Are team personality and climate related to satisfaction and software quality? Aggregating results from a twice replicated experiment

Research into software engineering teams focuses on human and social team factors. Social psychology deals with the study of team formation and has found that personality factors and group processes such as team climate are related to team effectiveness. However, there are only a handful of empirical studies dealing with personality and team climate and their relationship to software development team effectiveness. Objective We present aggregate results of a twice replicated quasi-experiment that evaluates the relationships between personality, team climate, product quality and satisfaction in software development teams. Method Our experimental study measures the personalities of team members based on the Big Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) and team climate factors (participative safety, support for innovation, team vision and task orientation) preferences and perceptions. We aggregate the results of the three studies through a meta-analysis of correlations. The study was conducted with students. Results The aggregation of results from the baseline experiment and two replications corroborates the following findings. There is a positive relationship between all four climate factors and satisfaction in software development teams. Teams whose members score highest for the agreeableness personality factor have the highest satisfaction levels. The results unveil a significant positive correlation between the extraversion personality factor and software product quality. High participative safety and task orientation climate perceptions are significantly related to quality. Conclusions First, more efficient software development teams can be formed heeding personality factors like agreeableness and extraversion. Second, the team climate generated in software development teams should be monitored for team member satisfaction. Finally, aspects like people feeling safe giving their opinions or encouraging team members to work hard at their job can have an impact on software quality. Software project managers can take advantage of these factors to promote developer satisfaction and improve the resulting product.

Motivación, flow e intención de práctica físico-deportiva en estudiantes de educación física de España y Latinoamérica

A pesar de los innegables beneficios físicos y psicosociales que la práctica de actividad física tiene para la población en las últimas décadas se observa un importante descenso en el nivel de práctica de actividad física durante la adolescencia. La Educación Física (EF) es una asignatura presente en las primeras etapas educativas de los currículums de todos los países y supone para la población infantil y adolescente, durante el periodo de escolarización obligatoria, un entorno de contacto cotidiano con la actividad física y deportiva lo que explica el creciente interés que existe por investigar en este contexto y extraer conclusiones que puedan ayudar a revertir el proceso de progresivo abandono de la práctica en estas edades. El presente trabajo se centra en un periodo, la adolescencia, especialmente sensible al abandono de la práctica de actividad física. Apoyándonos en tres de los marcos teóricos más importantes de los últimos años - Teoría de Metas de Logro, Teoría de la Autodeterminación y Teoría del Flow - hemos realizado un diseño con tres estudios complementarios que nos permitan avanzar en el conocimiento de las variables que afectan a esta realidad. En el primero de los estudios, en el que participaron 3990 estudiantes de EF de España, Argentina, Colombia y Ecuador con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 18 años, se fijaron como objetivos el establecimiento de perfiles motivacionales en estudiantes de EF considerando las orientaciones motivacionales, la motivación intrínseca y el flow disposicional; la comprobación de la posible estabilidad de los perfiles establecidos en cuatro países diferentes; y el análisis de la relación entre los perfiles motivacionales establecidos con la práctica de actividad física realizada en la actualidad y la intención de ser activo en el futuro. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de tres perfiles motivacionales en los estudiantes: perfil de motivación baja-moderada, perfil de motivación de alta motivación con bajo ego y perfil de alta motivación. Se encontraron similitudes en los perfiles motivacionales obtenidos en los cuatro países analizados, sugiriéndose la posibilidad de que la lengua materna compartida pueda ser una variable de influencia en la existencia de patrones conductuales similares. La orientación al ego resultó ser un elemento diferenciador en la relación de los dos perfiles que mostraron niveles más altos de motivación intrínseca, flow disposicional y orientación a la tarea con las variables de práctica. Mayores niveles de orientación al ego determinaron mayores valores de práctica e intención de práctica. En el segundo estudio, en el que participaron 365 estudiantes de EF de España, Argentina y Colombia con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 16 años, se testó un modelo explicativo de la intención de ser físicamente activo en el futuro en estudiantes de EF poco motivados introduciendo el flow disposicional como variable explicativa junto a las orientaciones motivacionales y la motivación intrínseca. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales testado muestra que tanto la orientación al ego como la orientación a la tarea y la motivación intrínseca predijeron el flow disposicional. No se encontró un efecto significativo de la orientación a la tarea sobre la motivación intrínseca, ni de esta sobre la intención de práctica de AFD en el futuro. El flow disposicional resultó ser un mediador entre ambas orientaciones motivacionales y dicha intención, adquiriendo un papel relevante en la predicción de la intención de realizar actividad física en el futuro en los sujetos con poca motivación hacia la clase de EF. En el último estudio, con una muestra de 53 estudiantes de EF pertenecientes a dos clases de segundo curso de ESO con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 15 años, se analizó el efecto de una intervención de apoyo a las NPB sobre la satisfacción de las mismas, la motivación intrínseca, la disposición a experimentar flow y la intención de ser físicamente activo en el futuro; estudiándose también el efecto de la misma sobre ciertas variables presentes en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje tales como la diversión, el aprendizaje y el gusto hacia el contenido y la metodología empleada. La intervención resultó efectiva en la mejora de todas las variables motivacionales analizadas a excepción de la satisfacción de la necesidad de relaciones sociales, variable que podría ser más difícilmente modificable en tanto que los grupos de clase suelen permanecer estables a lo largo de esta etapa educativa. Los alumnos de la condición experimental presentaron niveles más elevados de diversión, aprendizaje y gusto hacia el contenido y la metodología empleada. ABSTRACT Despite the undeniable physical and psychological benefits that physical activity has on health, a significant drop in the level of physical activity during adolescence has been observed over the last few decades. Physical education (PE) is present in the early stages of educational curricula of all countries, creating an environment in which children and adolescents can maintain daily contact with sport and physical activity during the period of compulsory education. There is thus a growing interest in research within this context, helping to draw conclusions aimed at reversing the progressive decline of physical activity in this age bracket. The work presented here focuses on adolescence – a period particularly sensitive when faced with declining rates of physical activity. Relying on three of the most important recent theoretical frameworks – Achievement Goal Theory, Self-Determination Theory and Flow Theory – we have carried out a design using three complementary studies that allow us to advance the understanding of variables affecting this reality. The first two studies employ a correlational methodology while the third follows a quasi-experimental design. The objectives of the first study, with the participation of 3990 PE students aged 12 to 18 from Spain, Argentina, Colombia and Ecuador, were: a) to establish motivational profiles in physical education students taking into consideration motivational orientations, intrinsic motivation and dispositional flow; b) to check the possible stability of the established profiles in the four countries; and c) to analyze the relationship between motivational profiles and both current levels of physical activity and intention to be physically active in the future. Results revealed the existence of three motivational profiles: low-moderate motivation profile, high motivation and low ego profile and high motivation profile. Similarities were found across the four countries, which presents the possibility that sharing the same mother tongue might influence the existence of similar behavioral patterns. Amongst the profiles that showed the highest levels of intrinsic motivation, dispositional flow and task orientation with practice variables, ego orientation became apparent as a differentiating element. Higher levels of ego orientation correlated with higher levels both in current level of physical activity and intention to be physically active in the future. In the second study, with the participation of 365 PE students aged 12 to 16 from Spain, Argentina and Colombia, an explanatory model of the intention to be physically active within the low-moderate motivation profile was tested, including dispositional flow as an influence variable together with motivational orientations and intrinsic motivation. The structural model equation in the low-moderate motivation profile shows some differences with respect to findings of similar studies using heterogeneous samples in motivational profiles. It was found that ego orientation, task orientation and intrinsic motivation predicted dispositional flow. No significant effects of task orientation on intrinsic motivation, or of intrinsic motivation on intention to be physically active in the future were found. Dispositional flow emerged as a mediator between both motivational orientations and intention, acquiring an important role in the prediction of future intentions to be physically active in adolescents who show low levels of motivation towards physical education. In the last of the three studies, with the participation of 53 PE students drawn from two classes in the second year of secondary education aged 13 to 15, the effect of an intervention to support basic psychological needs was tested against the satisfaction of these needs, intrinsic motivation, disposition to experience flow and intention to be physically active in the future. Alongside this, the aforementioned intervention was tested on certain variables present in the teaching-learning process such as fun, learning and taste for the activity and methodology. Supportive intervention was effective in improving all the motivational variables, except for the satisfaction of the relatedness variable, which may be more difficult to modify as class groups tend to remain stable throughout this educational state. Students in the experimental condition showed higher levels of fun, learning and taste for the content and methodology.

The relationship between the teacher's experience, the teacher's college major, and the teacher's level of education in predicting classroom attitudes in high school science students

A review of the literature reveals few research has attempted to demonstrate if a relationship exists between the type of teacher training a science teacher has received and the perceived attitudes of his/her students. Considering that a great deal of time and energy has been devoted by university colleges, school districts, and educators towards refining the teacher education process, it would be more efficient for all parties involved, if research were available that could discern if certain pathways in achieving that education, would promote the tendency towards certain teacher behaviors occurring in the classroom, while other pathways would lead towards different behaviors. Some of the teacher preparation factors examined in this study include the college major chosen by the science teacher, the highest degree earned, the number of years of teaching experience, the type of science course taught, and the grade level taught by the teacher. This study examined how the various factors mentioned, could influence the behaviors which are characteristic of the teacher, and how these behaviors could be reflective in the classroom environment experienced by the students. The instrument used in the study was the Classroom Environment Scale (CES), Real Form. The measured classroom environment was broken down into three separate dimensions, with three components within each dimension in the CES. Multiple Regression statistical analyses examined how components of the teachers' education influenced the perceived dimensions of the classroom environment from the students. The study occurred in Miami-Dade County Florida, with a predominantly urban high school student population. There were 40 secondary science teachers involved, each with an average of 30 students. The total number of students sampled in the study was 1200. The teachers who participated in the study taught the entire range of secondary science courses offered at this large school district. All teachers were selected by the researcher so that a balance would occur in the sample between teachers who were education major versus science major. Additionally, the researcher selected teachers so that a balance occurred in regards to the different levels of college degrees earned among those involved in the study. Several research questions sought to determine if there was significant difference between the type of the educational background obtained by secondary science teachers and the students' perception of the classroom environment. Other research questions sought to determine if there were significant differences in the students' perceptions of the classroom environment for secondary science teachers who taught biological content, or non-biological content sciences. An additional research question sought to evaluate if the grade level taught would affect the students' perception of the classroom environment. Analysis of the multiple regression were run for each of four scores from the CES, Real Form. For score 1, involvement of students, the results showed that teachers with the highest number of years of experience, with masters or masters plus degrees, who were education majors, and who taught twelfth grade students, had greater amounts of students being attentive and interested in class activities, participating in discussions, and doing additional work on their own, as compared with teachers who had lower experience, a bachelors degree, were science majors, and who taught a grade lower than twelfth. For score 2, task orientation, which emphasized completing the required activities and staying on-task, the results showed that teachers with the highest and intermediate experience, a science major, and with the highest college degree, showed higher scores as compared with the teachers indicating lower experiences, education major and a bachelors degree. For Score 3, competition, which indicated how difficult it was to achieve high grades in the class, the results showed that teachers who taught non-biology content subjects had the greatest effect on the regression. Teachers with a masters degree, low levels of experience, and who taught twelfth grade students were also factored into the regression equation. For Score 4, innovation, which indicated the extent in which the teachers used new and innovative techniques to encourage diverse and creative thinking included teachers with an education major as the first entry into the regression equation. Teachers with the least experience (0 to 3 years), and teachers who taught twelfth and eleventh grade students were also included into the regression equation.

Test Anxiety, Coping, Gender and Academic Performance in English Exams: A Study of Finnish Upper Secondary School Students

In this MA thesis, test anxiety related to English exams among Finnish upper secondary school students was studied. In addition, the ways students try to cope with test anxiety were investigated. The purpose of the study was to investigate gender differences in test anxiety, the effects of test anxiety on academic performance and relationships between test anxiety, academic performance and coping strategies. Test anxiety and coping strategies were analysed as scores of questionnaire responses. Coping strategies comprised of three categories – task-orientation and preparation, seeking social support and avoidance. Academic performance was analysed as teacher ratings of general performance in English exams. In total 67 subjects were studied. The subjects were Finnish general upper secondary school students. The data were collected by using online questionnaires. This data were mainly quantitative, but also qualitative elements were included. The quantitative data were analysed by using statistical methods. The results showed that females experienced statistically significantly more test anxiety than males. In addition, a statistically significant correlation was found between test anxiety levels and academic performance ratings of the subjects: the higher the test anxiety score, the lower the academic performance rating. A meaningful correlation was found between test anxiety and seeking social support as a coping strategy: a higher test anxiety score was related to using social support as a coping strategy. However, no relationships were found between academic performance and the three coping strategies when quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. Therefore, different coping strategies per se did not seem to be related to academic performance, but instead it was assumed that the effectiveness of coping strategies is dependent on individual differences. In order to obtain more generalisable results and to gain more understanding of test anxiety and coping with it, a larger number of subjects form different areas of Finland and of different ages could be examined in future studies. Moreover, cross-national and cross-cultural studies could provide valuable information. As a practical recommendation for educational purposes, the results of this study indicated that a more individualised approach is needed.

Moral reasoning in sport: validation of the Portuguese version of the RSBH value-judgement inventory in adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the Rudd Stoll Beller Hahm Value-judgement Inventory (RSBHVI) in a sample of adolescents. The RSBHVI, which measures moral and social reasoning, was translated using a back translation method. A sample of 238 10th to 12th grade high school students (age mean value 16.93 years, s = 1.34) completed the Portuguese versions of RSBH, and the Task and Ego-orientation Questionnaire. Partial support for the original structure of the moral reasoning scale, but not the social reasoning scale, was found. Females, and non-athletes and individual sport athletes scored significantly higher than males and team sport athletes in moral reasoning, respectively. Moral reasoning was negatively correlated with ego-orientation (r = −30; p <. 001) and uncorrelated with task-orientation (r = .10, p > .05). Participants who were low-ego scored higher in moral reasoning than those who were high-ego. It is suggested that decreasing levels of ego-orientation may be necessary to improve athletes’ moral reasoning.

The Impact of Personal Trainer’s Leadership Style on Self-Presentational Concerns, Enjoyment, Task Self-Efficacy and Intention to Exercise in an Introductory Weight Training Orientation

The purpose of the present study was to examine two leadership styles of personal trainers (bland versus enriched) to evaluate their effects on exercise-related outcomes. Participants were 103 university women with no previous experience weight training. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two leadership style conditions. They completed primary measures prior to being introduced to the personal trainer. Next, participants completed an introductory weight training session, followed by post-manipulation measures. The leadership styles were successfully manipulated. Participants in the enriched leadership style condition reported significantly higher levels of enjoyment and intention to exercise. Participants in the bland leadership style condition reported significantly higher levels of social anxiety; no differences were found for task self-efficacy, self-presentational efficacy, social physique anxiety, or handgrip performance between groups. Thus, an enriched leadership style of personal trainers can increase positive psychological outcomes.

Global and dominance with concentric hierarchical stimuli and orientation classification task. 'Dominancia global y local con est??mulos conc??ntricos y tareas de clasificaci??n de la orientaci??n'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Resumen tambi??n en ingl??s

Perceptual cues for orientation in a two finger haptic grasp task

Single point interaction haptic devices do not provide the natural grasp and manipulations found in the real world, as afforded by multi-fingered haptics. The present study investigates a two-fingered grasp manipulation involving rotation with and without force feedback. There were three visual cue conditions: monocular, binocular and projective lighting. Performance metrics of time and positional accuracy were assessed. The results indicate that adding haptics to an object manipulation task increases the positional accuracy but slightly increases the overall time taken.

Goal orientation, ability and task performance: A moderated analysis

Achievement goal orientation represents an individual's general approach to an achievement situation, and has important implications for how individuals react to novel, challenging tasks. However, theorists such as Yeo and Neal (2004) have suggested that the effects of goal orientation may emerge over time. Bell and Kozlowski (2002) have further argued that these effects may be moderated by individual ability. The current study tested the dynamic effects of a new 2x2 model of goal orientation (mastery/performance x approach/avoidance) on performance on a simulated air traffic control (ATC) task, as moderated by dynamic spatial ability. One hundred and one first-year participants completed a self-report goal orientation measure and computerbased dynamic spatial ability test and performed 30 trials of an ATC task. Hypotheses were tested using a two-level hierarchical linear model. Mastery-approach orientation was positively related to task performance, although no interaction with ability was observed. Performance-avoidance orientation was negatively related to task performance; this association was weaker at high levels of ability. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed.

Primary students’ spatial visualization and spatial orientation : an evidence base for instruction

This paper reports on the performance of 58 11 to 12-year-olds on a spatial visualization task and a spatial orientation task. The students completed these tasks and explained their thinking during individual interviews. The qualitative data were analysed to inform pedagogical content knowledge for spatial activities. The study revealed that “matching” or “matching and eliminating” were the typical strategies that students employed on these spatial tasks. However, errors in making associations between parts of the same or different shapes were noted. Students also experienced general difficulties with visual memory and language use to explain their thinking. The students’ specific difficulties in spatial visualization related to obscured items, the perspective used, and the placement and orientation of shapes.

Task-dependent coordination of rapid bimanual motor responses.

Optimal feedback control postulates that feedback responses depend on the task relevance of any perturbations. We test this prediction in a bimanual task, conceptually similar to balancing a laden tray, in which each hand could be perturbed up or down. Single-limb mechanical perturbations produced long-latency reflex responses ("rapid motor responses") in the contralateral limb of appropriate direction and magnitude to maintain the tray horizontal. During bimanual perturbations, rapid motor responses modulated appropriately depending on the extent to which perturbations affected tray orientation. Specifically, despite receiving the same mechanical perturbation causing muscle stretch, the strongest responses were produced when the contralateral arm was perturbed in the opposite direction (large tray tilt) rather than in the same direction or not perturbed at all. Rapid responses from shortening extensors depended on a nonlinear summation of the sensory information from the arms, with the response to a bimanual same-direction perturbation (orientation maintained) being less than the sum of the component unimanual perturbations (task relevant). We conclude that task-dependent tuning of reflexes can be modulated online within a single trial based on a complex interaction across the arms.

Task-level control of the lateral leg spring model of cockroach locomotion

The Lateral Leg Spring model (LLS) was developed by Schmitt and Holmes to model the horizontal-plane dynamics of a running cockroach. The model captures several salient features of real insect locomotion, and demonstrates that horizontal plane locomotion can be passively stabilized by a well-tuned mechanical system, thus requiring minimal neural reflexes. We propose two enhancements to the LLS model. First, we derive the dynamical equations for a more flexible placement of the center of pressure (COP), which enables the model to capture the phase relationship between the body orientation and center-of-mass (COM) heading in a simpler manner than previously possible. Second, we propose a reduced LLS "plant model" and biologically inspired control law that enables the model to follow along a virtual wall, much like antenna-based wall following in cockroaches. © 2006 Springer.

the tilt cursor: enhancing stimulus-response compatibility by providing 3d orientation cue of pen

In order to improve stimulus-response compatibility of touchpad in pen-based user interface, we present the tilt cursor, i.e. a cursor dynamically reshapes itself to providing the 3D orientation cue of pen. We also present two experiments that evaluate the tilt cursor’s performance in circular menu selection and specific marking menu selection tasks. Results show that in a specific marking menu selection task, the tilt cursor significantly outperforms the shape-fixed arrow cursor and the live cursor [4]. In addition, results show that by using the tilt cursor, the response latencies for adjusting drawing directions are smaller than that by using the other two kinds of cursors.

Is perception of upper body orientation based on the inertia tensor? Normogravity versus microgravity conditions

During lateral leg raising, a synergistic inclination of the supporting leg and trunk in the opposite direction to the leg movement is performed in order to preserve equilibrium. As first hypothesized by Pagano and Turvey (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 1995, 21:1070-1087), the perception of limb orientation could be based on the orientation of the limb's inertia tensor. The purpose of this study was thus to explore whether the final upper body orientation (trunk inclination relative to vertical) depends on changes in the trunk inertia tensor. We imposed a loading condition, with total mass of 4 kg added to the subject's trunk in either a symmetrical or asymmetrical configuration. This changed the orientation of the trunk inertia tensor while keeping the total trunk mass constant. In order to separate any effects of the inertia tensor from the effects of gravitational torque, the experiment was carried out in normo- and microgravity. The results indicated that in normogravity the same final upper body orientation was maintained irrespective of the loading condition. In microgravity, regardless of loading conditions the same (but different from the normogravity) orientation of the upper body was achieved through different joint organizations: two joints (the hip and ankle joints of the supporting leg) in the asymmetrical loading condition, and one (hip) in the symmetrical loading condition. In order to determine whether the different orientations of the inertia tensor were perceived during the movement, the interjoint coordination was quantified by performing a principal components analysis (PCA) on the supporting and moving hips and on the supporting ankle joints. It was expected that different loading conditions would modify the principal component of the PCA. In normogravity, asymmetrical loading decreased the coupling between joints, while in microgravity a strong coupling was preserved whatever the loading condition. It was concluded that the trunk inertia tensor did not play a role during the lateral leg raising task because in spite of the absence of gravitational torque the final upper body orientation and the interjoint coupling were not influenced.

The Impact of Directed Mirror Focus and Technique Cues on Psychological, Cognitive and Emotional Exercise Correlates in an Introductory Weight Training Orientation

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether teaching inactive and low active women to use mirrors for form and technique purposes could lessen the negative impact of mirrors on self-presentational concerns, affect, and self-efficacy. Eligible women (N = 82) underwent a one-on-one weight training orientation with a personal trainer. Participants were randomized into one of four experimental groups, each unique in the type of feedback (general or technique-specific) and the degree of focus on the mirror for technique reinforcement. Questionnaires assessed study outcomes pre- and post-orientation. Results indicated groups did not significantly differ on any post-condition variables, when controlling for pre-condition values (all p’s >.05). All groups showed outcome improvements following the orientation. This suggests that during a complex task, a personal trainer who emphasizes form and technique can facilitate improvements to psychological outcomes in novice exercisers, independent of the presence of mirrors or directional cues provided.