Total IgE detection in paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from patients with neurocysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis (NC), the presence of Taenia solium metacestodes in tissues, is the most frequent and severe parasitic infection of the central nervous system. We investigated the presence of total IgE by an automated chemiluminescence assay in 53 paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from patients with NC (P) and in 40 CSF samples from individuals with other neurological disorders as the control group (C). Total IgE concentration ranged from 1.2 to 6.6 IU/ml (mean = 1.4 IU/ml, standard deviation-sd = 1.1 IU/ml) in 28.3% of CSF samples from the P group, a value significantly higher than for the C group (£1.0 IU/ml). The serum samples from the P group showed concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 2330.0 IU/ml (mean = 224.1 IU/ml, sd = 452.1 IU/ml), which were higher than the normal value cited by the manufacturer (<100.0 IU/ml) in 32.1% of the samples. A significant difference was observed in CSF samples from the P and C groups (p = 0.005) and in serum samples from the P group compared to the normal value (p = 0.005), with sera showing more frequent abnormal results.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in calcified nodules of aortic stenotic valves

Aortic Valve Stenosis (AVS) has been explained as an atherosclerotic process of the valve as they often exhibit inflammatory changes with infiltration of macrophages, T lymphocytes and lipid infiltration. The present study investigated whether the bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), detected previously in atherosclerotic plaques, are also present in AVS. Ten valves surgically removed from patients with AVS were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy. The mean and standard deviation of the percentage areas occupied by CP antigens and MP - DNA were respectively 6.21 +/- 5.41 and 2.27 +/- 2.06 in calcified foci; 2.8 +/- 3.33 and 1.78+/- 3.63 in surrounding fibrotic areas, and 0.21 +/- 0.17 and 0.12 +/- 0.13 in less injured parts of the valve. There was higher amount of CP and MP in the calcified foci and in the surrounded fibrosis than in more preserved valvular regions. In conclusion, the fact that there were greater amounts of CP and MP in calcification foci of AVS favors the hypothesis that AS is not an inevitable degenerative process due to aging, but rather that it may be a response to the presence of these bacteria, similarly to the morphology detected in atherosclerosis damage.

Determination of Microcystin-LR in waters in the subnanomolar range by sol–gel imprinted polymers on solid contact electrodes

The present work reports new sensors for the direct determination of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in environmental waters. Both selective membrane and solid contact were optimized to ensure suitable analytical features in potentiometric transduction. The sensing layer consisted of Imprinted Sol–Gel (ISG) materials capable of establishing surface interactions with MC-LR. Non-Imprinted Sol–Gel (NISG) membranes were used as negative control. The effects of an ionic lipophilic additive, time of sol–gel polymerization, time of extraction of MC-LR from the sensitive layer, and pH were also studied. The solid contact was made of carbon, aluminium, titanium, copper or nickel/chromium alloys (80 : 20 or 90 : 10). The best ISG sensor had a carbon solid contact and displayed average slopes of 211.3 mV per decade, with detection limits of 7.3 1010 M, corresponding to 0.75 mg L1 . It showed linear responses in the range of 7.7 1010 to 1.9 109 M of MC-LR (corresponding to 0.77–2.00 mg L1 ), thus including the limiting value for MC-LR in waters (1.0 mg L1 ). The potentiometric-selectivity coefficients were assessed by the matched potential method for ionic species regularly found in waters up to their limiting levels. Chloride (Cl) showed limited interference while aluminium (Al3+), ammonium (NH4 + ), magnesium (Mg2+), manganese (Mn2+), sodium (Na+ ), and sulfate (SO4 2) were unable to cause the required potential change. Spiked solutions were tested with the proposed sensor. The relative errors and standard deviation obtained confirmed the accuracy and precision of the method. It also offered the advantages of low cost, portability, easy operation and suitability for adaptation to flow methods.

Stochastic model of transcription initiation of closely spaced promoters in escherichia coli

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica

Sympathetic overactivity and arrhythmias in tetanus: electrocardiographic analysis

As a result of the advances in the control of pulmonary insufficiency in tetanus, the cardiovascular system has increasingly been shown to be a determining factor in morbidity and mortality but detailed knowledge of the cardiovascular complications in tetanus is scanty. The 24h-Holter was carried out in order to detect arrhythmias and sympathetic overactivity in 38 tetanus patients admitted to an ICU. The SDNN Index (standard deviation from the normal R-to-R intervals), was useful in detecting adrenergic tonus, and ranged from 64.1 ± 27 in the more severe forms of tetanus to 125 ± 69 in the milder ones. Sympathetic overactivity occurred in 86.2% of the more severe forms of the disease, but was also detected in 33% of the milder forms. Half the patients had their sympathetic overactivity detected only by the Holter. The most frequent arrhythmias were isolated supraventricular (55.2%) and ventricular (39.4%) extrasystoles. There was no association of the arrhythmias with the clinical form of tetanus or with the presence of sympathetic overactivity. The present study demonstrated that major cardiovascular dysfunction, particularly sympathetic overactivity, occurs in all forms of tetanus, even in the milder ones. This has not been effectively detected with traditional monitoring in ICU and may not be properly treated.

Influence of Apolipoprotein E Plasma Levels and Tobacco Smoking on the Induction of Neutralising Antibodies to Interferon-Beta

Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with a potential for induction of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Because immune reactivity depends on changes in lipoprotein metabolism, we investigated whether plasma lipoprotein profiles could be associated with the development of NAbs. Thirty-one female MS patients treated with subcutaneously administered IFN-beta were included. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between NAbs response groups using t tests for continuous and logistic regression analysis and Fisher's exact tests for categorical data, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of potential confounders. Patients who developed NAbs had lower apoE levels before treatment, 67 (47-74) mg/L median (interquartile range), and at the moment of NAb analysis, 53 (50-84) mg/L, in comparison to those who remained NAb-negative, 83 (68-107) mg/L, P = 0.03, and 76 (66-87) mg/L, P = 0.04, respectively. When adjusting for age and smoking for a one-standard deviation decrease in apoE levels, a 5.6-fold increase in the odds of becoming NAb-positive was detected: odds ratios (OR) 0.18 (95% CI 0.04-0.77), P = 0.04. When adjusting for apoE, smoking habit became associated with NAb induction: OR 5.6 (95% CI 1.3-87), P = 0.03. These results suggest that apoE-containing lipoprotein metabolism and, possibly, tobacco smoking may be associated with risk of NAb production in female MS patients treated with IFN-beta.

QuEChERS: a sample preparation for extraction of carbaryl from rat feces

Carbamate compounds are an important group of cholinesterase inhibitors. There is a need for creating awareness regarding the risks of the inadequate carbamate use in the residential areas due to potential adverse human effects. Carbaryl is a commonly used pesticide worldwide. A simple, fast, and high throughput method was developed employing liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector to determine carbaryl residues in rat feces. The extraction was performed by using a rapid, easy, cheap, effective, reliable, and safe (QuEChERS) method, using acetonitrile as the extracting solvent. The parameters for the performance of the extraction method were optimized, such as ratio of mass of sample per volume of extraction solvent, QuEChERS content, and cleanup columns. Linear response was obtained for all calibration curves (solven and matrix-matched) over the established concentration range (5 500 mg/L) with a correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. The achieved recovery was 97.9% with relative standard deviation values of 1.1% (n D 4) at 167 mg/kg fortified concentration level and the limits of detection and quantification were 27.7 and 92.3 mg/kg respectively.

Eruca sativa: Benefits as antioxidants source versus risks of already banned pesticides

Eruca sativa (rocket salad) has been intensely consumed all over the world, insomuch as, this work was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant status and the environmental contamination (positive and negative nutritional contribution) of leaves and stems from this vegetable. Antioxidant capacity of rocket salad was assessed by mean of optical methods, such as the total phenolic content (TPC), reducing power assay and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The extent of the environmental contamination was reached through the quantification of thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCP) by using gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) and compound confirmations employing gas chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The OCP residues were extracted by using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology.The extent of the environmental contamination was reached through the quantification of thirteen OCP by using gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) and compound confirmations employing GC-MS/MS. The OCP residues were extracted by using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology. This demonstrated that leaves presented more antioxidant activity than stems, emphasizing that leaves contained six times more polyphenolic compounds than stems. In what concerns the OCP occurrence, the average recoveries obtained at the three levels tested (40, 60 and 80 µg kg−1) ranged from 55% to 149% with a relative standard deviation of 11%, (except hexachrorobenzene). Three vegetables samples were collected from supermarkets and analysed following this study. According to data, only one sample achieved 16.21 of β-hexachlorocyclohexane, confirmed by GC-MS/MS. About OCP quantification, the data indicated that only one sample achieved 16.21 µg kg−1 of β-hexachlorocyclohexane, confirmed by GC-MS/MS, being the QuEChERS a good choice for the of OCPs extraction. Furthermore, the leaves consumption guaranty higher levels of antioxidants than stems.

Simuladores Fisiológicos na avaliação metrológica de esfigmomanómetros

Este documento apresenta uma avaliação sobre o uso dos simuladores fisiológicos como padrão para avaliação metrológica dos esfigmomanómetros automáticos na estimação da pressão sanguínea pelo método não invasivo (PNI). O presente estudo procurou avaliar o enquadramento destes equipamentos com os procedimentos das normas e recomendações usadas para apreciação metrológica dos esfigmomanómetros digitais. No contexto da prática metrológica existente determinou-se a existência de uma oportunidade de melhoria nos processos relacionados. O trabalho procurou obter resposta a diversas questões, relacionando a medição da pressão pelo método não invasivo, com o uso dos simuladores fisiológicos, o contexto em que estes podem ser usados, as formas de simulação, as medições e os resultados, procurando a perspetiva metrológica como enquadramento. As recomendações existentes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8], são muito claras nos procedimentos, validação e nos desvios permitidos para os monitores da tensão arterial (MTA), equipamento que permite a avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos do paciente, no entanto, quando se pretende avançar para outro domínio, como o do uso dos simuladores, em particular para a simulação da PNI, não existem recomendações ou normas tão claras, e não existe sobretudo um padrão de referência que imite a natureza dinâmica que caracteriza a pressão sanguínea. O trabalho procurou ainda estabelecer a ligação entre o método clássico de auscultação (o principio de determinação da PS), a técnica digital de medição e os simuladores, para uma melhor compreensão do que é a pressão sanguínea, e como relacionar a problemática da simulação e a de um padrão de referência. Neste trabalho estão ainda presentes abordagens a diversos tópicos, como as validações clínicas, acessórios, ou a metrologia e que influenciam no final os equipamentos e o contexto que se pretende avaliar. Os diversos equipamentos testados procuraram conter amostras diversificadas, quer para os MTA de uso profissional ou doméstico, assim como para os simuladores. A avaliação dos simuladores foi realizada contra um grupo de MTAs. Foi testada a influência na medição, causada pela mudança de acessórios, ou seja, nos resultados, merecendo consideração pela perspetiva metrológica. No resumo dos testes e do estudo sobre este tema, verificou-se que esta tipologia de equipamentos pode contribuir como complemento do processo de calibração típico (estático). Não constitui por si só um método alternativo, mas permitiu estimar possíveis limites de erro e desvio padrão a partir da observação dos resultados práticos, limites esses inferiores aos processos de validação clínica. Atendendo às particularidades, estimou-se como desvio aceitável um erro mais desvio padrão de 5 + 3 mmHg para o processo de simulação. Contudo considera-se ainda importante os testes adicionais em que o simulador permite, ao verificar as medidas de segurança implementadas no equipamento e a condição dos acessórios, que como verificado afetam os resultados. No entanto nem todos os simuladores se mostram adequados a este processo pelo que a qualidade da seleção do equipamento para este fim pode eventualmente reduzir ainda mais os possíveis limites.

Long-term biosignals visualization and processing

Thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Biomedical Engineering

Cirurgia Obliterativa do Prolapso dos Órgãos Pélvicos - uma Opção ainda Válida?

Objective: To investigate the results of vaginal obliterate surgery in elderly women with pelvic organ prolapse. Design: observational retrospective study. Material and Methods: a total of 69 women with the diagnosis of pelvic prolapse were submitted to obliterative surgery in the urogynecology unit of a tertiary care hospital centre over the course of 8 years (2001 to 2008). The following data were collected from their clinical records: age, number of vaginal births, body mass index (BMI), hormone therapy, other existing diseases, type of prolapse and stage, anaesthetic risk score, duration of surgery, length of hospital stay, and short-term complications. Results: Of the 69 women studied, 31 were submitted to colpocleisis and the remaining 38 were managed by the LeFort technique. Mean age was 74.8 years with a standard deviation (sd) of 7.14 years. Average BMI was 26.2 (sd =3.76). Vaginal births were recorded in all patients. Only three patients were taking hormone therapy at the time of surgery. Sixty-three women were classified as having and anesthetic risk of II or III and 55 underwent local-regional anesthesia. Complications were reported in five cases, four of which in the first days after surgery. Nearly all were mild and resolved within the first 6 weeks. Conclusion: Complication rates appear to be low after obliterative surgery for pelvic organ prolapse in elderly women.

Lower Atherosclerotic Burden in Familial Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

OBJECTIVE: Despite the apparent familial tendency toward abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation, the genetic causes and underlying molecular mechanisms are still undefined. In this study, we investigated the association between familial AAA (fAAA) and atherosclerosis. METHODS: Data were collected from a prospective database including AAA patients between 2004 and 2012 in the Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Family history was obtained by written questionnaire (93.1% response rate). Patients were classified as fAAA when at least one affected first-degree relative with an aortic aneurysm was reported. Patients without an affected first-degree relative were classified as sporadic AAA (spAAA). A standardized ultrasound measurement of the common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), a marker for generalized atherosclerosis, was routinely performed and patients' clinical characteristics (demographics, aneurysm characteristics, cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors, and medication use) were recorded. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to assess the mean adjusted difference in CIMT and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to calculate associations of increased CIMT and clinical characteristics between fAAA and spAAA. RESULTS: A total of 461 AAA patients (85% men, mean age, 70 years) were included in the study; 103 patients (22.3%) were classified as fAAA and 358 patients (77.7%) as spAAA. The mean (standard deviation) CIMT in patients with fAAA was 0.89 (0.24) mm and 1.00 (0.29) mm in patients with spAAA (P = .001). Adjustment for clinical characteristics showed a mean difference in CIMT of 0.09 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.15; P = .011) between both groups. Increased CIMT, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were all less associated with fAAA compared with spAAA. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows a lower atherosclerotic burden, as reflected by a lower CIMT, in patients with fAAA compared with patients with spAAA, independent of common atherosclerotic risk factors. These results support the hypothesis that although atherosclerosis is a common underlying feature in patients with aneurysms, atherosclerosis is not the primary driving factor in the development of fAAA.

Tilt Training Increases Vasoconstrictor Reserve in Patients with Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is a common clinical entity resulting from an excessive reflex autonomic response, particularly during orthostatism. Treatment options are controversial and of limited effectiveness. Tilt training (TT) is a promising option to treat these patients. However, its mechanism of action and clinical impact remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To characterize hemodynamic and autonomic responses during a TT program in patients with NCS refractory to conventional measures. METHODS: We studied 28 patients (50% male, mean age 41±14 years) without structural heart disease, with NCS documented by tilt testing. The TT program included 9 tilt sessions (3 times a week, 30 min) (60° - 6 sessions, 70° - 3 sessions), under ECG and blood pressure monitoring combined with home orthostatic self-training and 10° head-up during sleep. Systolic volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability were computed. Patients were reassessed at 1 month and every 6 months for a maximum of 36 months (24±12 months). RESULTS: Over the course of the TT program there was a significant increase in total peripheral resistance (1485±225 vs. 1591±187 dyn·s·cm(-5), p<0.05), with a decrease in standard deviation (206±60 vs. 150±42, p<0.05). During follow-up, syncope recurred in five patients (19%), with a significant reduction in the number of episodes (4.0±3.2/patient in the 12 months before TT vs. 1.4±0.8/patient post-TT, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In refractory NCS, TT may be an effective therapeutic option, with long-term benefits. These results appear to be due to an increase in vasoconstrictor reserve combined with a reduction in its variance.

The effect of demand information sharing in a supply chain under demand uncertainty: a simulation study

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial

Burnout dos enfermeiros nos serviços de saúde em Portugal : um estudo de caso na Saúde 24 Porto

RESUMO - A síndrome de burnout, definida pela exaustão emocional, despersonalização e realização pessoal, designa um estado de fadiga física e emocional crónico dos profissionais, o qual pode comprometer as organizações. Neste estudo descritivo, pretende-se estudar a síndrome de burnout nos enfermeiros dos serviços de saúde, especialmente focado nos serviços de atendimento permanente telefónico, suas características, consequências e estratégias de prevenção. A população alvo serão todos os enfermeiros que trabalham em serviços de atendimento permanente telefónico e a amostra, não probabilística e de conveniência, os enfermeiros que desempenham funções no centro de atendimento da Saúde 24 Porto. Primeiramente aborda-se o conceito de burnout e a sua relação com a prática de Enfermagem, de seguida é realizada uma descrição sobre os centros de atendimento em saúde até à atual situação da Saúde 24. Na amostra em estudo, enfermeiros da Saúde 24 Porto, existe predominância do sexo feminino (66,99%) e a média de idades é de 32 anos (26 anos de idade mínima, 49 de idade máxima e desvio padrão de 4,59). Constatou-se que 94,26% desempenha funções de enfermeiro comunicador e os restantes 5,74% são enfermeiros supervisores, a média de anos de atividade profissional é de 5,67 anos e 36,4% dos enfermeiros desempenha funções na Saúde 24 há mais de 3 anos. Foi aplicado o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach e os resultados indicaram a ausência de síndrome de esgotamento profissional. Existem níveis médios de burnout, sustentados pelos valores obtidos na exaustão emocional no terço inferior (<19,10), e valores no terço inferior, na realização pessoal (<38,00) e nível baixo na despersonalização (<4,90). No que concerne à idade não foram encontradas correlações significativas em nenhuma das dimensões, contudo, no que refere ao tempo de serviço verificou-se que existem correlações significativas e negativas para a exaustão emocional e para a despersonalização ou seja, a tendência atual é a de que os enfermeiros com menos tempo de serviço têm maior tendência para scores mais altos de burnout. Existe uma relação entre as variáveis, grau académico, exaustão e despersonalização, a qual mostrou uma tendência para scores mais altos em relação a enfermeiros licenciados e pós graduados nas dimensões de exaustão e despersonalização contrariamente aos enfermeiros com o grau de mestre ou especialidade. Existe também uma relação entre as variáveis género e despersonalização, sendo o score baixo, aquele que apresenta maior expressão no sexo masculino, mas principalmente no sexo feminino. As mulheres têm scores mais baixos que os homens nesta dimensão, traduzindo-se na percentagem mais elevada obtida (67,1%, contra 53,6%). E em contrapartida nos resultados obtidos para o score alto relativo à despersonalização, os homens apresentam um resultado pior do que as mulheres, sendo 26,1% para os homens e 12,1% para as mulheres. Quando se examinam as funções desempenhadas distribuídas pelas dimensões de burnout, verifica-se a existência de uma relação entre a variável função desempenhada e a realização pessoal. Nos resultados percebeu-se que, quanto mais elevada a função desempenhada (enfermeiro supervisor), mais baixa é a realização pessoal. E esta dimensão tem o score inverso, logo a interpretação deverá ser feita no sentido de que, quanto mais elevada for a função, maior será a realização pessoal. Os resultados obtidos são animadores contudo a vulnerabilidade para este tipo de problema, entre enfermeiros, potencializada pelo tipo de trabalho realizado por estes profissionais de saúde será desejável estar atento e usar estratégias para enfrentar o burnout quando ele surgir. O fenómeno burnout não é apenas como um problema do individuo mas é principalmente um problema da organização.