Dancing with nature : rhythm and harmony in extreme sport participation

Research on extreme sports has downplayed the importance of the athletes' connection to the natural world. This neglect stems, in part, from the assumption that these activities derive their meaning primarily from risk. The authors' long-term research reveals that the interplay between adventure athletes and the natural world is, in fact, crucial for many participants. This study used hermeneutic and phenomenological analysis of first-hand accounts of these sports and interviews with 15 veteran participants. These included BASE jumpers, big-wave surfers, extreme skiers, waterfall kayakers, extreme mountaineers and solo rope-free climbers. Participants spoke extensively about developing a deep relationship with the natural world akin to an intimate 'dance' between actively engaged partners. Our experience-based analysis has found that extreme sports aficionados do not simply view the natural world as a commodity, a stage for risk taking, or vehicle for self-gratification. On the contrary, for veteran adventure athletes the natural world acts as a facilitator to a deeper, more positive understanding of self and its place in the environment. For some, nature was described as omnipresent and ubiquitous, and a source of innate power and personal meaning. The authors explore how these findings may augment the delivery of more 'ecocentric' programmes in the outdoor adventure field.

Ecological leadership : a new perspective on leadership

Given today's focus on the state of the environment and the developing role of corporate social leadership in could be argued that there is a need for the development of successful business leaders who have a positive relationship to the natural world. Gifford (2007) argued that any real change in sustainable practice will most likely happen at an individual level, through changes in attitudes and everyday behaviour. For this change to happen, an individual will need to feel connected to the natural world (Dunbar, 2004; Schroll, 2007). Roszak (1992) developed the notion of ecopsychology specifically to explore this relationship and suggest new ways to generate greater environmental awareness as well as ameliorate psychological problems caused or exacerbated by widespread alienation from nature. From this perspective it seems imperative that we develop people centred leader’s who feel connected to the natural world whilst demonstrating solid performance, as measured by organisational and social indicators. This paper presents information from an International research project that might add further insights into the role outdoor education plays in the development of generic leaders who have a positive relationship to the natural world. Three questionnaires, an established measurement of generic transformational leadership (MLQ) and two established measurement of attitudes to and feelings about the natural world (the New Ecological Paradigm Scale and the Connectedness to Nature Scale), were administered to 214 (males, n=138 and females, n=76) International outdoor leaders with the implicit aim of assessing the nexus of transformational leadership theory and adventure based leadership development. The large and diverse cohort of participants has provided ground-breaking insights into transformational and ecological leadership styles. This paper outlines a descriptive analysis of findings and offers valuable information for those involved in training leaders. Throughout this presentation participants will be encouraged to contextualise the information for their specific circumstance.

Experiential learning as a constraint-led process: an ecological dynamics perspective

In this paper we present key ideas for an ecological dynamics approach to learning that reveal the importance of learner–environment interactions to frame outdoor experiential learning.We propose that ecological dynamics provides a useful framework for understanding the interacting constraints of the learning process and for designing learning opportunities in outdoor experiential learning.

Exploring expedition research methodology : a personal reflection

Research into the human dynamics of expeditions is a potentially rewarding and fruitful area of study. However, the complex nature of expedition work presents the researcher with numerous challenges. This paper presents a personal reflection on the challenges linked to determining appropriate methodological processes for a study into expedition teamwork. Previous expedition research is outlined and reviewed for appropriateness. Some alternative methodological theories are described and limitations highlighted. Lastly the actual data gathering and analysis processes are detailed. The aim being to show that what happened in the field inevitably dictated how methodological processes were adapted. Essentially the paper describes a personal journey into research. A journey that sparked numerous personal insights in the science of human dynamics and expeditions and one that I hope will add to the development of expedition research in general.

Gaining a better understanding of how Outward Bound Western Canada course outcomes are achieved : a research study /

This study examined how Outward Bound Western Canada (OBWC) course outcomes are achieved by exploring the relationships among course components, students' characteristics, and course outcomes. OBWC is a wilderness-based adventure education organization that helps students achieve outcomes such as increased self-awareness, self-confidence, motivation, interpersonal skills, concern for others, and concern for the environment. This study explored the ways in which the various components of courses and the characteristics of students contribute to determining the outcomes students experience as a result of their courses. The purpose of the study was to gain a better understanding of how OBWC course outcomes are achieved in order to strengthen adventure education theory, enhance practice at OBWC and other adventure education organizations, and provide a foundation for further research on this topic. As an interpretive case study, this study sought to describe how OBWC course outcomes are achieved and to provide interpretations of the research findings. Data was gathered from OBWC students and instructors using the quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques of questionnaire, interview, and observation. Data collected from 98 participants ensured a considerable breadth to the study, while interviews with a number of participants also enabled the collection of in-depth data. Analysis and triangulation of the data from the various sources allowed discernment of the research findings. A comprehensive and detailed picture of how course outcomes are achieved emerged from the findings. Twenty-nine course components were found to influence course outcomes, including various aspects of course activities, the physical environment, instructors, and the group. The findings indicated that certain course components were most influential in determining increases to students' self-awareness, self-confidence, self-reliance, self-esteem, self-concept, motivation, self-responsibility, interpersonal skills, concern for others, and concern for the environment. A number of course components were found to indirectly contribute to positive course outcomes by helping maximize the effectiveness of other components, by increasing students' motivation while on course, or by facilitating the processing and transference of new information. The findings also suggested that several course components either directly or indirectly affected course outcomes in negative ways. In addition, the gender, age, population, and expectations of students were found to play a role in determining the course outcomes they experienced and in determining which course components caused those outcomes. Interpretation of the findings resulted in the generation of research-based theory. The main theoretical argument derived from the results of the study was that course outcomes are influenced by a combination of course components and characteristics of students. More specifically, the theory generated by the study indicated that five groupings of factors contribute to course outcomes, including course activities, the physical environment, instructors, the group, and students' characteristics. The study was considered in relation to existing adventure education literature and larger theoretical issues. The generated theory and research findings were then used to develop suggestions for improving practice at OBWC and other adventure education organizations, as well as for enhancing future research studies.

Wild Civility: Cultivating the Foundations of Social Justice through Participation in a Wilderness Program

This heuristic inquiry examined if the foundations of social justice knowledge and beliefs were developed as a result of participation in a wilderness program and what knowledge and beliefs were developed. There were six participants in this study. Data collection involved participants completing pre- and post- program interviews and daily journals during the program. Through inductive analysis six themes emerged. Three of these were related to the development of certain foundations of social justice: (a) experienced conflict development and resolution; (b) experienced relationship change and development; and (c) shift from “me” to “we” mentality. The remaining three themes were included as additional findings: (a) experienced personal change and development; (b) identification of specific factors of the program responsible for changes; and (c) bringing learning back to everyday life. Results highlight wilderness program impacts on participants’ social justice knowledges and beliefs and inform wilderness program providers and social justice educators.

O Programa de Educação Ambiental do Jardim Botânico Municipal de Bauru (Bauru-SP): a busca por uma identidade

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

O PAPEL DA COMUNICAÇÃO FACE A FACE NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES NO CONTEXTO DA SOCIEDADE MIDIATIZADA

Este estudo trata da comunicação face a face nas organizações sob diferentes abordagens teóricas. Considera a perspectiva da simultaneidade dos meios, já que as empresas utilizam diversos canais para dialogar com seus públicos de interesse. Leva em conta o fenômeno da midiatização, que reestrutura o modo como as pessoas se relacionam na sociedade contemporânea. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é sistematizar papeis potencialmente exercidos pela interação face a face e conhecer algumas circunstâncias que envolvem sua prática nas organizações. Por se tratar de uma tese teórica, a pesquisa bibliográfica se apresenta como um dos principais procedimentos metodológicos; análises de casos empíricos e um estudo de caso desenvolvido na Embrapa Pantanal constituem situações ilustrativas. Conclui-se que a comunicação face a face nas empresas ocorre de forma simultânea e combinada a outros canais de comunicação, porém, ela proporciona resultados práticos e filosóficos ainda pouco explorados. É rara a utilização estratégica de contatos presenciais como mecanismo para estabelecer relacionamentos, conhecer as reações alheias e ajustar a comunicação, aliar o discurso corporativo às práticas empresariais e avaliar o contexto onde se desenvolvem as interações, o que pode ser decisivo para a comunicação organizacional.

Utemiljön som undervisningsverktyg inom matematiken : En studie om fyra lärares uppfattningar och användning av utomhusmatematik i årskurs 1-3

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur lärares uppfattningar om utomhusmatematik som undervisningsmetod är i årskurserna 1-3 samt i vilken utsträckning de använder detta. De frågeställningarna som var bärande i studien var hur användandet av utomhusmatematik ser ut, vilka för- och nackdelar informanterna ser med utomhusmatematik, om något kunskapsområde inom matematiken lämpar sig bättre eller sämre vid användning av undervisningsformen samt om det är någon av de matematiska förmågorna eleverna lättare kan utveckla med detta. Metoden som tillämpades var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra lärare vilka har arbetat olika länge samt arbetar i delvis olika årskurser och på olika skolor. Resultatet visade att användande av utomhusmatematik inte är allt för stort men intresset för undervisningsformen är desto större. En bidragande orsak till att det inte används är storleken på klasserna idag. En fördel som informanterna ser med undervisningsformen är att eleverna får arbeta konkret, praktiskt, röra på sig samt att de får frisk luft. Med hjälp av utomhusmatematiken anser informanterna att både kunskapsområdena inom matematiken och de matematiska förmågorna går att utveckla med utomhusmatematik.

Bättre lärare ute: Utomhuspedagogik och lärarens hälsa och välmående på arbetsplatsen

Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att undersöka om lärare upplever att utomhusundervisningen har en betydelse för deras välmående och hälsa på arbetsplatsen. Forskningsfrågan är: Vilka positiva/negativa aspekter upplever lärarna med utomhusundervisning i anknytning till deras välmående och hälsa på arbetsplatsen? Som forskningsansats används fenomenologi och datainsamlingsmetoden är kvalitativ. Som respondenter fungerar tre lärare som har erfarenhet av utomhuspedagogik. De har svarat på en enkät med öppna frågor kring deras upplevda hälsa och välmående då de undervisar utomhus. Det insamlade materialet analyseras i två delar: genom meningskategorisering där uttalandena sammanställts i en tabell och genom meningskodning med hjälp av begrepp från en befintlig modell om arbetsplatsvälmående. Undersökningens resultat får stöd av den teoretiska bakgrunden och lärarna upplever sig må bättre, och till viss del även vara bättre lärare då de bedriver utomhusundervisning. De negativa aspekterna av utomhuspedagogiken är enligt lärarna det ofta tidskrävande förberedandet. Ingen av respondenterna kan tänka sig lämna bort utomhuspedagogiken och upplever den göra skillnad för dem själva och eleverna. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras att syftet med avhandlingen uppnåtts och forskningsfrågan besvarats. Lärarna har främst positiva upplevelser av naturens och utomhusundervisningens inverkan på deras hälsa, men kan stundvis känna sig stressade och arbetssättet tar mycket energi. Metodvalet i avhandlingen är ändamålsenligt för undersökningen, och under fortsatt forskning föreslås även intervju och kvantitativa enkäter som datainsamlingsmetoder.