para atuação em ações de promoção da saúde para esse público.

Characterization of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters and mussels in São Paulo, Brazil

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium, responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. Most of the clinical isolates produce thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) encoded by tdh and trh genes respectively. In this study, twenty-three V. parahaemolyticus, previously isolated from oysters and mussels were analyzed by PCR using specific primers for the 16S rRNA and virulence genes (tdh, trh and tlh) and for resistance to different classes of antibiotics and PFGE. Nineteen isolates were confirmed by PCR as V. parahaemolyticus. The tlh gene was present in 100% of isolates, the tdh gene was identified in two (10.5%) isolates, whereas the gene trh was not detected. Each isolate was resistant to at least one of the nine antimicrobials tested. Additionally, all isolates possessed the blaTEM-116 gene. The presence of this gene in V. parahaemolyticus indicates the possibility of spreading this gene in the environment. Atypical strains of V. parahaemolyticus were also detected in this study.

Antidepressant-like effects of an apolar extract and chow enriched with Nepeta cataria (catnip) in mice

Nepeta cataria (catnip) is a plant used in pet toys and to treat human diseases. Catnip has also been used in the treatment of some depressive disorders. In this paper, we studied the antidepressant, anxiogenic, and motor activity effects of acute and repeated feeding of chow enriched with 10% N. cataria leaves and the acute and repeated administration of apolar and polar extracts of N. cataria leaves in male mice. The results showed that repeated feeding and acute and repeated administration with the apolar extract reduced immobility in the behavioral despair test but did not alter elevated plus maze and open-field parameters. Acute feeding and the acute and repeated administration of the polar extracts of N. cataria leaves did not alter the behavior of mice. These data suggest that N. cataria has antidepressant properties. Moreover, this antidepressant activity was present in the apolar extract.

Moxidectin interference on motor activity of rats

The present study investigated the effects of t moxidectin (MXD) in some parameters of rat motor function and neurochemical. The general activity in the open field and the motor coordination in the wooden beam were employed to evaluate the MXD effects. The results showed that, in the open field, even at high doses (2.0 and 20.0 mg/kg), the MXD did not alter the locomotion and the rearing frequencies. However, MXD was able to impair the motor coordination of the animals at wooden beam. Neurochemical studies of striatal GABA and dopamine neurotransmitters showed a reduced levels of dopamine and its metabolite, homovanillic acid, without interference on striatal GABA levels. Since GABAergic receptor stimulation had an inhibitory effect on dopaminergic striatal system, the decreased motor coordination could be attributed to an action of MXD on dopamine system via GABA activation.

The Relationship between Population Structure and Aluminum Tolerance in Cultivated Sorghum

Background: Acid soils comprise up to 50% of the world's arable lands and in these areas aluminum (Al) toxicity impairs root growth, strongly limiting crop yield. Food security is thereby compromised in many developing countries located in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. In sorghum, SbMATE, an Al-activated citrate transporter, underlies the Alt(SB) locus on chromosome 3 and confers Al tolerance via Al-activated root citrate release. Methodology: Population structure was studied in 254 sorghum accessions representative of the diversity present in cultivated sorghums. Al tolerance was assessed as the degree of root growth inhibition in nutrient solution containing Al. A genetic analysis based on markers flanking Alt(SB) and SbMATE expression was undertaken to assess a possible role for Alt(SB) in Al tolerant accessions. In addition, the mode of gene action was estimated concerning the Al tolerance trait. Comparisons between models that include population structure were applied to assess the importance of each subpopulation to Al tolerance. Conclusion/Significance: Six subpopulations were revealed featuring specific racial and geographic origins. Al tolerance was found to be rather rare and present primarily in guinea and to lesser extent in caudatum subpopulations. Alt(SB) was found to play a role in Al tolerance in most of the Al tolerant accessions. A striking variation was observed in the mode of gene action for the Al tolerance trait, which ranged from almost complete recessivity to near complete dominance, with a higher frequency of partially recessive sources of Al tolerance. A possible interpretation of our results concerning the origin and evolution of Al tolerance in cultivated sorghum is discussed. This study demonstrates the importance of deeply exploring the crop diversity reservoir both for a comprehensive view of the dynamics underlying the distribution and function of Al tolerance genes and to design efficient molecular breeding strategies aimed at enhancing Al tolerance.

Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling

Background: With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity. Results: In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered incertae sedis in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. Conclusion: A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.

Changes in Calcium-Binding Protein Expression in Human Cortical Contusion Tissue

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces several cellular changes, such as gliosis, axonal and dendritic plasticity, and inhibition-excitation imbalance, as well as cell death, which can initiate epileptogenesis. It has been demonstrated that dysfunction of the inhibitory components of the cerebral cortex after injury may cause status epilepticus in experimental models; we proposed to analyze the response of cortical interneurons and astrocytes after TBI in humans. Twelve contusion samples were evaluated, identifying the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs). The study was made in sectors with and without preserved cytoarchitecture evaluated with NeuN immunoreactivity (IR). In sectors with total loss of NeuN-IR the results showed a remarkable loss of CaBP-IR both in neuropil and somata. In sectors with conserved cytoarchitecture less drastic changes in CaBP-IR were detected. These changes include a decrease in the amount of parvalbumin (PV-IR) neurons in layer II, an increase of calbindin (CB-IR) neurons in layers III and V, and an increase in calretinin (CR-IR) neurons in layer II. We also observed glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP-IR) in the white matter, in the gray-white matter transition, and around the sectors with NeuN-IR total loss. These findings may reflect dynamic activity as a consequence of the lesion that is associated with changes in the excitatory circuits of neighboring hyperactivated glutamatergic neurons, possibly due to the primary impact, or secondary events such as hypoxia-ischemia. Temporal evolution of these changes may be the substrate linking severe cortical contusion and the resulting epileptogenic activity observed in some patients.

Contralateral cortical response of a subpopulation of interneurons and the glial glutamate transporter GLT1 to an ischemic core

Introduction: Cerebral ischemia is an important cause of brain lesion in humans. The target in research has been the ischemic core or the penumbra zones; little attention has been given to areas outside the core or the penumbra but connected with the primary site of injury. Objective: Evaluate the laminar response of a subpopulation of gabaergic cells, those that are parvalbumin (PV) positive and the astrocytes through the expression of the glial transporter GLT1 on the contralateral cortex to an ischemic core. Methodology: For this purpose we used the medial cerebral artery occlusion model in rats. The artery was occluded for 90 minutes and the animals were sacrificed at 24 and 72 hours post-ischemia. The brains were removed, cut in a vibratome at 50 microns and incubated with the primary antibodies against PV or GLT1. Sections were developed using the vectastain Kit. In control tissue the primary antibody was omitted. Results: When compared with control animals, treated ones show a decrease in the expression of GLT1, especially in layers III and IV of the contralateral cortex to the ischemic core. PV positive cells increases in layers II and V. Conclusion: Increases in the expression of PV cells could correspond to an adaptation associated with glutamate increases in the synaptic compartment. These increases may be due to decreases in the expression of GLT1 transporter, that could not remove the glutamate present in the synaptic cleft, generating hyperactivity in the contralateral cortex. These changes could represent an example of neuronal and glial plasticity in remote areas to an ischemic core but connected to the primary site of injury.