Le double fardeau de la malnutrition à l’âge scolaire en milieu urbain : une étude au Burkina Faso

Ce travail financé par l'ACDI a été réalisé au Laboratoire TRANSNUT de l'Université de Montréal (Canada)en collaboration avec le Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (Burkina Faso) et HKI-Burkina Faso.

Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste perception of sodium chloride

The effect of dietary sodium restriction on perceived intensity of and preference for the taste of salt was evaluated in 76 adults, 25-49 years, with diastolic blood pressure between 79-90 mmHg. Participants were volunteers from clinical Hypertension Prevention Trials (HPT), at the University of California, Davis and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Participants followed one of four HPT diets: 1600 mg Na+/day (NA, n=lS), 1600 mg Na+ plus 3200 mg K+/day (NK, n=lS), 1600 mg Na+/day plus energy restriction to achieve weight loss (NW, n=l3) and weight loss only (WT, n=l3). All participants attended regularly scheduled nutri­tion intervention meetings designed to help them achieve the HPT dietary goals. A fifth, no-intervention group, consisted of 20, no-diet-change controls CCN). Sodium, potassium and energy intakes were monitored by analysis of single, 24-hour food records and corresponding overnight urine speci­mens, obtained at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention. Hedonic responses to sodium chloride in a prepared cream of green bean soup were assessed by two methods : 1) scaling of like/dislike for an NaCl concentration series on 10-cm graphie line scales and 2) ad libitum mixing of unsalted and salted soups to maximum level of liking. Salt content of the mixes was analyzed by sodium ion-selective electrode. The concentration series was also rated for perceived saltiness­intensity on similar graphie line scales. Tests were conducted at base­line and after approximately 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 24 weeks of intervention. Reduction in sodium intake and excretion in NA, NK and NW partici­pants was accompanied by a shift in preference toward less saltiness in soup. The pattern of hedonic responses changed over time: scores for high NaCl concentrations decreased progressively while scores for low concentrations increased. Hedonic maxima shifted fran a concentration of 0.55% at the onset to 0.1-0.2% added NaCl at week 24. During the same time period, the preferred concentration of ad libitum mixes declined 50%. These shifts occurred independently of changes in salti­ness intensity ratings, potassium or energy intakes, and were consistent across the two participating study sites. Like/dislike and sd. libitum responses were similar after 13 and 24 weeks of diet, as were measures of sodium intake and excretion. These findings suggest that after three months of sodium restriction, preference for salt had readjusted to a lower level, reflective of lower sodium intake. Mechanisms underlying the change in preference are unclear, but may include sensory, context, physiological as well as behavioral effects. In contrast, few changes were noted within WT and CN groups. The pattern of hedonic responses varied little in controls while the WT group showed increased liking for mid-range NaCl concentrations. Small, but significant fluctuations in ad libitum mix concentration occurred in both of these groups, but the differences appeared to be random rather than systematic. The results of this study indicate that preference for the taste of salt declines progressively toward a new baseline following reductions in sodium intake. These alterations may enhance maintenance of low­sodium diets for the treatment and prevention of hypertension. Further investigation is needed to establish the degree to which long-term com­pliance is contingent upon variation in salt taste preference.

Factores asociados a calidad de vida en pacientes de hemodiálisis incidentes y prevalentes

Introducción: la insuficiencia renal crónica IRC ha aumentado su prevalencia en los últimos años pasando de 44.7 pacientes por millón en 1993 a 538.46 pacientes por millón en 2010, los pacientes quienes reciben terapia de remplazo renal hemodiálisis en Colombia cada vez tienen una mayor sobrevida. El incremento de los pacientes y el incremento de la sobrevida nos enfocan a mejorar la calidad de vida de los años de diálisis. Metodología: se comparó la calidad de vida por medio del SF-36 en 154 pacientes con IRC estadio terminal en manejo con hemodiálisis, 77 pacientes incidentes y 77 pacientes prevalentes, pertenecientes a una unidad renal en Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados: se encontró una disminución de la calidad de vida en los componentes físicos (PCS) y metales (MCS) de los pacientes de hemodiálisis en ambos grupos. En el modelo de regresión logística la incapacidad laboral (p=0.05), el uso de catéter (p= 0,000), el bajo índice de masa corporal (p=0.021), la hipoalbuminemia (p=0,033) y la anemia (p=0,001) fueron factores determinantes en un 78,9% de baja calidad de vida de PCS en los pacientes incidentes con respecto a los prevalentes. En el MCS de los pacientes incidentes vs. Prevalentes se encontró la hipoalbuminemia (p=0.007), la anemia (p=0.001) y el acceso por catéter (p=0.001) como factores determinantes en un 70.6% de bajo MCS Conclusiones: la calidad de vida de los pacientes de diálisis se encuentra afectada con mayor repercusión en el grupo de los pacientes incidentes, se debe mejorar los aspectos nutricionales, hematológicos y de acceso vascular en este grupo.

Application of dried blood spots to determine vitamin D status in a large nutritional study with unsupervised sampling: the Food4Me project

An efficient and robust method to measure vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D2 in dried blood spots (DBS) has been developed and applied in the pan-European multi-centre, internet-based, personalised nutrition intervention study Food4Me. The method includes calibration with blood containing endogenous 25(OH)D3, spotted as DBS and corrected for haematocrit content. The methodology was validated following international standards. The performance characteristics did not reach those of the current gold standard liquid chromatography-MS/MS in plasma for all parameters, but were found to be very suitable for status-level determination under field conditions. DBS sample quality was very high, and 3778 measurements of 25(OH)D3 were obtained from 1465 participants. The study centre and the season within the study centre were very good predictors of 25(OH)D3 levels (P<0·001 for each case). Seasonal effects were modelled by fitting a sine function with a minimum 25(OH)D3 level on 20 January and a maximum on 21 July. The seasonal amplitude varied from centre to centre. The largest difference between winter and summer levels was found in Germany and the smallest in Poland. The model was cross-validated to determine the consistency of the predictions and the performance of the DBS method. The Pearson's correlation between the measured values and the predicted values was r 0·65, and the sd of their differences was 21·2 nmol/l. This includes the analytical variation and the biological variation within subjects. Overall, DBS obtained by unsupervised sampling of the participants at home was a viable methodology for obtaining vitamin D status information in a large nutritional study.

Efeito de um programa misto de intervenção nutricional e exercício físico sobre a composição corporal e os hábitos alimentares de mulheres obesas em climatério

OBJETIVO: Foi avaliar o efeito de programa misto de intervenção nutricional e exercício físico sobre a composição corporal e hábitos alimentares de mulheres obesas em climatério. MÉTODOS: Trabalhou-se com 2 grupos de 15 pessoas por 40 semanas: Grupo Dieta (intervenção nutricional) e Grupo Exercício (intervenção nutricional e exercício). RESULTADO: As reduções do peso (-2,3kg para Grupo Dieta e -5,3kg para o Grupo Exercício) e da circunferência da cintura (-4,8cm para Grupo Dieta e -7,6cm para Grupo Exercício), foram maiores para o Grupo Exercício. Foi verificada evolução positiva na classificação do Índice de Massa Corporal para ambos os grupos, sendo que o Grupo Exercício respondeu melhor ao tratamento. O padrão alimentar foi considerado monótono e com baixo consumo de alimentos regionais. CONCLUSÃO: O programa foi efetivo para perda de peso, em maior intensidade na presença de exercício. A educação alimentar proposta foi capaz de acarretar mudanças nos hábitos alimentares.

The increase of dairy intake is the main dietary factor associated with reduction of body weight in overweight adults after lifestyle change program

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Pressure ulcers and nutritional deficits in elderly long-term care patients: Effects of a comprehensive nutritional program on pressure ulcer healing, length of hospital stay and charges to patients

The elderly are at the highest risk of developing pressure ulcers that result in prolonged hospitalization, high health care costs, increased mortality, and decreased quality of life. The burden of pressure ulcers will intensify because of a rapidly increasing elderly population in the United States (US). Poor nutrition is a major predictor of pressure ulcer formation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary nutritional protocol on: (1) pressure ulcer wound healing (2) length of hospital stays, and (3) charges for pressure ulcer management. Using a pre-intervention/post intervention quasi-experimental design the study sample was composed of 100 patients 60 years or older, admitted with or acquiring a pressure ulcer. A pre-intervention group (n= 50) received routine pressure ulcer care (standard diet, dressing changes, and equipment). A post-intervention group received routine care plus an interdisciplinary nutrition intervention (physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, added protein and calories to the diet). Research questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequencies, Chi-Square Tests, and T-tests. Findings indicated that the comprehensive, interdisciplinary nutritional protocol had a significant effect on the rate of wound healing in Week3 and Week4, total hospital length of stay (pre-intervention M= 43.2 days, SD=31.70 versus M=31.77, SID-12.02 post-intervention), and pressure ulcer length of stay (pre-intervention 25.28 days, SD5.60 versus 18.40 days, SD 5.27 post-intervention). Although there was no significant difference in total charges for the pre-intervention group ($727,245.00) compared to the post-intervention group ($702,065.00), charges for speech (m=$5885.12, SD=$332.55), pre albumin (m=$808.52,SD= $332.55), and albumin($278 .88, SD=55.00) were higher in the pre-intervention group and charges for PT ($5721.26, SD$3655.24) and OT($2544 .64, SD=1712.863) were higher in the post-intervention group. Study findings indicate that this comprehensive nutritional intervention was effective in improving pressure ulcer wound healing, decreasing both hospital length of stay for treatment of pressure ulcer and total hospital length of stay while showing no significant additional charges for treatment of pressure ulcers.

Pressure ulcers and nutritional deficits in elderly long-term care patients : effects of a comprehensive nutritional program on pressure ulcer healing, length of hospital stay and charges to patients

The elderly are at the highest risk of developing pressure ulcers that result in prolonged hospitalization, high health care costs, increased mortality, and decreased quality of life. The burden of pressure ulcers will intensify because of a rapidly increasing elderly population in the United States (US). Poor nutrition is a major predictor of pressure ulcer formation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary nutritional protocol on: 1) pressure ulcer wound healing 2) length of hospital stays, and 3) charges for pressure ulcer management. Using a pre-intervention/post intervention quasi-experimental design the study sample was composed of 100 patients 60 years or older, admitted with or acquiring a pressure ulcer. A pre-intervention group (n= 50) received routine pressure ulcer care (standard diet, dressing changes, and equipment). A post-intervention group received routine care plus an interdisciplinary nutrition intervention (physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, added protein and calories to the diet). Research questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequencies, Chi-Square Tests, and T-tests. Findings indicated that the comprehensive, interdisciplinary nutritional protocol had a significant effect on the rate of wound healing in Week3 and Week4, total hospital length of stay (pre-intervention M= 43.2 days, SD=31.70 versus M=31.77, SD=12.02 post-intervention), and pressure ulcer length of stay (pre-intervention 25.28 days, SD5.60 versus 18.40 days, SD 5.27 post-intervention). Although there was no significant difference in total charges for the pre-intervention group ($727,245.00) compared to the post-intervention group ($702,065.00), charges for speech (m=$5885.12, SD=$332.55), pre albumin (m=$808.52,SD= $332.55), and albumin($278 .88, SD=55.00) were higher in the pre-intervention group and charges for PT ($5721.26, SD$3655.24) and OT($2544 .64, SD=1712.863) were higher in the post-intervention group. Study findings indicate that this comprehensive nutritional intervention was effective in improving pressure ulcer wound healing, decreasing both hospital length of stay for treatment of pressure ulcer and total hospital length of stay while showing no significant additional charges for treatment of pressure ulcers.

Gardening for Health: Patterns of Gardening and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on the Navajo Nation

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Dietary program impact on biochemical markers in diabetics: systematic review

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder with major expansion worldwide. It’s estimated that the number of diabetes sufferers increase rapidly in the coming decades due to the population ageing (Ena,2016;IDF,2015). The nutrition intervention emphasizing the promotion of healthy eating has been shown to be an importante point in Diabetes Mellitus treatment since it fosters a better glycemic control and lipid profile (ADA2016).

Impact d’une supplémentation protéino-énergétique sur les performances physiques en réadaptation chez la personne âgée traumatisée crânienne : un projet pilote.

L’exacerbation de la perte d’autonomie des personnes âgées hospitalisées est fréquente. Le traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) est une condition médicale associée à un état de stress et d’hypercatabolisme particulièrement élevé (Cook, 2008) qui rend la personne âgée encore plus vulnérable. De plus, les recommandations en vigueur pour l’apport protéique (0,8 g/kg) semblent insuffisantes pour freiner la perte de masse musculaire qui conduit à la sarcopénie. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’impact d’un supplément protéino-énergétique sur les performances physiques de la personne âgée traumatisée crânienne en réadaptation, plus spécifiquement sur la distance de marche, la force de préhension, ainsi que le test du « Time up and go » (TUG). Vingtquatre sujets, âgés de 65 à 94 ans (14 hommes) ont consenti à participer à cette étude randomisée contrôlée à double-aveugle dans un centre de réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive à Montréal. L’intervention consistait à ingérer un supplément nutritionnel (230 kcal, 15 g protéines, 25 g glucides) ou un placebo immédiatement après le traitement régulier de physiothérapie (45 à 60 minutes, 4 à 5 fois par semaine). Aucune différence significative n’a été trouvée dans les caractéristiques de base des 2 groupes. Une amélioration significative a été trouvée dans le groupe supplément pour le test du TUG. Notre étude d’intervention est la première en nutrition en sol québécois dans les Centres de réadaptation. La consommation d’un supplément chez la personne âgée durant le traitement de physiothérapie est une mesure simple et facile à introduire dans un contexte clinique. Même en l’absence de gains significatifs sur l’ensemble des mesures physiques, le supplément nutritionnel permet d’augmenter les apports caloriques et protéiques, ce qui peut contribuer à optimiser l’état nutritionnel. La littérature documente largement les impacts négatifs de la malnutrition et toute mesure pouvant contribuer à diminuer la prévalence de cette dernière ne peut donc qu’être positive.

Impact d’une supplémentation protéino-énergétique sur les performances physiques en réadaptation chez la personne âgée traumatisée crânienne : un projet pilote

L’exacerbation de la perte d’autonomie des personnes âgées hospitalisées est fréquente. Le traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) est une condition médicale associée à un état de stress et d’hypercatabolisme particulièrement élevé (Cook, 2008) qui rend la personne âgée encore plus vulnérable. De plus, les recommandations en vigueur pour l’apport protéique (0,8 g/kg) semblent insuffisantes pour freiner la perte de masse musculaire qui conduit à la sarcopénie. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’impact d’un supplément protéino-énergétique sur les performances physiques de la personne âgée traumatisée crânienne en réadaptation, plus spécifiquement sur la distance de marche, la force de préhension, ainsi que le test du « Time up and go » (TUG). Vingtquatre sujets, âgés de 65 à 94 ans (14 hommes) ont consenti à participer à cette étude randomisée contrôlée à double-aveugle dans un centre de réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive à Montréal. L’intervention consistait à ingérer un supplément nutritionnel (230 kcal, 15 g protéines, 25 g glucides) ou un placebo immédiatement après le traitement régulier de physiothérapie (45 à 60 minutes, 4 à 5 fois par semaine). Aucune différence significative n’a été trouvée dans les caractéristiques de base des 2 groupes. Une amélioration significative a été trouvée dans le groupe supplément pour le test du TUG. Notre étude d’intervention est la première en nutrition en sol québécois dans les Centres de réadaptation. La consommation d’un supplément chez la personne âgée durant le traitement de physiothérapie est une mesure simple et facile à introduire dans un contexte clinique. Même en l’absence de gains significatifs sur l’ensemble des mesures physiques, le supplément nutritionnel permet d’augmenter les apports caloriques et protéiques, ce qui peut contribuer à optimiser l’état nutritionnel. La littérature documente largement les impacts négatifs de la malnutrition et toute mesure pouvant contribuer à diminuer la prévalence de cette dernière ne peut donc qu’être positive.

Impacto del Programa de Alimentación Escolar en el Trabajo Infantil: Una aproximación desde la toma de decisiones familiares

Esta investigación analiza el impacto del Programa de Alimentación Escolar en el trabajo infantil en Colombia a través de varias técnicas de evaluación de impacto que incluyen emparejamiento simple, emparejamiento genético y emparejamiento con reducción de sesgo. En particular, se encuentra que este programa disminuye la probabilidad de que los escolares trabajen alrededor de un 4%. Además, se explora que el trabajo infantil se reduce gracias a que el programa aumenta la seguridad alimentaria, lo que consecuentemente cambia las decisiones de los hogares y anula la carga laboral en los infantes. Son numerosos los avances en primera infancia llevados a cabo por el Estado, sin embargo, estos resultados sirven de base para construir un marco conceptual en el que se deben rescatar y promover las políticas públicas alimentarias en toda la edad escolar.

Nursing intervention bundle for enteral nutrition in intensive care: a collective construction

Objective The collective construction of a nursing intervention bundle for patients in critical care in the hospital receiving enteral nutrition therapy, supported by evidence-based practice. Method A qualitative convergent-care study with 24 nursing professionals in an intensive care unit of a public hospital in Santa Catarina. Data collection was performed from May to August 2013, with semi-structured interviews and discussion groups. Results Four interventions emerged that constituted the bundle: bedside pH monitoring to confirm the position of the tube; stabilization of the tube; enteric position of the tube; and maintaining the head of the bed elevated at 30° to 45°.
 Conclusion The interventions chosen neither required additional professional workload nor extra charges to the institution, which are identified as improving the adoption of the bundle by nursing professionals at the ICU.