967 resultados para pollen morphology


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千里光族是菊科中最大的一个族,约含有120属3400多种,全世界分布。千里光族的族下分类与系统发育一直是菊科研究中的难点。Jeffrey&Chen(1984)和千里光亚族(7属)。自此以后,有关东亚款冬亚族的范畴、亚族内各属的系统位置与亲缘关系就成了千里光族系统学研究中争论的焦点,至今仍未有定论。陈艺(1997)在东亚款冬亚族内发表假橐吾属新属。根据Jeffrey&Chen(1984)的概念,东亚款冬亚族现含13属。东亚款冬亚族目前存在的系统学问题主要有:(1)毛冠菊属是否与款冬亚族内的款冬属及蜂斗菜属近缘;(2)狗舌草亚族所辖3属是否是款冬亚族的自然成员;(3)东亚款冬亚族13属的系统位置及其亲缘关系;(4)东亚款冬亚族的影响范畴。 针对上述问题,本文以发现新的系统学证据为主要目的,较为全面地研究了东亚款冬亚族及其相关类群的外部形态学,首次报道了18属45种植物的花部微观性状,19属64种105个居群的核形态学特征,10属15种植物花粉壁的超薄结构及13属28种植物花粉的外壁纹饰,3种植物的胚胎发育和6种植物的ITS基因序列;并对所获得的证据进行了比较与综合分支分析。根据所获系统学资料,对东亚款冬亚族的上述系统学问题进行了讨论。主要实验结果及结论总结如下。 1. 外部形态 较为全面地观察与分析了东亚款冬亚族及其相关类群外部形态性状及其演化趋势,指出根状茎分枝方式、幼叶出土性状、花部茎基部叶是否宿存、叶柄是否纤维状宿存、花序托空心或实心、花药基部结构等不被以前作者重视或忽视的形态学性状可能具有重要的系统学价值。外部形态上,毛冠菊属与千里光族内的千里光属与款冬属等类群没有亲缘关系,而与紫菀族存在一定的渊源;狗舌草亚族则介于千里光亚族和款冬亚族之间;东亚款冬亚族13属可依据外部形态划分为6个属群。 2. 花部微观性状 东亚款冬亚族及其相关类群的花部微观性状主要包括:花药顶端不育组织、花药药室内壁、花药基部、花药领、花柱分枝顶端、花柱毛被、花柱分枝内表面构型、果柄细胞列数等。花部微观性状研究表明:毛冠菊属似乎应作为紫菀族中的一个孤立属;狗舌草亚族在某些衍征上与千里光亚族接近,而它的原始性状则类似于款冬亚族;根据花部微观性状对东亚款冬亚族的13个属划分出的自然属群与形态性状分析所得结果基本一致。 3. 核形态学 毛冠菊属的染色体基数为x=9,与紫菀族相同:而与千里光族和旋覆花族的染色体x=10存在显著的区别。狗舌草亚族中新发现2n=24、60、72三个染色体数目,亚族内染色体基数之间的演化关系不清楚,利用染色体基数来探讨狗舌草亚族所辖属的系统位置和属间关系仍还比较困难。东亚款冬亚族的染色体基数主要有x=30、29、28、27、26;款冬亚族中普遍存在的染色体基数x=30可能有3种来源;核型可分为2A、3A、2B三大类型,虽然三种类型之间的染色体基数(x=30)有可能是不同起源的,但从整个千里光族来看,3A、2B应是较进化的类型。根据核形态学特征,东亚款冬亚族可分为款冬型、蟹甲草型和大吴风草型三类。在蟹甲草型染色体进化支上,存在染色体的非整倍性下降趋势。东亚款冬亚族存在的种内多倍性可能与不同的生境有关。 4. 花粉学 通过对东亚款冬亚族及其相关类群的花粉壁超微结构与扫描电镜观察,发现花粉壁超微结构存在“千里光型”和“向日葵型”两种类型。扫描电镜下,花粉外壁均为刺状纹饰,但在刺的长短、刺部是否膨大、刺基膨大上的纹饰以及刺基之间的纹饰等方面存在差别。毛冠菊属的花粉性状组合支持将其置于紫菀族中。狗舌草亚族的花粉性状与款冬亚族的有些属相似。款冬亚族各属的花粉生状组合所划分的属群与形态学、核形态学等方面的研究结果较为一致。 5. 胚胎学 款冬、掌裂橐吾和珠毛蟹甲草共同拥有药壁发育双子叶型;绒毡层发育属“The Comos bipinnatus”型;成熟花粉为3细胞型;单珠被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠;具发育相似的珠被绒毡层:胚橐发育4孢子型等胚胎学特征,但它们在胚囊发育方式、反足细胞数目、发殖物候上还存在区别。三属代表植物的胚胎学研究支持将它们作为同一亚族的成员。 6. 分子数据 利用本研究测得的华千里光属4种、狗舌草属1种和大吴风草属的ITS-1和ITS-2基因序列,结合从Genbank中得出的千里光族5属8种植物得ITS序列,用PAUP软件进行分析。研究结果表明,染色体基数、花粉超微结构、叶型和叶脉等性状在ITS分支图上存在趋同进化;华千里光属和狗舌草属不是单系群。并讨论了一些分类群的亲缘关系。 7. 分支分析 选择东亚款冬亚族和狗舌草亚族各属的代表种作为终端代表类群进行分支分析;分支分析表明染色体基数、与头状花序有关的性状、叶型及叶脉等性状存在较多的平行与逆转进化,而根状茎分枝类型、花部微观性状以及花粉性状则表现出较大的一致性。根据分支结果,作者认为应建立包括狗舌草亚族在内的广义东亚款冬亚族。 8. 系统学 毛冠菊属的性状组合支持将其置于紫菀族,排除在千里光族之外。广义东亚款冬亚族可分为7个属群:蟹甲草属群(包括蟹甲草属,华蟹甲草属,小蟹甲草属,兔儿伞属,蟹甲木属)、毛柱菊属群(毛柱菊属)、橐吾属群(包括橐吾属,垂头菊属,假橐吾属)、狗舌草属群(狗舌草属,华千里光属,羽叶千里光属)、多榔菊属群(多榔菊属)、大吴风草属群(大吴风草属)、款冬属群(款冬属,蜂斗菜属)。总结与讨论了各属群的系统位置、亲缘关系与存在的分类学问题。描述了华千里光属1新种。

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铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组是该属中记录种类最多的类群,主要分布在亚洲亚热带至温带地区,少数种类分布至亚洲及非洲的热带地区。由于缺乏野外观察和标本不够丰富等原因,有些种类的分类处理尚不能令人满意,应予修订。尾叶铁线莲组的组下分类系统以及与近缘组之间的系统关系也存在争议,还需深入研究。本文作者经过大量的标本馆工作和全面的文献考证,结合野外观察,对该组植物进行了分类学修订,同时通过基于形态性状的分支系统学和花粉形态研究对尾叶铁线莲组及铁线莲属的系统发育进行了探讨,结果如下: 1.分类修订 通过对国内外近20 个标本馆的5000 余份馆藏标本研究,结合全面的文献考证和广泛的野外观察,发现花丝形态、花药毛被状况、药隔是否凸起、萼片外侧附的属物等性状较为稳定,是分亚组的主要依据。而复叶类型、花序形态及花梗毛被状况、萼片颜色等性状为较好的分种性状。 本文在考证了近140 个种及种下等级的分类学名称后,确认尾叶铁线莲组植物共有37 种20 变种,共分为5 个亚组,另有4 种7 变种暂存疑;2 种、2 变种降为新异名;新组合6 个,其中5 个为改级新组合;发表新亚组1 个;发现中国新纪录变种1 个;纠正了以前研究者工作中对C. aethusifolia var. latisecta 的鉴定错误;初步澄清了C. jingdungensis 及C. jinzhaiensis 的一些名实混乱;指出了前人工作中的一些拼写错误;统一了植物的中文名称,并新拟了15 个分类群的中文名称;给出了各个种的形态描述、地理分布图以及分亚组和分种检索表。 2.分支系统学 在分类修订基础上选取了35 个形态性状,对尾叶铁线莲组的37 个种,和尾叶铁线莲组的近缘组Sect. Bebaeanthera 中的2 个种,以C. alternata 为外类群,利用系统发育分系软件PAUP 4.0 beta 10 对数据矩阵进行分析。共得到182 棵最简约树,树长为182 步,一致性指数(CI)=0.385,保持性指数(RI)=0.685。结果显示:尾叶铁线莲组为一并系类群,Sect. Bebaeanthera 中的两个种:C. pseudopogonandra 和C. barbellata 与Subsect. Otophorae 亲缘关系更为接近,应并入尾叶铁线莲组中;Subsect. Otophorae 与Subsect. Grandiflorae 各自聚为两大支,从分支图基部与其他类群分开,为本组早期分化出的类群;Subsect. Acutangulae 与Subsect. Connatae 中具有红色花的C. lasiandra 和C. dasyandra 近缘;分布于东亚北部地区的Subsect. Aethusifoliae 与分布于我国横断山区的C.rehderiana 和分布于印度的C. roylei 近缘;根据分支系统学分析的结果,对尾叶铁线莲组组下分类系统进行了调整,建立了新亚组Subsect. Otophorae。 3.花粉形态 在扫描电镜下研究了铁线莲属148 种12 变种和锡兰莲属3 个种的花粉形态特征,并在透射电镜下研究了部分种类的花粉外壁结构。 结果表明:铁线莲属花粉粒一般为近球形、球形或扁球形。具三沟的花粉赤道面观为椭圆形或近圆形,极面观为三裂圆形,大小为14.8-32.1 μm ×14.2-28.7 μm;具散沟或散孔的花粉(全为球形)直径大小为14.8-36.6 μm。花粉具三沟、散沟或散孔。在三沟类型中常伴有不同比例的散沟花粉。萌发沟狭长或稍宽,有整齐或不整齐下陷的边缘,沟膜上有颗粒状纹饰或刺状纹饰;萌发孔一般圆形或不规则形,分布不规则。外壁由薄到较厚,厚度为0.8-2.5 μm,外层稍厚于内层。在透射电镜下本属花粉外壁具备被子植物花粉典型的外壁层次,即外壁内层和外壁外层。外壁内层为一层均匀的质密的无结构的层次。外壁外层由3 层组成:覆盖层,柱状层,和基层。覆盖层上均匀分布有小刺状纹饰和小穿孔。 锡兰莲属花粉粒为圆球形,其直径大小为14.9-18.8 μm。具散孔。萌发孔一般圆形,分布不规则,孔膜上有颗粒状纹饰或刺状纹饰。外壁厚度为0.8-1.8 μm,外层稍厚于内层。覆盖层上均匀分布有小刺状纹饰和小穿孔。 根据花粉形态在花粉粒大小、萌发孔的类型和外壁纹饰方面的差异将两个属的花粉分为6 个类型,其中类型1 再分为两个亚型。在这些花粉类型中,类型1 为三沟花粉,类型3 为三沟至散沟花粉,其余类型为散孔花粉。类型1 的亚型 1b 在铁线莲属中分布最广,18 个组中有13 个组具有这种类型的花粉,是铁线莲属中最原始的花粉类型,其他类型和亚型均由此亚型直接或间接演化而来。 推测这两属花粉形态特征的演化趋势为:1. 萌发孔. 三沟→(散沟)→散孔。 2. 花粉粒大小. 小(散孔,直径14.9-18.8 μm)←中等(三沟,24.2 μm ×24.8 μm) →大(散孔,直径28.9-36.5 μm)。3. 表面纹饰. 小刺不明显、分布密集→小刺明显、分布稀疏。 铁线莲属及锡兰莲属花粉形态特征对于这两个属植物的区分以及铁线莲属下组间系统发育关系的探讨具有重要意义。锡兰莲属与铁线莲属中的Sect. Naraveliopsis 亲缘关系紧密;铁线莲属内具有散沟、散孔花粉类型的Sect. Naraveliopsis、Sect. Viticella、Sect. Tubulosa、Sect. Viorna (sensu Tamura 1995)为铁线莲属中的进化类群; Sect. Tubulosa 与Sect. Campanella 亲缘关系较远,而与Sect. Clematis 近缘。

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本文对苦苣苔科的3族8属10种植物进行了比较胚胎学研究,得出该科植物的基本胚胎学特征是: 花药具4个小孢子囊,当花药达到成熟期时,每—侧的两个小孢子囊由于隔壁的消失而连通。药壁由1层表皮,1层药室内壁,12层中层和1层绒毡层组成。花药壁的发育属双子叶类型,表皮细胞宿存,药室内壁在小孢子母细胞分裂成四分体后即开始纤维状加厚,到花药发育至成熟时期,药室内壁径向延长并由内切向壁向外和向上发生带状的加厚,但在同侧的两个小孢子囊的连接处并不发生纤维状加厚,以利于花药的开裂。中层细胞在小孢子母细胞分裂前即受到挤压,到发育后期被挤扁,.在成熟花药壁上只残留—些痕迹。有些种类中层细胞不退化,与药室内壁一样纤维状加厚。绒毡层初时为单核,在小孢子母细胞终变期分裂成双核,而当单核小孢子形成后,绒毡层细胞的两核可融合成单核,随后便解体。绒毡层为分泌型,在四分体分离成小孢子以后向药室内分泌乌氏体。在小孢子母细胞分裂前,细胞周围有大量的胼胝质出现。胞质纷裂为同时型。具四面体型的四分体。散粉时花粉具二细胞。 胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,珠被内无维管组织。珠心表皮下的—层细胞发育成为孢原细胞并直接起大孢子母细胞的功能,其胞质分裂伴随着减数分裂形成—直列式四分体。四分体珠孔端三个大孢子受挤压退化,合点端的功能大孢子进—步发育,经三次分裂形成蓼型胚囊。成熟胚囊的珠孔端部分圆形,合点端细长,如容量瓶状。胚囊内具—个由两个助细胞和—个卵细胞组成的卵器、两个极核和三个反足细胞。助细胞在花粉管通过珠孔进入胚囊后退化。极核在受精前不久融合,反足细胞形成后不久便退化。珠孔端的珠心细胞在功能大孢子发育后被挤压退化,也有的种类突出珠孔形成珠心喙,而合点端部分珠被最内的—层细胞则进—步发育,细胞质变浓,核体积增大,围绕胚囊的合点端细长部形成珠被绒毡层,此结构由胚囊形成到种子成熟—直存在,其中有丰富的内含物。 珠孔受精。胚乳发育为细胞型,种子成熟时几乎完全被胚吸收。合点端发育出具2核单胞的侵入性吸器,直达表皮。珠孔端吸器具2细胞。两种吸器的形态因种属不同而有很大差异。胚胎发生属柳叶菜型。 比较和分析表明,苦苣苔科的胚胎学特征与玄参科(Scrophujariaccae)、列当科(Orobanchaceae)和爵床科(Acanthaceae)较为相似,反映出这几个科在系统关系上比较接近。苦苣苔科族级分类群之间的胚胎学特征有一定的差异,但族内各属种的胚胎学特征差异较小,发育类型尤其是早期的形成过程非常相似。本文研究涉及的分类群在花药壁层的结构、反足细胞退化和极核融合韵时期、胚形成与胚乳发育的相对时间、吸器的有无及其形态等方面有所不同。 本文同时对苦苣苔科3族23属72种花粉,其中包括长蒴苣苔族(Trib. Didymocarpeae)16属56种、芒毛苣苔族(Trib. Trichosporeae)4属12种及尖舌苣苔族( Trib. Klugieae)3属4种,进行了扫描电镜观察。对族下各属种的形态特征作了详细的描述,每种花粉从极面观、赤道面观及局部放大三个侧面照相记录。以族为基本类群,对其中的各属的花粉形态结合系统学特征进行了讨论。 由此研究得出苦苣苔科植物花粉的基本特征是:所有研究属种的花粉均具三拟孔沟,拟孔极不明显。形状为近扁球形、圆球形、近长球形和长球形,极面观圆形、近圆形、近三角形和三裂圆形,赤道面观为圆形、近圆形、椭圆形和长圆形,不同材料各有差异,但在属内水平上基本—致。各属植物在花粉沟的形态和表面纹饰上有一定的区别。 在长蒴苣苔族中,本文对雇柱苣苔属(Chirita Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)花粉进行了着重研究。结果表明:唇柱苣苔属在组内各种的花粉形态具有明显的相似性,但在组之间则有较大的差异。对本族其它各属的研究结果则充分表明各属花粉的形态特征有明显差别,可以从花粉形状、大小、沟的构造、沟膜的特点及表面纹饰等方面加以区分 在芒毛苣苔族中,紫花苣苔(Loxostigma griffithii)花粉沟膜表面残留着网状的覆盖层( tectum),这种覆盖层可能代表—种较原始的性状。.在芒毛苣苔属’( Aeschynanthu8)中,花冠的檐部通常呈现不明显二唇形的显苞芒毛苣苔组(Sect.Haplotrichum)和大花芒毛苣苔组(Sect. Diplotrichum)的花粉粒较小,而花冠的檐部明显二属形的黄杨叶芒毛苣苔组(Sect. hlicrotrichium)、小齿芒毛苣苔组(Sect. Xanthanthos)以及全尊芒毛苣苔组(Sect.Aeschynanthus)的花粉粒较大。因此,花冠檐部的结构与花粉粒的大小表现出—定的相关性.在尖舌苣苔族中,异叶苣苔属( Whytokia)和尖舌苣苔属(Rhynchoglossum)的花粉沟较短,后者和十字苣苔属( Stauranthera)的沟膜表面具有密集或稀疏的颗粒状突起。河口异叶苣苔( Whytokia hekouensis)花粉沟的分化不明显,其沟膜上残留着网状的覆盖层可能代表着—种较原始的性状。具聚伞花序的盾座苣苔属( Epithema)和圆果苣苔属( Gyrogyne),其花粉沟界极区及其沟间区呈皱波状(apocolpia and mesocolpia rugulate),代表另一种演化方向。根据本文研究结果,并参考国内外有关报道,分别提出了芒毛苣苔族和尖舌苣苔族的以花粉特征为依据的分属检索表。

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水稻既是我国三大粮食作物之一,又是基因组学研究的模式材料,在生产实践和科学研究中都占有极其重要的地位。基因组学研究取得的巨大成就以前所未有的深度和广度推动了生命科学各个研究领域的飞速发展。水稻基因组的破译是水稻科学研究的重要里程碑,同时也宣告了功能基因组学时代的到来。蛋白质组学是研究细胞内全部蛋白质的动态表达及其相互关系的新兴学科,是功能基因组学研究的重要组成部分和战略制高点。 本论文采用高分辨率的蛋白质双向电泳分离技术和高通量的蛋白质质谱分析技术以及生物信息学等手段,开展水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻幼苗脱黄化过程的比较蛋白质组学研究,探讨茎生长发育规律和水稻应答光信号相关蛋白质及其网络调控机制,是学科前沿与实际应用的有机结合,在科研和生产实践中都具有重要的意义。 首先,分别构建了灌浆期水稻顶端茎段和水稻黄化幼苗的蛋白质组表达谱。并对其中185个目的蛋白点进行了MALDI-TOF/MS分析和数据库检索鉴定。共有149个蛋白质得到了鉴定,蛋白质鉴定的成功率为80.5%。这些被鉴定的蛋白质分属118个基因的表达产物,根据它们功能可以分为13种不同的类别,其中绝大多数为能量产生和代谢以及抗性相关的蛋白质。 在水稻灌浆期顶端茎段表达的蛋白质中,与能量和物质代谢相关的蛋白质例如ATPase、磷酸丙糖异构酶,6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶等占有很高比例,说明茎段组织中具有很强的代谢活动。与生长发育相关的蛋白质包括beta-tubulins、无机焦磷酸酶(inorganic pyrophosphatase)、液泡质子ATP酶(vacuolar proton-ATPase)以及UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸酶等的大量累积,显示出顶端茎段细胞分裂和生长迅速;同时,贮存多糖和结构多糖也在旺盛合成。G蛋白、GDP释放抑制因子等信号传导蛋白以及苯丙氨酸氨解酶、谷胱苷肽S转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)、抗坏血酸过氧化酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等抗性相关蛋白质在该时期丰度表达,表明在灌浆期水稻顶端茎段能够迅速感受并传递外界信号,从而使得其在遭受胁迫时能够立刻启动抗逆防御系统,最大限度地降低不利环境对种子发育的影响。 在黑暗中萌发和生长的水稻黄化幼苗随着光照时间(0~24小时)的延长,能通过双向电泳后检测到的蛋白质逐渐变少,24小时后趋于稳定,相当于正常光照条件下生长的水稻幼苗蛋白质组表达谱。进一步分析表明,在黄化苗中,分解代谢及能量产生相关的蛋白如丙糖磷酸异构酶、琥珀酰辅酶A连接酶、异戊酰辅酶A脱氢酶与ATPase等的表达量比较丰富;另外,还可能启动了脂肪酸的α氧化分解途径,以供黑暗中生长所需的物质和能量。当黄化幼苗光照后,与光合作用及物质合成相关的一些蛋白质表达量增加,而那些分解代谢相关酶类则有所下降。同时,鸟核苷酸结合蛋白β亚基类似蛋白、20S proteasome以及Bowman Birk trypsin inhibitor等信号传递及抗性相关蛋白随着光照时间的延长而减少,说明黑暗胁迫条件下水稻幼苗启动了相关的抗逆途径。叶绿素合成途径中的蛋白酶胆色素原脱氨基酶和金属鳌合酶在脱黄化过程中表达量有所下降,可能是因为叶绿素合成产物具有反馈抑制作用。 本研究首次利用蛋白质组学方法来解析水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻黄化幼苗响应光因子的蛋白质组变化情况,鉴定了一些有价值的蛋白质,并得到了它们的表达特点和相关数据,为更好地理解水稻顶端茎秆的生长特点和功效、水稻应答黑暗胁迫和光形态建成以及光合作用机理等提供了分子证据。

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本研究通过我国CDBI、 KUN、PE、SZ等主要标本馆约3, 500份馆藏标本的研究和野外考察相结合,对我国蔷薇属(Rosa L.)芹叶组(Sect. pimpinellifoliae DC. ex Ser.)植物以及相关组的一些种进行了性状特征、形态和微形态的研究,对该组的一些种的形态特征描述进行了补充,同时给出详细的地理和海拔范围分布图。综合花粉以及种子(瘦果)形态的研究结果重新制订了分种检索表,同时,对该组一些形态相近容易混淆的种进行了对比研究,特别对一直存在争议的绢毛复合体(绢毛蔷薇R. sericea Lindl.和峨眉蔷薇R. omeiensis Rolfe)进行了大量宏观形态特征的研究,并用光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电镜(SEM)对二者的花粉及种子形态、微形态进行对比研究和分析,主要研究内容包括: 1. 芹叶组孢粉研究 对芹叶组的10个种及相关的4个组共17个种(18个样品)的植物花粉进行了光镜和扫描电镜观察和比较研究。研究结果表明:蔷薇属植物花粉粒大小为中等偏小,极轴长23.98[21.82(R. graciliflora Rehd. et Wils.)~29.18(R. tsinglingensis Pax. et Hoffm.)] μm,赤道轴长28.65[24.15(R. graciliflora)~34.70(R. davidii Crép.)] μm;花粉属辐射对称等极单花粉,花粉形态赤道面观呈球形到超长球形;极面观为三裂圆形或近圆形,三孔沟,孔缘加厚,具中部突起的桥状盖。花粉外壁纹饰为条纹状,光镜下形态特征相差不大;在电镜下外壁条纹和脊沟内穿孔的形状、大小和频度等特征,常具组至种水平上的可见变异,可作为组至种水平划分的依据。 根据花粉外壁条纹特征及穿孔形状和数目等特征,本研究将这些植物的花粉归为5个类型,并编制了分组检索表。同时,根据条纹状的清晰度,排列方式、条纹形状、穿孔大小及其频度等方面的差异,各有特点,对该组的10个种编制了分种检索表。 2. 芹叶组种子形态研究 应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对我国蔷薇属芹叶组14个种及相关组5个组共36种植物的种子宏观形态及种皮微形态特征进行了观察研究。结果显示,蔷薇属种子形态多样,形状分别为肾形、卵形或锥形等;种子颜色以淡棕色、褐色以及土黄色为主;种子大小种间相差悬殊,相对体积为(长×宽×厚)36.66(4.79~114.47) mm3。光镜下,种子宏观形态特征具组内一致性,在扫描电镜下种子表面结构特征因种而异,其纹饰以网纹为主,可分为3种类型,即近平滑型、负网纹型和网纹型。研究结果表明,蔷薇属种子表面纹饰与地理分布关系不大,具有组及种内稳定性。其种子形态、大小、表而纹饰类型等特征可作为蔷薇属组及种水平上的分类依据。 结合蔷薇属花粉形态研究结果,得出蔷薇属种皮微形态特征与花粉外壁纹饰特征相吻合,在代表组及种的特征上具相关性的结论。同时根据种子形态、微形态结构特征的组间区别和种间差异编制了分组及芹叶组14个种的分种检索表。 3. 绢毛蔷薇复合体的研究 通过对大量标本的研究、野外观察以及扫描电镜对绢毛蔷薇复合体的花粉形态和种皮表面结构进行研究,通过对小叶、花粉及种子的形态定量分析结果支持Rowley (1959)的观点,将峨眉蔷薇处理为绢毛蔷薇的一个变种。 综上研究结果得出,蔷薇属植物的小叶片数目、花被基数以及花粉及种子形态等性状是较为稳定的,这些特征可很好的作为分类学依据。 The morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure of the species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and related sections were studied.About 3,500 herbarium specimens at CDBI, KUN, PE, and SZ were examined. Field work in Sichuan and Yunnan were conducted. Revisions of some species were carried out and a new key to species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae was proposed based on morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure, Detailed morphological descriptions, geographical distributions and the altitudinal ranges of some taxa are given. The systematics of the species complex, the Rosa sericea complex (R. sericea Lindl. & R. omeiensis Rolfe), was emphasized. This thesis focused on the following three aspects: 1. Pollen morphology of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The pollen morphology of 18 samples representing 10 species of the Eurasian Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 7 additional species of related sections was investigated under LM and SEM. The pollen grains are monadic, actinomorphic, equipolar, medium-sized, spheroidal to perprolate in equatorial view, 3-lobed circular or semi-circular in polar view, crassimarginate, pontoperculate, and with striate exine sculpture. The striate sculpture varies among sections and species. The equatorial axis ranges from 17.97 μm (R. sikangensis) to 29.18 μm (R. tsinglingensis) with an average of 23.98 μm in length, while polar axis varies from 24.15 μm (R. gracilifolra) to 34.70 μm (R. davidii) with an average of 28.65 μm in length. The pollens can be divided into five types based on striate sculpture and a key to the sections sampled was proposed accordingly. The pollen morphology of species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae is more homogeneous and different from other sections sampled and did not support the two-series subdivisions in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. A key is also provided based on characers of pollen morphology among species in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. 2. Seed coat structure of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The seed coat structure of 39 samples representing 14 species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 12 additional species of related sections was investigated under LE and SEM. The seed relative volume (Length × width × thickness) ranges from 4.79 to 114.47 mm3 with an average of 36.66. mm3. The seeds are reniform, ovate or oblong in shape, with orange-brown, light brown or deep brown color. Seed coat sculpture was reticulate or striate-like reticulate. There was no difference in sculpture character of various speices under LM, while three types of seed coat sculpture were identified under SEM and a key to species based on the seed coat sculpture was provided. The three types of seed coat sculpture were nearly smooth, areolate and reticulate. The study of the seed coat sculpture of same species sampled from different populations showed that characters on the seed coat are stable, and thus the size, shape and seed coat sculpture can be used in species level identification. Interestingly, characters in the seed coat sculpture and the pollen morphology in sect. Pimpinellifoliae are consistent at in specific or sectional levels. A key to the 14 species sampled was given based on seed coat sculpture. 3. The study on Rosa sericea complex The Rosa sericea complex contains R. omeiensis and R. sericea. They are morphologically similar to one another and the systematic status of R. omeiensis has been controversial. In this study we examined large numbers of herbarium specimens of R. omeiensis and R. sericea and conducted field observations in the Hengduan Mts.. We also performed SEM study of pollen morphology and seed coat structure of R. omeiensis and R. sericea. We further carried out intensive morphometric study on the leaflet, pollen, and seed morphology. Our results showed that R. omeiensis should be sunk to be a variety of R. sericea, just as Rowley’s treatment in 1959. In conclusion, the features in the number of leaflet and petal, and the morphological character on pollen and seed are relatively stable. Therefore these characters are very useful in taxon delimition.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The genus concept within Eriocaulaceae is widely discussed because it is mainly based on a small number of floral characteristics of unknown functional and evolutionary significance. The aim of the present work is to comparatively study the embryology of representatives of most genera of Eriocaulaceae to identify relevant features that might aid in circumscribing them. In Eriocaulaceae, the uniformity of the embryological characteristics makes it difficult to interpret the existing relationships among the genera. Some embryological characteristics, especially those related to the number of microsporangia, are shown to be unstable and restricted to Paepalanthoideae. The unique pollen morphology may be related to mechanical processes to accommodate the increase in volume after early formation of the pollen wall and may indicate a relationship to an inaperturate ancestor. The placentation, formerly stated to be axile, is more likely to be central due to protusions of the locular base. The shape of the proximal region of the megagametophyte may be responsible for the formation of the antipodal cyst. The seed coat structure is uniform in origin and is a consistent taxonomic characteristic of the family. A review of Eriocaulaceae is necessary, in which additional morphological and anatomical characteristics should be considered and combined. © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Background and aims South America and Oceania possess numerous floristic similarities, often confirmed by morphological and molecular data. The carnivorous Drosera meristocaulis (Droseraceae), endemic to the Neblina highlands of northern South America, was known to share morphological characters with the pygmy sundews of Drosera sect. Bryastrum, which are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. The inclusion of D. meristocaulis in a molecular phylogenetic analysis may clarify its systematic position and offer an opportunity to investigate character evolution in Droseraceae and phylogeographic patterns between South America and Oceania. Methods Drosera meristocaulis was included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Droseraceae, using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid rbcL and rps16 sequence data. Pollen of D. meristocaulis was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques, and the karyotype was inferred from root tip meristem. Key Results The phylogenetic inferences (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches) substantiate with high statistical support the inclusion of sect. Meristocaulis and its single species, D. meristocaulis, within the Australian Drosera clade, sister to a group comprising species of sect. Bryastrum. A chromosome number of 2n = approx. 32–36 supports the phylogenetic position within the Australian clade. The undivided styles, conspicuous large setuous stipules, a cryptocotylar (hypogaeous) germination pattern and pollen tetrads with aperture of intermediate type 7–8 are key morphological traits shared between D. meristocaulis and pygmy sundews of sect. Bryastrum from Australia and New Zealand. Conclusions The multidisciplinary approach adopted in this study (using morphological, palynological, cytotaxonomic and molecular phylogenetic data) enabled us to elucidate the relationships of the thus far unplaced taxon D. meristocaulis. Long-distance dispersal between southwestern Oceania and northern South America is the most likely scenario to explain the phylogeographic pattern revealed.

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South America and Oceania possess numerous floristic similarities, often confirmed by morphological and molecular data. The carnivorous Drosera meristocaulis (Droseraceae), endemic to the Neblina highlands of northern South America, was known to share morphological characters with the pygmy sundews of Drosera sect. Bryastrum, which are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. The inclusion of D. meristocaulis in a molecular phylogenetic analysis may clarify its systematic position and offer an opportunity to investigate character evolution in Droseraceae and phylogeographic patterns between South America and Oceania. was included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Droseraceae, using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid rbcL and rps16 sequence data. Pollen of D. meristocaulis was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques, and the karyotype was inferred from root tip meristem. The phylogenetic inferences (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches) substantiate with high statistical support the inclusion of sect. Meristocaulis and its single species, D. meristocaulis, within the Australian Drosera clade, sister to a group comprising species of sect. Bryastrum. A chromosome number of 2n approx. 3236 supports the phylogenetic position within the Australian clade. The undivided styles, conspicuous large setuous stipules, a cryptocotylar (hypogaeous) germination pattern and pollen tetrads with aperture of intermediate type 78 are key morphological traits shared between D. meristocaulis and pygmy sundews of sect. Bryastrum from Australia and New Zealand. The multidisciplinary approach adopted in this study (using morphological, palynological, cytotaxonomic and molecular phylogenetic data) enabled us to elucidate the relationships of the thus far unplaced taxon D. meristocaulis. Long-distance dispersal between southwestern Oceania and northern South America is the most likely scenario to explain the phylogeographic pattern revealed.

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Die Systematik, Phylogenie und Biogeographie der Gattung Cousinia (Asteraceae, Cardueae) als größter Gattung der Tribus Cardueae mit mehr als 600 Arten wurde untersucht. Diese Dissertation umfasst drei Hauptteile: Im ersten Teil wurde die Phylogenie und Evolution des Arctium-Cousinia-Komplexes Untersucht. Dieser Gattungskomplex enthält Arctium, Cousinia, Hypacanthium und Schmalhausenia und zeigt die höchste Diversität in der Irano-Turanischen Region und in den Gebirgen Zentralasiens. Es wurden ITS und rpS4-trnT-trnL-Sequenzen für insgesamt 138 Arten generiert, darunter von 129 (von ca. 600) Arten von Cousinia. Wie in früheren Analysen bereits gefunden, ist Cousinia nicht monophyletisch. Stattdessen sind Cousinia subg. Cynaroides und subg. Hypacanthodes mit insgesamt ca. 30 Arten enger mit Arctium, Hypacanthium und Schmalhausenia (Arctioid Clade) als mit subg. Cousinia (Cousinioid Clade) verwandt. Die Arctioid und Cousiniod clades werden auch durch Pollenmorphologie und Chromosomenzahl unterstützt, wie bereits früher bekannt war. In dem Arctioid Clade entsprechen morphologische Gattungsgrenzen, basierend auf Blattform, Blattbedornung und Morphologie der Involukralblätter, nicht den in der molekularen analyse gefundenen clades. Es kann keine taxonomische Lösung für diesen Konflikt gefunden werden, und die gennanten Merkmale wurden als homoplastisch betrachtet. Obwohl die phylogenetische Auflösung in dem Cousinioid Clade schlecht ist, enthalten die ITS und rpS4-trnT-trnL-Sequenzen phylogenetische Information. So gruppierten z.B. die sechs annuellen Arten in zwei Gruppen. Schlechte phylogenetische Auflösung resultiert wahrscheinlich aus dem Mangel an Merkmalen und der großen Artenzahl in dieser artenreichen und vergleichsweise jungen (ca. 8,7 mya) Linie. Artbildung in dem Cousinioid Clade scheint hauptsächlich allopatrisch zu sein. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation untersucht die Rolle der Hybridisierung in der Evolution von Cousinia s.s. Die in der Vergangenheit publizierteten 28 Hybrid-Kombinationen und 11 Zwischenformen wurden kritisch geprüft, und zwei Hybridindividuen wurden morphologisch und molekular untersucht. Die vermutlichen oder nachgewiesenen Eltern der Hybriden und Zwischenformen wurden auf die aus einer Bayesischen Analyse der ITS-Sequenzen von 216 Arten von Cousinia und verwandten Gattungen resultierenden Phylogenie aufgetragen. Weder Hybriden zwischen dem Cousinioid Clade und anderen Haupt-Claden des Arctium-Cousinia-Komplexes noch zwischen annuellen und perennirenden Arten von Cousinia s.s. wurden beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eindeutig, dass Hybridisierung in Cousinia möglich is, und dass ca. 10,7% der Arten an interspezifischer Hybridisierung beteiligt sind. Obwohl Hybridisierung in Cousinia s.s. stattfindet und zu den Schwierigkeiten bei der Rekonstruktion ihrer phylogenetischen Geschichte beitragen könnte, war ihre Rolle für die Entwicklung und Diversität der Gruppe offenbar gering. Im dritten Teil wird eine taxonomische Revision der C. sect. Cynaroideae präsentiert. Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae, die größte Sektion der Gattung mit 110 veröffentlichten Arten, zeichnet sich durch eine Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 24 und durch ± herablaufende Blätter und Hüllblätter mit Anhängseln aus. Sie kommt im Iran, Irak, dem Kaukasus, der Türkei, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, dem Libanon und Anti-Libanon vor und hat ihre Hauptzentren der Artdiversität im westlichen und nordwestlichen Iran, im Irak und in der südöstlichen Türkei. Die Revision dieser Gruppe, hauptsächlich basierend auf der Untersuchung von ca. 2250 Herbarbögen, führte zu einer Verringerung der Artenzahl auf 31 Arten mit acht Unterarten. Alle Arten werden typifiziert und ausgeschlüsselt, und Beschreibungen, Abbildungen und Verbreitungskarten werden für jede Art angegeben.

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Fossil leaves of the Voltziales, an ancestral group of conifers, rank among the most common plant fossils in the Triassic of Gondwana. Even though the foliage taxon Heidiphyllum has been known for more than 150 years, our knowledge of the reproductive organs of these conifers still remains very incomplete. Seed cones assigned to Telemachus have become increasingly well understood in recent decades, but the pollen cones belonging to these Mesozoic conifers are rare. In this contribution we describe the first compression material of a voltzialean pollen cone from Upper Triassic strata of the Transantarctic Mountains. The cone can be assigned to Switzianthus Anderson & Anderson, a genus that was previously assumed to belong to an enigmatic group of pteridosperms from the Triassic Molteno Formation of South Africa. The similarities of cuticle and pollen morphology, together with co-occurrence at all known localities, indicate that Switzianthus most probably represents the pollen organ of the ubiquitous Heidiphyllum/Telemachus plant.

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A utilização de Bromélias tem sido crescente no mercado de plantas onamentais, por outro lado, muitas espécies encontram-se ameaçadas, grande parte pelos impactos humanos no ambiente. Aechmea correia-araujoi E. Pereira & Moutinho, Aechmea gamossepala Wittm, Vriesea ensiformis (Vell.) Beer e Vriesea saundersii (Carrière) E. Morren ex Mez, espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica brasileira, têm sido alvo de extrativismo. Informações básicas sobre a espécie são essenciais para subsidiar a condução de programas de conservação e melhoramento genético, que aliados a ferramentas biotecnológicas permitem a incorporação de estratégias inovadoras aos métodos de melhoramento. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever essas espécies, quanto à micromorfologia floral, aspectos reprodutivos envolvidos no processo de polinização, desenvolvimento floral e deesenvolvimento gametofítico, como mecanismo de preservação e produção comercial. A caracterização morfológica e anatômica das flores das espécies de Aechmea e Vriesea contribuiu para a compreensão do processo reprodutivo. As espécies apresentam grãos de pólen com alta capacidade reprodutiva, viabilidade polínica superior a 93%, germinação in vitro maior que 80% e o estigma apresenta-se receptivo da antese ao final do dia. A ontogênese floral de A. correia-araujoi é centrípeta, os primórdios desenvolvem-se na ordem, sépala, pétala, androceu e gineceu. O apêndice petalar é formado na fase final do desenvolvimento. O primórdio de óvulo tem origem placentária e caráter trizonal, o óvulo é anátropo, bitegumentado e crassinucelado. O meristema floral de A. gamosepala se desenvolve de forma centrípeta, de forma unidirecional reversa. O estigma diferencia-se na fase inicial do desenvolvimento e os apêndices petalares, na fase final. O óvulo é anátropo, crassinucelado, bitegumentado, tétrade linear, megásporo calazal funcional, desenvolvimento tipo monospórico e Polygonum. As anteras são bitecas, tetraesporangiadas, com tapete secretor. Botões florais de 8,7 - 13,0 mm são indicados no estudo de embriogênese a partir de micrósporo. As alterações celulares e o padrão de distribuição de pectinas e AGPs foram caracterizadas por análise citoquímica com azul de toluidina, KI e DAPI e imunocitoquímica por imunofluorescência com os anticorpos para RNA, pectinas esterificadas (JIM7), não esterificadas (JIM5) e AGPs (LM2, LM6, MAC207, JIM13, JIM14) e analisadas por microscopia de fluorescência. Foram caracterizados padrões de distribuição espaço-temporal de pectinas e AGP que podem ser utilizados como marcadores de desenvolvimento gametofítico masculino. As observações feitas nesse trabalho fornecem dados sobre aspectos reprodutivos das espécies que podem ser utilizados em programas de melhoramento genético, conservação e desenvolvimento de haploides