Trapping success and population analysis of Siren lacertina and Amphiuma means

Siren and Amphiuma are two poorly known genera of aquatic salamanders that occur in the Southeastern United States. A primarily bottom-dwelling existence makes these salamanders difficult to detect with conventional sampling methodologies. Therefore, the current status of their populations is unknown. I compared the capture success of modified crayfish traps and plastic minnow traps in capturing these salamanders. In addition, a mark-recapture study of S. lacertina (Greater siren) and A. means (Two-toed amphiuma) was conducted at Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (southern Georgia) and at Katharine Ordway Preserve (north-central Florida) from August 2001 until September 2002. Crayfish traps were much more successful than minnow traps in catching siren and amphiuma. Crayfish traps yielded 270 captures for an overall capture success of 16%, whereas minnow traps yielded only 13 captures for an overall success rate of 0.05%. In addition, several marking techniques were evaluated, and of these, only passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags were retained for the duration of the study. Therefore, I recommend this marking technique for long-term monitoring of S. lacertina and A. means. Several variables were found to have significant effects on capture rates of salamanders. A. means were most often captured in summer and the number of captures was positively correlated with water temperature, water level, and rainfall. S. lacertina were most often captured during winter and spring. Number of captures was negatively correlated with water temperature, while no relationship was found with water level or rainfall. Trap day and baiting had no significant effect on number of A. means or S. lacertina captured. Recapture probabilities of both species were low, 0.025-0.03 for S. lacertina and 0.08-0.11 for A. means. Monthly survival rates were high, 0.77-0.97 for A. means and 0.88-1.00 for S. lacertina. Density estimates of 1.3 salamanders/m2 (S. lacertina) and 0.28 salamanders/m2 (A. means) were obtained for Lake Suggs using Jolly-Seber models. Siren and amphiuma make up a substantial part of wetland biomass and can impact many other wetland species. Thus, more attention must be focused on evaluating and monitoring their populations.

Fatores associados a óbito e hospitalizações em uma clínica de insuficiência cardíaca

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa cujo objetivo geral foi descrever e analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca atendidos pela Clinica de IC de um Hospital Universitário. Os objetivos específicos orientam-se para:(a)Caracterizar os casos de Insuficiência Cardíaca segundo variáveis demográficas, variáveis clínicas, de diagnóstico e co morbidades;(b)Comparar as características clínicas e demográficas dos pacientes conforme grupos etiológicos identificados e fração de ejeção;(c)Determinar a taxa de mortalidade e hospitalização dos pacientes acompanhados pela clínica. Os dados analisados neste estudo são oriundos de um banco de dados onde são alocadas informações dos pacientes em atendimento ambulatorial da referida clinica.Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, freqüências e porcentagens assim como tabelas e gráficos para a demonstração dos dados levantados.Os mesmos foram analisados através do software SPSS v.18.0, no qual se utilizou a estatística multivariada e curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meyer.Os resultados apontam para uma predominância masculina de 60,1%, com idade de 63,5 anos. Na caracterização quanto à classe funcional observa-se que a predominante é a classe funcional I e II com 73,6% do total. Os pacientes assistidos apresentam uma média de 42% da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e 61,7% possuem etiologia não isquêmica. Em nosso estudo, descrevemos 71,8% de portadores de disfunção sistólica. Os pacientes com etiologia isquêmica tinham predomínio do sexo masculino(70,7%), e a etiologia não isquêmica com uma prevalência maior do sexo feminino(45,5%vs 29,3%;p<0,001). Além disso, os pacientes isquêmicos eram mais idosos (p<0,001), com historia familiar de DAC(p<0,041), presença de diabetes (p<0,001). A disfunção sistólica(FE<50%) era predominante no grupo de pacientes isquêmicos(77%vs 69%; p=0,048).As classes funcionais mais avançadas(III e IV) foram menos predominantes nos indivíduos isquêmicos(32,5%) em relação aos não isquêmicos(41,3%;p=0,041).O paciente de etiologia isquêmica recebeu tratamento farmacológico semelhante ao não isquêmico com exceção do uso de AAS(p<0,001).Esses indivíduos cursaram com maior numero de internações por outras causas exceto IC(p<0,001) e maior numero de óbitos(p=0,007).Em relação à fração de ejeção, observou-se que indivíduos com FE>50% tinham predomínio do sexo feminino(p=0,006),mais idosos(p<0,001),de etiologia não isquêmica(p=0,048) e classes funcionais I e II(p=0,025).Indivíduos com FE<50% eram mais graves, apresentando maior número de internações por IC(37,8%vs20%;p<0,001), e internações por outras causas(27,2%vs17,5%;p=0,018) e maior número de óbitos (18%vs8,4%;p=0,005) do que os com fração de ejeção preservada. O resultado desse estudo teve como finalidade o conhecimento do perfil de uma população própria, com o objetivo de aprimorar a assistência prestada a ela. Os enfermeiros de Clínicas de IC, juntos com os profissionais da equipe multidisciplinar, desempenham papel fundamental no acompanhamento, orientação e educação desses pacientes.

Temperature dependence of thermal properties of Ag8In14Sb55Te23 phase-change memory materials

The dependence of thermal properties of Ag8In14Sb55Te23 phase-change memory materials in crystalline and amorphous states on temperature was measured and analyzed. The results show that in the crystalline state, the thermal properties monotonically decrease with the temperature and present obvious crystalline semiconductor characteristics. The heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity decrease from 0.35 J/g K, 1.85 mm(2)/s, and 4.0 W/m K at 300 K to 0.025 J/g K, 1.475 mm(2)/s, and 0.25 W/m K at 600 K, respectively. In the amorphous state, while the dependence of thermal properties on temperature does not present significant changes, the materials retain the glass-like thermal characteristics. Within the temperature range from 320 K to 440 K, the heat capacity fluctuates between 0.27 J/g K and 0.075 J/g K, the thermal diffusivity basically maintains at 0.525 mm(2)/s, and the thermal conductivity decreases from 1.02 W/m K at 320 K to 0.2 W/m K at 440 K. Whether in the crystalline or amorphous state, Ag8In14Sb55Te23 are more thermally active than Ge2Sb2Te5, that is, the Ag8In14Sb55Te23 composites bear stronger thermal conduction and diffusion than the Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change memory materials.

Evaluación de un programa de fisioterapia respiratoria en pacientes sometidos a resección pulmonar

169 p.+ anexos

The abiotic ecology of breeding ground of Palaemonid prawns in the Ilaje Estuary, Ondo State, Nigeria

In situ ecological assessment of the breeding grounds of palaemonid prawns was conducted in some selected locations around Ondo state coastal area between the months of April and September. Data obtained were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistics. Three species of Palaemonid prawns were identified in four different locations within the study area with relative abundance ratio of 4:3:1. Macrobrachium macrobrachion, Nematopalaemon hastatus and Palaemon maculatus respectively. Sex ratio of 1 male to 5 females for M. macrobrachion, and 1 male to 2 females for N. hastatus and P. maculatus were observed with result showing significant relationships (P < 0.05) in distribution patterns across collection sites. Population distribution within the water column showed that palaemons are sub-lithoral prawns inhabiting maximum mean depth of 0.67m ± 0.025. Surface macro-phytes such as Eichhornia crassipies, Paspalum vaginatum, and Pistia stratiotes are common providing hiding spots for the prawn at the breeding ground. The mean soil pH across the sites stands at 6.67± 0.399 with the soil textural class that range from silty-loam to silty-clay. Also, the water quality parameters of study areas suggest that captive culture and rearing of Palaemons may be feasible outside the breeding areas.

Population structure of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in British Columbia and Washington, determined with microsatellites

Population structure of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from British Columbia and Washington was examined with a survey of microsatellite variation to describe the distribution of genetic variation. Variation at 16 microsatellite loci was surveyed for approximately 46,500 pink salmon sampled from 146 locations in the odd-year broodline and from 116 locations in the even-year broodline. An index of genetic differentiation, FST, over all populations and loci in the odd-year broodline was 0.005, with individual locus values ranging from 0.002 to 0.025. Population differentiation was less in the even-year broodline, with a FST value of 0.002 over all loci, and with individual locus values ranging from 0.001 to 0.005. Greater genetic diversity was observed in the odd-year broodline. Differentiation in pink salmon allele frequencies between broodlines was approximately 5.5 times greater than regional differentiation within broodlines. A regional structuring of populations was the general pattern observed, and a greater regional structure in the odd-year broodline than in the even-year broodline. The geographic distribution of microsatellite variation in populations of pink salmon likely ref lects a distribution of broodlines from separate refuges after the last glaciation period.

Estudo da função vascular em hipertensos com diabetes tipo 2 em uso de losartana ou anlodipino

As doenças cardiovasculares permanecem como a principal causa de morte no mundo, e têm a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) como uns dos seus principais fatores de risco. Sabidamente, a HAS e o DM2 são doenças frequentemente associadas. A escolha dos fármacos anti-hipertensivos a serem utilizados no tratamento de pacientes hipertensos diabéticos tem como objetivo o controle da pressão arterial, a redução da morbimortalidade das complicações macro e microvasculares. Alterações na função endotelial precedem as alterações morfológicas do vaso e contribuem para o desenvolvimento das complicações macrovasculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação de alterações vasculares funcionais com o uso de losartana ou anlodipino em pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos tipo 2. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com coleta de dados prospectiva. Os pacientes incluídos foram randomizados e divididos em dois grupos, sendo avaliados na sexta semana da utilização de losartana 100 mg/dia ou anlodipino 5 mg/dia, com aferição da PA, realização de monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e testes para avaliação de parâmetros vasculares como tonometria de aplanação, velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) e dilatação mediada por fluxo (DMF) da artéria braquial. Foram incluídos 42 pacientes, 21 em cada grupo. A distribuição da amostra demonstrou uma predominância do sexo feminino (71%) nos dois grupos e uma semelhança na idade média dos pacientes (54,06,9 anos, no grupo losartana e 54,94,5 anos, no grupo anlodipino). A média dos valores de pressão arterial na sexta semana foram 15319/909 mmHg no grupo losartana e 14514/848 mmHg no grupo anlodipino, não havendo diferença estatística entre os grupos. O augmentation index (AIx; 309% vs. 368%, p=0,025), assim como a augmentation pressure (166 mmHg vs. 208 mmHg, p=0,045) foram menores no grupo anlodipino do que no grupo losartana. Os valores obtidos para VOP e DMF foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Em pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos tipo 2, o tratamento com anlodipino em dose média comparado com losartana em dose máxima associou-se a menores níveis de pressão arterial casual. Menores valores de AIx foram observados no grupo anlodipino, com um padrão de reflexão da onda de pulso mais favorável neste grupo. Os valores da VOP e DMF encontrados foram semelhantes nos dois grupos podendo sugerir influências da losartana sobre os parâmetros vasculares independentes do efeito pressórico.

同域分布两种兰科植物的传粉生物学及其防止同株异花授粉机制

兰科植物是被子植物中物种最丰富和最进化的类群之一，具有精巧、多样化的花部结构以及独特的吸引传粉者方式。开展兰科植物传粉生物学的研究对理解自然选择机制和异花授粉优势学说具有重要的理论意义。广西雅长兰科植物自然保护区是我国第一个以兰科植物命名的保护区，本文通过对保护区内同域分布的流苏贝母兰（Coelogyne fimbriata）和兔耳兰(Cymbidium lancifolium )传粉过程观察和繁殖成功等方面的研究，探讨兰科植物传粉机制和防止同株异花授粉的机制。同时结合传粉生物学研究的结果，对兰科植物多样性保护提出相关建议。主要研究结果如下： 1．流苏贝母兰的传粉生物学 在保护区2 个居群内对流苏贝母兰花期物候、传粉者种类和行为进行了连续3 年（2005-2007）的观察，对花和传粉者形态学指标进行了测量，对两个居群内所选取实验样地的花粉移走率、花粉接收率和结实率进行了详细的统计，通过动物行为学实验检测了花香对传粉者吸引方面的影响。并通过人工繁育系统实验检测流苏贝母兰的繁殖特征。结果显示，流苏贝母兰为具有特殊气味且无花蜜的兰科植物，由一种黄胡蜂属（Vespula）昆虫的雌性个体专性传粉，此为第二例由胡蜂专性传粉的具有食源性欺骗机制的兰科植物，且在传粉者行为和吸引机制与第一例存在很大差异。行为学实验显示花香对传粉者具有吸引作用。流苏贝母兰的花期与实验地黄胡蜂的繁殖季节和种群扩张期相吻合，在此期间，为了满足自身和幼虫的需求，黄胡蜂对碳水化合物需求大大增加。推测流苏贝母兰利用了黄胡蜂在繁殖和种群扩张期间需要大量摄取碳水化合物类物质，通过模拟碳水化合物来源（如果实或有花蜜、汁液分泌的植物）的气味，吸引传粉者。居群内花粉移走率、花粉接收率和结实率分别为0.069-0.918，0.025-0.695和0.014-0.069。结实率较低的原因可能与流苏贝母兰的自交不亲和特性和传粉者连续访问造成的同克隆授粉有关。其自交不亲和特性能有效地阻止自交，促进异交，同时蕊喙在接收花粉24 h 内与柱头愈合也能够减少花粉浪费，提高雄性适合度。 2．兔耳兰的传粉生物学 在保护区1 个居群内对兔耳兰进行了连续2 年（2005-2006）的观察和实验。观察发现兔耳兰唯一的传粉者为膜翅目蜜蜂科的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)。中华蜜蜂在花内的停留时间为8-71 s。根据观察我们推测兔耳兰可能是通过其唇瓣上无规则的紫栗色小斑点(假蜜导)来吸引中华蜜蜂为其传粉, 属于食源性欺骗方式。在传粉过程中兔耳兰的药帽与花粉团和粘盘一起粘在中华蜜蜂胸背部。药帽的存在能够阻止下一朵被拜访的花实现雌性功能。兔耳兰药帽高度加上传粉昆虫胸高大于传粉通道入口的高度, 支持兔耳兰可能通过药帽来减少同株异花授粉现象的推测。蕊喙会在花粉接受72 h 内逐渐下弯并与柱头愈合，将接受的花粉包裹，且有些花的花萼片和侧面的两个花瓣会环抱住唇瓣侧裂片及蕊柱形成的入口，即传粉通道，避免继续接收花粉，增加花粉输出，提高雄性适合度。2005 和2006 年该兔耳兰居群的自然繁殖成功率分别为0.211 和0.213。繁育系统实验证明兔耳兰是高度自交亲和物种，不存在无融合生殖和自动自花授粉的现象, 其结实依赖传粉者。TTC 法检测结果显示兔耳兰种子活力达85.78%因此推断种子活力不是制约兔耳兰种子萌发的主要原因。而传粉者的密度和访问频率可能是影响兔耳兰结实的重要因素, 并最终影响兔耳兰种群的维持和扩张。 3．兰科植物促进繁殖成功的机制 植物通过各种方式吸引传粉者的最终目的是实现繁殖成功，是植物生活史的重要环节。兰科植物具有雌雄同体的合蕊柱的特殊结构，为了避免花粉-柱头间的干扰，其进化出一系列特殊的花部结构和适应机制，如欺骗性吸引机制、花粉块柄弯曲、花粉干缩等等。流苏贝母兰作为大量开花的克隆植物，其自交不亲和特性是促进异交的重要机制，另外蕊喙在花粉接收24 h 内与柱头发生愈合也是减少同株异花授粉机率的重要花部适应特征。兔耳兰为聚丛状生长的兰科植物，总状花序具多朵花，在传粉过程中通过药帽的阻挡和机械隔离，使携带于昆虫背部的花粉不能进入花内与柱头发生接触，避免同株异花授粉的发生。另外兔耳兰也存在花部适应的机制，蕊喙在花粉接收72 h 内逐渐下弯与柱头愈合，同时有些花的花萼片和侧面的两个花瓣环抱传粉通道入口，避免继续接收花粉，提高雄性适合度。 4. 兰科植物传粉系统和多样性保护 传粉生物学的研究为兰科植物的保护生物学提供了坚固的理论基础和重要的科学依据。绝大部分的兰科植物繁殖成功受到传粉者数量的限制。由于其精巧的花部结构，约67%已知传粉系统的兰科植物仅由唯一的传粉者专性传粉。另外，在某些区域内，还存在着较高程度的传粉者共享。传粉者数量的减少已经威胁到兰科植物的繁殖生存。因此，对兰科植物的保护应不仅仅关注于植物的保护，同时还应致力于传粉系统的保护。

猕猴桃属两个种的原生质体培养与体细胞杂交

猕猴桃是重要的栽培果树，但目前栽培品种过于单一，不能满足生产和消费的需求。由于猕猴桃的雌雄异株特性、种间杂交亲合性差、遗传上高度杂合以及育种周期长等特点，常规杂交育种困难很大。现代生物技术，如原生质体培养和体细胞杂交等，为培育新品种提供了新途径。 毛花猕猴桃(Actinidia eriantha)和软枣猕猴桃(A.arguta)是猕猴桃属中具有重要利用价值的两个种。毛花猕猴桃果实大小在猕猴桃属中次于中华猕猴桃(A.chinensis)和美味猕猴桃(A.deliciosa)列第三位，果实维生素C含量达1014 mg/l00 g FW。软枣猕猴桃极耐寒，在-40℃下可安全越冬，其果实表面光滑无毛。这两个种是品种改良的重要种质资源。 作为生物技术基础的组织培养与植株再生系统，在毛花猕猴桃上尚未见报道。软枣猕猴桃的组织培养仅有一例报道，且芽分化率和分化系数都很低。这两个种的原生质体培养及与美味猕猴桃的原生质体融合也未见报道。针对这种情况，本试验对毛花猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃的组织培养、原生质体培养及其与美味猕猴桃品种“Hayward”的原生质体融合进行研究，结果建立了较理想的毛花猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃组织培养系统;首次从毛花猕猴桃原生质体得到再生植株和从软枣猕猴桃原生质体培养再生愈伤组织;通过改进融合方法，建立了毛花猕猴桃+美味猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃+美味猕猴桃的原生质体融合体系，并将异核体培养分裂得到细胞团。这些结果有利于今后毛花猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃资源的开发利用。主要试验结果如下： 以毛花猕猴桃试管实生苗叶片和茎段为外植体，培养在附加一定浓度Zea或CPPU的MS培养基上，产生的愈伤组织不经转代就可分化芽。试管苗茎段在附加0.0025 mg/L CPPU和0.1 mg/LIAA的MS培养基上愈伤组织产生、芽分化和苗生长都较理想;试管苗叶片则以附加0.025 mg/L CPPU和0.l mg/LIAA或0.5 mg/L Zea和0.1 mg/LIAA的MS培养基较好。当苗生长至1.0 cm时经诱导生根形成完整植株。 在软枣猕猴桃组织培养中，外植体种类、诱导培养基的激素种类和诱导分化时细胞分裂素种类都有重要影响。无菌苗茎段容易愈伤组织化，但分化困难;叶片外植体产生愈伤组织较难，但分化容易。在含Zea的MS培养基上，两种外植体产生的愈伤组织不经转代即能分化芽。分化培养基中添加Zea能有效地诱导芽分化，其中以2.0 mg/L Zea芽的分化最好，而Kin和BAP在0.5- 2.0 mg/L浓度范围内愈伤组织不分化。 以毛花猕猴桃或软枣猕猴桃试管苗叶片为分离原生质体的材料。试管苗的培养条件对原生质体分离效果及其培养反应有显著影响。弱光培养条件对两个种试管苗的原生质体分离及其培养都有好处，试管苗培养基也有重要影响。毛花猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃试管苗合适培养基分别为MS基本培养基（大量元素减半）和MS+0.00025 mg/L CPPU+ 0.1 mg/LIAA。在此条件下培养的两个种的试管苗叶片，经酶解后原生质体产量分别为0.7-1.8×l06和3.0-3.5×l06/1 g FW，其原生质体在合适培养基上能够分裂。 毛花猕猴桃原生质体培养在MS培养基（去除NH4N03）附加l.0mg/L2，4-D液体培养基中，约10天时发生第一次分裂，分裂能持续下去并在培养3个月时形成约2mm大小愈伤组织。直接将其转入固体培养基中使其增殖和分化。在附加Zea 0.5 mg/L+ O.l mg/L IAA的MS培养基上继代2次，愈伤组织开始分化芽。芽伸长后切下诱导生根，形成完整植株。软枣猕猴桃原生质体培养基中，MS培养基附加2，4-D配合Zea或Kin对启动分裂是必须的，其中以MS＋2，4-D 0.5 mg/L+ Zea 0.5 mg/L最好，在此培养基上原生质体第一次分裂发生在4-6天时，培养12-14天时见到第三次分裂，培养三周的分裂频率为23%。培养45天后形成许多小愈伤组织块。软枣猕猴桃原生质体再生的愈伤组织从液体培养基转入固体培养基后未见进一步分裂。 对18株毛花猕猴桃原生质体再生植株的体细胞染色体数目作了观察，其中12株为整倍体，二倍体和四倍体各六株;另外六株为混倍体，其染色体数目变化在59-203之间。还发现原生质体再生植株有丝分裂间期细胞存在多核现象，有多核细胞的共10株，细胞内多核数目以双核和三核较常见，最多的有七个核。原生质体供体植株为2n=2x=58，未发现多核细胞。原生质体再生植株体细胞多核现象未见报道。 利用毛花猕猴桃或软枣猕猴桃叶片原生质体分别与愈伤组织来源的美味猕猴桃原生质体进行融合，融合方法为高Ca++高pH值PEG法。对Kao等(1975)报道的融合步骤作了修改。影响融合效率的因素主要有PEG种类、融合作用时间和融合液中DMSO浓度。最佳的融合条件为40%PEG (Sigma，MW3350)+10%DMSO，作用40 min。毛花猕猴桃+美味猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃+美味猕猴桃的融合频率分别可达14.5%和13.6%。异核体经培养可分裂并形成细胞团。

青蒿异源基因的遗传转化及青蒿生物合成相关基因的克隆

本论文由三部分内容组成，一、药用青蒿的遗传转化，即根癌农杆菌和发 根农杆菌介导的转化系统的建立及其影响参数的研究。二、青蒿素生物合成的 分子调控。三、倍半萜生物合成相关基因的克隆。 一、药用青蒿的遗传转化。建立了Ri质粒介导和Ti质粒介导的两种转基因系统， 其中Ri质粒介导青蒿转基因系统的建立是国际上首次报道;以GFP基因为报 告基因，首次获得高效表达的青蒿转绿色荧光蛋白基因的丛生芽，并对GFP基 因的表达进行了组织和细胞水平的定位。此外，对影响两种转基因系统的主要 参数进行了较为详细的研究。上述研究为青蒿素生物合成的分子调控奠定了坚 实的基础。 二、青蒿素生物合成的分子调控。为探索提高青蒿植株或组织和器官中的青蒿 素含量，首次以棉花中克隆的杜松烯合成酶和法呢基焦磷酸合成酶的 cDNA 为 目的基因导入青蒿，对青蒿中青蒿素的生物合成进行了分子调控研究的尝试。 通过已建立的两种转基因系统，将从棉花中克隆的杜松烯合成酶和法呢基焦磷 酸合成酶的 cDNA 导入青蒿，获得转基因发根和转基因植株。结果表明，外源 基因的表达能够影响青蒿素的生物合成，其中法呢基焦磷酸合成酶基因的过量 表达能够促进青蒿素的生物合成，提高转基因发根和植株中的青蒿素的含量。 转基因发根F-26系中青蒿素含量最高达3.01 mg/g.DW，与对照相比青蒿素含量 提高3～4倍;转基因植株的青蒿素含量最高达10.08 mg/g.DW，与对照相比， 转基因植株的青蒿素产物提高2～3倍。此外，研究还表明，在转基因的发根C -37株系中，外源杜松烯合成酶基因的导入和表达可能相应地促进青蒿转基因 发根自身的法昵基焦磷酸基因的表达。 三、倍半萜生物合成相关基因的克隆。采用 RT-PCR 技术，从马铃薯 (Solanum tuberosum L.) 幼叶中克隆了 HMGRII 亚基因家族的一个新的成员 HMGR-c2（GenBank accession No．AF 096838Southem）;杂交分析表明，该基因至少以 两个拷贝以上形式存在于马铃薯基因组中;RT-PCR分析表明，HMGR -c2的 表达在幼苗期无组织特异性，广泛地存在于根、茎、叶等组织中。以青蒿001 株系的苗期叶片为材料，构建了青蒿苗期的λgtll cDNA文库，以PCR筛库方 法从青蒿中克隆一个法呢基焦磷酸合成酶cDNA (Artfps2 GenBank accession No． AF136602)和一个HMGR cDNA(GenBank accession No．AF142473);以青蒿 025株系的苗期叶片为材料，构建了青蒿苗期部分质粒文库以 PCR 筛库方法从 青蒿中克隆一个法昵基焦磷酸合成酶 cDNA (Artfpsl GenBank accession No.AF112881);此外，还从青蒿中克隆了倍半萜合成酶的 cDNA 片段(GenBank accession No.AF156854)。其中青蒿倍半萜合成酶基因的克隆是目前国际上本研 究领域最受关注的焦点和难点之一。至此，本研究已将与青蒿素生物合成相关 的三个重要的关键酶基因基本克隆，这无疑将加速青蒿素生物合成的基础和应 用研究的进程。

Effect of thyroxine on hatching and on postembryonic growth in Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala and Catla catla

Studies on the effect of thyroxine on the eggs and postembryonic growth of Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala and Catla catla have been carried out. The treatments were given in the dosages ranging from 0.025 to 0.20 mg. Lower doses of 0.025 to 0.075 mg were effective in reducing the hatching period, accelerating the yolk absorption and improving the growth of postembryonic stages in case of all the five species. Higher doses of 0.15 to 0.20 mg were found to reduce the survival significantly in B. rerio, C. carpio, L. rohita and C. mrigala.

Rate of filtration by Perna viridis pre-exposed to heavy metals

Perna viridis exposed to different concentrations of copper and zinc for varying periods and then the rate of filtration estimated under metal free culture conditions. The concentrations under which the animals were maintained before the experiments were 0.025 to 0.150 p.p.m. of zinc and 0.005 to 0.08 p.p.m. of copper.

八棱丝瓜蛋白1的体外抗HIV-1活性

目的:研究八棱丝瓜蛋白1的抗HIV-1活性.方法:通过实验株HIV-1IIIIB诱导合胞体形成抑制实验、HIV-1IIIB和临床分离株HIV-IKM018急性感染细胞以及HIV-1IIIB慢性感染细胞的p24抗原表达抑制实验检测八棱丝瓜蛋白1的抗HIV-1活性.结果:八棱丝瓜蛋白1抑制HIV-1IIIB诱导C8106细胞形成合胞体的EC50为0.025 μmol·L-1,治疗指数为76.八棱丝瓜蛋白1抑制HIV-1IIIB感染C8166和HIV-1KM018感染PBMC的p24抗原表达的EC50分别为0.033和0.207 μmol·L-1.八棱丝瓜蛋白1不抑制HIV-1IIIB在慢性感染H9细胞中的复制.结论:首次发现八棱丝瓜蛋白1是一种具有抗HIV-1活性的核糖体失活蛋白.

Tolerance of Penaeus monodon larvae to cupric sulfate added in bath

Copper is used to deter the growth of bacterial, fungal and protozoan disease organism in fishes. Zoeae (Z SUB-1 ), myses (M SUB-1 ) and postlarvae (P SUB-1 ) were exposed to copper sulfate at concentrations of 0 . 025, 0 . 05, 0 . 75, 0 . 1 and 0 . 2 ppm from 24 to 96 hours. The number of surviving larvae were counted at the end of each 24-hour period and the percentage of survival is determined for each dose level. The LC SUB-50 for each of the larval stages was interpolated from the data whenever possible. Three trials with 2 replicates per trial were conducted. The physico-chemical characteristics of the bath taken before and at the end of the experimental period show insignificant differences between initial and final values in each trial. Results indicate that mortality rates of all larval stages increased with exposure time and that mortality rates of the experimental group is higher than the control. Interpolation of the LC SUB-50 is possible only for the 48-h and 72-h exposure times for both zoeae and myses and for the 48-h exposure time for the postlarvae. This is due to the high survival percentage of the 24-h group and the low survival percentage (below 50%) of the larvae exposed for 96 hours. The 48-hour LC SUB-50 for Z SUB-1 , M SUB-1 and P SUB-1 are 0 . 225, 0 . 350 and 0 . 125 ppm respectively. Postlarvae seem to be more sensitive than either of the 2 larval stages having a lower 48-h LC SUB-50 and a low survival rate after 72 hours. The larvae were observed to lose their balance and were lethargic, producing few swimming movements so that they were mostly confined to the bottom of the aquaria. Moribund larvae observed under the microscope had a faster but weak heartbeat compared to healthy larvae. Slight or complete loss of feeding ability indicated by empty guts and delayed molting of Z SUB-1 to Z SUB-2 were also noted.