Myoglobin-biomimetic electroactive materials made by surface molecular imprinting on silica beads and their use as ionophores in polymeric membranes for potentiometric transduction

Myoglobin (Mb) is among the cardiac biomarkers playing a major role in urgent diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Its monitoring in point-of-care is therefore fundamental. Pursuing this goal, a novel biomimetic ionophore for the potentiometric transduction of Mb is presented. It was synthesized by surface molecular imprinting (SMI) with the purpose of developing highly efficient sensor layers for near-stereochemical recognition of Mb. The template (Mb) was imprinted on a silane surface that was covalently attached to silica beads by means of self-assembled monolayers. First the silica was modified with an external layer of aldehyde groups. Then, Mb was attached by reaction with its amine groups (on the external surface) and subsequent formation of imine bonds. The vacant places surrounding Mb were filled by polymerization of the silane monomers 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and propyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS). Finally, the template was removed by imine cleavage after treatment with oxalic acid. The results materials were finely dispersed in plasticized PVC selective membranes and used as ionophores in potentiometric transduction. The best analytical features were found in HEPES buffer of pH 4. Under this condition, the limits of detection were of 1.3 × 10−6 mol/L for a linear response after 8.0 × 10−7 mol/L with an anionic slope of −65.9 mV/decade. The imprinting effect was tested by preparing non-imprinted (NI) particles and employing these materials as ionophores. The resulting membranes showed no ability to detect Mb. Good selectivity was observed towards creatinine, sacarose, fructose, galactose, sodium glutamate, and alanine. The analytical application was conducted successfully and showed accurate and precise results.

Development and validation of a risk model for prediction of hazardous alcohol consumption in general practice attendees : the PredictAL study

Background: Little is known about the risk of progression to hazardous alcohol use in people currently drinking at safe limits. We aimed to develop a prediction model (predictAL) for the development of hazardous drinking in safe drinkers. Methods: A prospective cohort study of adult general practice attendees in six European countries and Chile followed up over 6 months. We recruited 10,045 attendees between April 2003 to February 2005. 6193 European and 2462 Chilean attendees recorded AUDIT scores below 8 in men and 5 in women at recruitment and were used in modelling risk. 38 risk factors were measured to construct a risk model for the development of hazardous drinking using stepwise logistic regression. The model was corrected for over fitting and tested in an external population. The main outcome was hazardous drinking defined by an AUDIT score >= 8 in men and >= 5 in women. Results: 69.0% of attendees were recruited, of whom 89.5% participated again after six months. The risk factors in the final predictAL model were sex, age, country, baseline AUDIT score, panic syndrome and lifetime alcohol problem. The predictAL model's average c-index across all six European countries was 0.839 (95% CI 0.805, 0.873). The Hedge's g effect size for the difference in log odds of predicted probability between safe drinkers in Europe who subsequently developed hazardous alcohol use and those who did not was 1.38 (95% CI 1.25, 1.51). External validation of the algorithm in Chilean safe drinkers resulted in a c-index of 0.781 (95% CI 0.717, 0.846) and Hedge's g of 0.68 (95% CI 0.57, 0.78). Conclusions: The predictAL risk model for development of hazardous consumption in safe drinkers compares favourably with risk algorithms for disorders in other medical settings and can be a useful first step in prevention of alcohol misuse.

Land cover mapping analysis and urban growth modeling using remote sensing techniques

The rapid growth of big cities has been noticed since 1950s when the majority of world population turned to live in urban areas rather than villages, seeking better job opportunities and higher quality of services and lifestyle circumstances. This demographic transition from rural to urban is expected to have a continuous increase. Governments, especially in less developed countries, are going to face more challenges in different sectors, raising the essence of understanding the spatial pattern of the growth for an effective urban planning. The study aimed to detect, analyse and model the urban growth in Greater Cairo Region (GCR) as one of the fast growing mega cities in the world using remote sensing data. Knowing the current and estimated urbanization situation in GCR will help decision makers in Egypt to adjust their plans and develop new ones. These plans should focus on resources reallocation to overcome the problems arising in the future and to achieve a sustainable development of urban areas, especially after the high percentage of illegal settlements which took place in the last decades. The study focused on a period of 30 years; from 1984 to 2014, and the major transitions to urban were modelled to predict the future scenarios in 2025. Three satellite images of different time stamps (1984, 2003 and 2014) were classified using Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier, then the land cover changes were detected by applying a high level mapping technique. Later the results were analyzed for higher accurate estimations of the urban growth in the future in 2025 using Land Change Modeler (LCM) embedded in IDRISI software. Moreover, the spatial and temporal urban growth patterns were analyzed using statistical metrics developed in FRAGSTATS software. The study resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 96%, 97.3% and 96.3% for 1984, 2003 and 2014’s map, respectively. Between 1984 and 2003, 19 179 hectares of vegetation and 21 417 hectares of desert changed to urban, while from 2003 to 2014, the transitions to urban from both land cover classes were found to be 16 486 and 31 045 hectares, respectively. The model results indicated that 14% of the vegetation and 4% of the desert in 2014 will turn into urban in 2025, representing 16 512 and 24 687 hectares, respectively.

Results of computer assisted navigation in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA): comparison with the conventional method

The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the clinical and radiographic results after TKA (PFC, DePuy), performed either by computer assisted navigation (CAS, Brainlab, Johnson&Johnson) or by conventional means. Material and methods: Between May and December 2006 we reviewed 36 conventional TKA performed between 2002 and 2003 (group A) and 37 navigated TKA performed between 2005 and 2006 (group B) by the same experienced surgeon. The mean age in group A was 74 years (range 62-90) and 73 (range 58-85) in group B with a similar age distribution. The preoperative mechanical axes in group A ranged from -13° varus to +13° valgus (mean absolute deviation 6.83°, SD 3.86), in group B from -13° to +16° (mean absolute deviation 5.35, SD 4.29). Patients with a previous tibial osteotomy or revision arthroplasty were excluded from the study. Examination was done by an experienced orthopedic resident independent of the surgeon. All patients had pre- and postoperative long standing radiographs. The IKSS and the WOMAC were utilized to determine the clinical outcome. Patient's degree of satisfaction was assessed on a visual analogous scale (VAS). Results: 32 of the 37 navigated TKAs (86,5%) showed a postoperative mechanical axis within the limits of 3 degrees of valgus or varus deviation compared to only 24 (66%) of the 36 standard TKAs. This difference was significant (p = 0.045). The mean absolute deviation from neutral axis was 3.00° (range -5° to +9°, SD: 1.75) in group A in comparison to 1.54° (range -5° to +4°, SD: 1.41) in group B with a highly significant difference (p = 0.000). Furthermore, both groups showed a significant postoperative improvement of their mean IKSS-values (group A: 89 preoperative to 169 postoperative, group B 88 to 176) without a significant difference between the two groups. Neither the WOMAC nor the patient's degree of satisfaction - as assessed by VAS - showed significant differences. Operation time was significantly higher in group B (mean 119.9 min.) than in group A (mean 99.6 min., p <0.000). Conclusion: Our study showed consistent significant improvement of postoperative frontal alignment in TKA by computer assisted navigation (CAS) compared to standard methods, even in the hands of a surgeon well experienced in standard TKA implantation. However, the follow-up time of this study was not long enough to judge differences in clinical outcome. Thus, the relevance of computer navigation for clinical outcome and survival of TKA remains to be proved in long term studies to justify the longer operation time. References 1 Stulberg SD. Clin Orth Rel Res. 2003;(416):177-84. 2 Chauhan SK. JBJS Br. 2004;86(3):372-7. 3 Bäthis H, et al. Orthopäde. 2006;35(10):1056-65.

L'Écho de Paris

1920/01/11 (Numéro 12930).

Frontal Lobe Function and Performance Monitoring following Total Sleep Deprivation

Imaging studies have shown reduced frontal lobe resources following total sleep deprivation (TSD). The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the frontal region plays a role in performance monitoring and cognitive control; both error detection and response inhibition are impaired following sleep loss. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are an electrophysiological tool used to index the brain's response to stimuli and information processing. In the Flanker task, the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) ERPs are elicited after erroneous button presses. In a Go/NoGo task, NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 ERPs are elicited during high conflict stimulus processing. Research investigating the impact of sleep loss on ERPs during performance monitoring is equivocal, possibly due to task differences, sample size differences and varying degrees of sleep loss. Based on the effects of sleep loss on frontal function and prior research, it was expected that the sleep deprivation group would have lower accuracy, slower reaction time and impaired remediation on performance monitoring tasks, along with attenuated and delayed stimulus- and response-locked ERPs. In the current study, 49 young adults (24 male) were screened to be healthy good sleepers and then randomly assigned to a sleep deprived (n = 24) or rested control (n = 25) group. Participants slept in the laboratory on a baseline night, followed by a second night of sleep or wake. Flanker and Go/NoGo tasks were administered in a battery at 1O:30am (i.e., 27 hours awake for the sleep deprivation group) to measure performance monitoring. On the Flanker task, the sleep deprivation group was significantly slower than controls (p's <.05), but groups did not differ on accuracy. No group differences were observed in post-error slowing, but a trend was observed for less remedial accuracy in the sleep deprived group compared to controls (p = .09), suggesting impairment in the ability to take remedial action following TSD. Delayed P300s were observed in the sleep deprived group on congruent and incongruent Flanker trials combined (p = .001). On the Go/NoGo task, the hit rate (i.e., Go accuracy) was significantly lower in the sleep deprived group compared to controls (p <.001), but no differences were found on false alarm rates (i.e., NoGo Accuracy). For the sleep deprived group, the Go-P3 was significantly smaller (p = .045) and there was a trend for a smaller NoGo-N2 compared to controls (p = .08). The ERN amplitude was reduced in the TSD group compared to controls in both the Flanker and Go/NoGo tasks. Error rate was significantly correlated with the amplitude of response-locked ERNs in control (r = -.55, p=.005) and sleep deprived groups (r = -.46, p = .021); error rate was also correlated with Pe amplitude in controls (r = .46, p=.022) and a trend was found in the sleep deprived participants (r = .39, p =. 052). An exploratory analysis showed significantly larger Pe mean amplitudes (p = .025) in the sleep deprived group compared to controls for participants who made more than 40+ errors on the Flanker task. Altered stimulus processing as indexed by delayed P3 latency during the Flanker task and smaller amplitude Go-P3s during the Go/NoGo task indicate impairment in stimulus evaluation and / or context updating during frontal lobe tasks. ERN and NoGoN2 reductions in the sleep deprived group confirm impairments in the monitoring system. These data add to a body of evidence showing that the frontal brain region is particularly vulnerable to sleep loss. Understanding the neural basis of these deficits in performance monitoring abilities is particularly important for our increasingly sleep deprived society and for safety and productivity in situations like driving and sustained operations.

Un été dans le Sahara

UANL

Taux quotidiens d’inhalation et paramètres cardio-pulmonaires chez l’humain selon les données publiées en rapport au double marquage des molécules d’eau pour l’analyse du risque

L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer certains paramètres respiratoires et cardiovasculaires chez des sujets de tous âges pour utilisation, à titre d’intrants physiologiques, en modélisation toxicocinétique et en analyse du risque toxique. La base de données utilisée est tirée de la littérature. Il s’agit de mesures portant sur la dépense d’énergie quotidienne de base et la dépense d’énergie quotidienne de totale obtenues, l’une par calorimétrie indirecte, l’autre par double marquage isotopique des molécules d’eau. Selon le type d’unité retenu, les valeurs les plus élevées au 99e centile des taux quotidiens d’inhalation sont obtenues chez des adolescentes et des femmes âgées de 11 à 55 ans souffrant d’embonpoint ou d’obésité, durant leur 36e semaine de grossesse (47,31 m³/jour), ainsi que chez des garçons de poids corporel normal âgés de 2,6 à moins de 6 mois (1,138 m³/kg-jour) et de 10 à moins de 16,5 ans (22,29 m³/m²-jour). Chez les enfants et les adolescents de poids corporel normal âgés de 5 à moins de 16.5 ans, les valeurs pour l’écart entre le 2,5e au 99e centile sont généralement plus élevées que celles obtenues chez les sujets plus âgés : taux de ventilation minute, 0,132 à 0,774 L/kg-min ou 4,42 à 21,69 L/m²-min versus 0,076 à 0,461 L/kg-min ou 2,80 à 16,99 L/m²-min; taux de ventilation alvéolaire, 0,093 à 0,553 L/kg-min ou 3,09 à 15,53 L/m²-min versus 0,047 à 0,312 L/kg-min ou 1,73 à 11,63 L/m²-min; débit cardiaque, 0,065 à 0,330 L/kg-min ou 2,17 à 9,46 L/m²-min versus 0,045 à 0,201 L/kg-min ou 1,63 à 7,24 L/m²-min; ratio de ventilation-perfusion, 1,12 à 2,16 versus 0,78 à 2,40. Il faut conclure que les apports inhalés en polluants, exprimés en ug/kg-min ou ug/m²-min sont plus élevés chez les enfants que chez les sujets plus âgés pour des concentrations d’exposition comparables. D’autres données montrent qu’il en est de même pour les apports inhalés par unité de poids corporel chez les femmes enceintes et les femmes qui allaitent par rapport à des sujets males d’âge comparable. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus suggère notamment que les valeurs des NOAELH de Santé Canada pourraient être abaissées par un facteur de 2,6 par utilisation du 99e centile le plus élevé des taux quotidiens d’inhalation chez les enfants; le taux de ventilation minute de 20,83 L/min approximé pour une journée de travail de 8 heures peut être considéré comme étant conservateur ; par contre, l’utilisation du taux quotidien d’inhalation de 0,286 m³/kg-jour (c.-à-d. 20 m³/jour pour un adulte de poids corporel de 70 kg) est inappropriée en analyse et gestion du risque lorsqu’appliquée à l’ensemble de la population.

Effet de la mutation du gène lrpprc sur l'activité de l'AMPK dans les fibroblastes des patients atteints du syndrome de Leigh, type canadien français

Le syndrome de Leigh, type canadien français (LSFC) est une maladie infantile orpheline causée par une mutation du gène lrpprc. Elle se caractérise par une déficience tissu spécifique de cytochrome c oxydase (COX), une dysfonction mitochondriale et la survenue de crises d’acidose lactique fatales dans plus de 80% de cas. Selon les familles des patients, ces crises apparaissent lors d’une demande excessive d’énergie. Malheureusement, les mécanismes sous-jacents à l’apparition des crises et notamment la physiopathologie du LSFC demeurent inconnus. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation du métabolisme énergétique chez les patients LSFC, nous avons examiné la régulation de la protéine kinase activée par l’AMP (AMPK), une enzyme clé de l'homéostasie énergétique, de même que certaines de ses voies cibles (SIRT1/PGC1α et Akt/mTOR) dans les fibroblastes de patients LSFC et de témoins en conditions basales et conditions de stress. En conditions basales, l’activité de l’AMPK était similaire dans les cellules LSFC et les témoins. Par contre, les cellules LSFC montraient une surexpression significative des voies Akt/mTOR et SIRT1/PGC1α comparativement aux cellules témoins. Nous avons aussi examiné ces voies de signalisation suite à une incubation de 4h avec 10 mM de lactate et 1 mM de palmitate (LP), nous permettant de mimer les conditions de « crise ». Nos résultats ont démontré que le LP augmentait les niveaux de phosphorylation de l’AMPK de 90% (p<0,01) dans les cellules témoins mais pas dans les cellules LSFC. Pourtant, l’AMPK est activée dans les cellules LSFC en réponse à une hypoxie chimique induite par le 2,4 dinitrophénol. Dans les cellules témoins, le LP augmentait aussi les niveaux d’expression de SIRT1 (57%, p<0,05), de LRPPRC (23%, p=0,045) et de COXIV (19%, p<0,05). Un prétraitement de 48h au ZMP, un activateur pharmacologique de l’AMPK, a eu un effet additif avec le LP et des augmentations de SIRT1 phosphorylée (120%, p<0,05), de SIRT1 total (75%, p<0,01), de LRPPRC (63%, p<0,001) et de COXIV (38%, p<0,001) ont été observées. Tous ces effets étaient aussi abolis dans les cellules LSFC. En conclusion, nos résultats ont démontré des altérations importantes de la régulation du métabolisme énergétique dans les fibroblastes de patients LSFC.

La dimension politique du soleil

Qu’il ait fallu attendre « Lignes aériennes » (2002) pour que les critiques s’avisent que la poésie de Pierre Nepveu avait quelque chose à dire de la politique et de l’histoire en cours est proprement aberrant. Où regardent-ils donc? Faut-il que le poème exhibe des drapeaux rouges, bleus ou noirs; qu’il vienne d’un écrivain bien connu pour ses positions sociales et dûment affilié au parti dont le commun des publicistes espère qu’il soit; qu’il aragone à tout vent ou soit atteint de la sartrose, cette maladie mal engagée de la foi; que ses vers attestent des affinités militantes, quitte à faire rimer des slogans; que son auteur soit de tel réseau ma chère; faut-il cela pour qu’un poème soit politique ou pour qu’il ait une dimension politique? Sainte-Beuve, décidément, empeste encore, aujourd’hui déguisé en sociologue de rencontre pour département de lettres, prompt à se donner l’illusion d’avoir quelque chose à dire en filant des « postures » et des « stratégies » qui renvoient encore et toujours à des intentions conspiratoires : l’auteur, figurez-vous, est de retour, il n’écrit pas, il fomente pour faire carrière. [Introduction]

A Study of Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises with particular reference to Bank of Baroda in state of Kerala

While the quantum of advances from the public sector banks (PSBs) to the MSEs has increased over the years in absolute terms, from Rs.46, 045 crore in March 2000 to Rs.1, 85,208 crore in March 2009, the share of the 7credit to the MSE sector in the Net Bank Credit (NBC) has declined from 12.5 per cent to 10.9 per cent. Similarly, there has been a decline in the share of micro sector as a percentage of Net Bank Credit (NBC) from 7.8 per cent in March 2000 to 4.9% in March 2009. (TKA.Nair, 2010)9.The major reasons for low availability of bank finance to this sector are high risk perception of the banks in lending to MSEs and high transaction costs in processing of loan applications of MSEs. The problem is more serious for micro enterprises requiring small loans and the first generation entrepreneursThe thesis studies the divergence in guidelines by, CGTMSE, RBI & Bank of Baroda on collateral free lending and analyses the awareness of MSE about CGTMSE lending. The researcher tries to assess the problems faced by borrowers in availing advance under CGTMSE from Bank of Baroda, Kerala.

Propiedades psicom??tricas de la versi??n espa??ola del Inventario de Ansiedad competitiva CSAI-2R en deportistas

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Resumen tambi??n en ingl??s

Evoluci??n de la escritura de palabras de ortograf??a arbitraria en lengua espa??ola

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n