Compatibility of Glyphosate with Galerucella calmariensis; a Biological Control Agent for Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

By integrating Galerucella calmariensis with glyphosate there is potential to achieve both immediate and sustained control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). The objective of this study was to determine the compatibility of glyphosate on the oviposition and survival of adult G. Calmariensis and on the ability of G. calmariensis third instar larvae to pupate to teneral adults. Our results revealed glyphosate (formulated as Roundup) at a concentration of 2% (2.43L/acre) and 4% solution (4.86 L/acre) had no impact on the ability of G. calmariensis third instar larvae to pupate to new generation adults. To examine the effect of a 2% solution of glyphosate on adult G. calmariensis oviposition and survival, adults were randomly divided between a direct contact group (adults sprayed directly), an indirect contact group (host plants with adults were sprayed), and a control group. Our results revealed that glyphosate does not impact G. calmariensis oviposition or adult survival. The results of this study indicate that G. calmariensis is compatible with glyphosate indicating that further field studies examining integrated control strategies for purple loosestrife are warranted.

Sistema de control de inversor de potencia monofásico por eliminación de armónicos

[ES]Este proyecto consiste en el diseño de un sistema de control integrado para inversores de potencia monofásicos haciendo uso del algoritmo de eliminación de armónicos. De este modo, permite generar una señal de salida con frecuencia controlada, ideal para la alimentación de motores eléctricos monofásicos. El objetivo del mismo es lograr la implementación de un algoritmo de rendimiento superior a las alternativas PWM para casos de frecuencia de salida elevada. El sistema incluye el software y hardware necesario para implementación completa, así como los documentos necesarios para su fabricación en serie.

Risk-sensitive optimal feedback control accounts for sensorimotor behavior under uncertainty.

Many aspects of human motor behavior can be understood using optimality principles such as optimal feedback control. However, these proposed optimal control models are risk-neutral; that is, they are indifferent to the variability of the movement cost. Here, we propose the use of a risk-sensitive optimal controller that incorporates movement cost variance either as an added cost (risk-averse controller) or as an added value (risk-seeking controller) to model human motor behavior in the face of uncertainty. We use a sensorimotor task to test the hypothesis that subjects are risk-sensitive. Subjects controlled a virtual ball undergoing Brownian motion towards a target. Subjects were required to minimize an explicit cost, in points, that was a combination of the final positional error of the ball and the integrated control cost. By testing subjects on different levels of Brownian motion noise and relative weighting of the position and control cost, we could distinguish between risk-sensitive and risk-neutral control. We show that subjects change their movement strategy pessimistically in the face of increased uncertainty in accord with the predictions of a risk-averse optimal controller. Our results suggest that risk-sensitivity is a fundamental attribute that needs to be incorporated into optimal feedback control models.

Risk-sensitive optimal feedback control accounts for sensorimotor behavior under uncertainty

Many aspects of human motor behavior can be understood using optimality principles such as optimal feedback control. However, these proposed optimal control models are risk-neutral; that is, they are indifferent to the variability of the movement cost. Here, we propose the use of a risk-sensitive optimal controller that incorporates movement cost variance either as an added cost (risk-averse controller) or as an added value (risk-seeking controller) to model human motor behavior in the face of uncertainty. We use a sensorimotor task to test the hypothesis that subjects are risk-sensitive. Subjects controlled a virtual ball undergoing Brownian motion towards a target. Subjects were required to minimize an explicit cost, in points, that was a combination of the final positional error of the ball and the integrated control cost. By testing subjects on different levels of Brownian motion noise and relative weighting of the position and control cost, we could distinguish between risk-sensitive and risk-neutral control. We show that subjects change their movement strategy pessimistically in the face of increased uncertainty in accord with the predictions of a risk-averse optimal controller. Our results suggest that risk-sensitivity is a fundamental attribute that needs to be incorporated into optimal feedback control models. © 2010 Nagengast et al.

Mass rearing of Aphidius gifuensis (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae) for biological control of Myzus persicae (Homoptera : Aphididae)

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a major pest of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, in Yunnan province, China, where its control still depends on the use of insecticides. In recent years, the local government and farmers have sought to improve the biological control of this tobacco pest. In this paper, we present methods for mass rearing Aphidius gifuensis, a dominant endoparasitoid of M. persicae on tobacco plants in this region. The tobacco cultivar K326 (N. tabacum) was used as the host plant and M. persicae as the host insect. In the greenhouse, we collected tobacco seedlings for about 35 days (i.e., until the six-true-leaf stage), transferred them to 7.5-cm diameter pots, and kept these plants in the greenhouse for another 18 days. These pots were then transferred to an insectary-greenhouse, where the tobacco seedlings were inoculated with five to seven wingless adult M. persicae per pot. After 3 days, the infested seedlings were moved to a second greenhouse to allow the aphid population to increase, and after an additional 4 +/- 1 days when 182 +/- 4.25 aphid adults and nymphs were produced per pot, they were inoculated with A. gifuensis. With this rearing system, we were able to produce 256 +/- 8.8 aphid mummies per pot, with an emergence rate of 95.6 +/- 2.45%; 69% were females. The daily cost of parasite production (recurring costs only) was US$ 0.06 per 1000 aphid mummies. With this technique, we released 109 800 parasitoids in 1998, 196 000 in 1999, 780 000 in 2000, and 5 600 000 in 2001 during a 2-month period each year This production method is discussed with respect to countrywide usage in biological control and integrated control of M. persicae.

TESTS OF BIRD DAMAGE CONTROL MEASURES IN SUDAN, 1975

The Red-billed Quelea (Quelga quelaa), because of its widespread destruction of grain crops throughout its range in Africa, is one of the most studied and written about granivorous bird species. Less publicized are more local bird pests in Africa which may be equally Important. The Village Weaver, (Ploceus cucullatus), for example, is a pest in many countries, while some other Ploecids with limited destructive habits create local problems. Significant crop losses also occur where there are large populations of Golden Sparrows (Passer luteus), House Sparrows (Passer domesticus), Red Bishops (Euplectes oryx), Doves (Streptopelia spp.), Glossy Starlings (Lamprotornis chalybaeus), Parakeets (Psittacula spp.), and some waterfowl (Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1952; Pans Manual No. 3, 1974; Park, 1974). Crop losses from local bird pests were reported in early February 1975 to the Sudan Plant Protection Bird Control Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture. A mechanized farm scheme in Khartoum North had large concentrations of Red Bishops roosting in maize and feeding on an early-maturing wheat variety (Mexicana). Small flocks of Golden Sparrows and House Sparrows also were present. Bird damage was clearly visible, especially at the corners and along the edges of the ripening wheatfields. Ground spraying with Queletox (60% a.1. Fenthion) on roosts of the Golden and House Sparrows was conducted along hedge rows of acacia (Acacia mellifera) located at the north end of the farm. Although the spray killed large numbers of roosting birds, damage con- tinued as the wheat matured. Pilot field trials were thus organized to test the effectiveness of other crop protection techniques. Because birds fed throughout many blocks of wheat which matured at different periods, it was felt that several different experiments could be conducted without Interfering with each other. The control techniques Included an acoustical repellent, a chemical repellent, a chemical frightening agent, and a trap. The experiments, conducted from February 7 through February 23, 1975, were not designed as an integrated control operation.

Исследования и испытания алгоритмов автоматической пилотажно-навигационной системы малогабаритного беспилотного летательного аппарата = Research and testing of automatic navigation management system’s algorithms for small unmanned aerial vehicle

В статье представлено развитие принципа построения автоматической пилотажно-навигационной системы (АПНС) для беспилотного летательного аппарата (БЛА). Принцип заключается в синтезе комплексных систем управления БПЛА не только на основе использования алгоритмов БИНС, но и алгоритмов, объединяющих в себе решение задач формирования и отработки сформированной траектории резервированной системой управления и навигации. Приведены результаты аналитического исследования и данные летных экспериментов разработанных алгоритмов АПНС БЛА, обеспечивающих дополнительное резервирование алгоритмов навигации и наделяющих БЛА новым функциональной способностью по выходу в заданную точку пространства с заданной скоростью в заданный момент времени с учетом атмосферных ветровых возмущений. Предложена и испытана методика идентификации параметров воздушной атмосферы: направления и скорости W ветра. Данные летных испытаний полученного решения задачи терминальной навигации демонстрируют устойчивую работу синтезированных алгоритмов управления в различных метеоусловиях. The article presents a progress in principle of development of automatic navigation management system (ANMS) for small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The principle defines a development of integrated control systems for UAV based on tight coupling of strap down inertial navigation system algorithms and algorithms of redundant flight management system to form and control flight trajectory. The results of the research and flight testing of the developed ANMS UAV algorithms are presented. The system demonstrates advanced functional redundancy of UAV guidance. The system enables new UAV capability to perform autonomous multidimensional navigation along waypoints with controlled speed and time of arrival taking into account wind. The paper describes the technique for real-time identification of atmosphere parameters such as wind direction and wind speed. The flight test results demonstrate robustness of the algorithms in diverse meteorological conditions.

Strategic use of crutching and dicyclanil to protect unmulesed sheep against breech strike

Objective To test strategies for the application of dicyclanil and mid-season crutching to maximise protection of unmulesed sheep against breech strike. Procedure Three hundred and eighty unmulesed Merino weaners were randomly allocated to four groups either left untreated or treated by different strategies with 50 g/L dicyclanil. Treatments included breech treatment alone and breech plus body treatment, with two application times, immediately after shearing and 6 weeks after crutching or shearing. To assess protection, larval implants with newly hatched Lucilia cuprina larvae were applied to 10 different sheep from each group at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months after crutching and shearing and assessed for the development of strike at 48 hours. The concentration of dicyclanil was measured in wool samples clipped from the breeches of the test sheep. Results All dicyclanil treatments gave significant reduction in strike in comparison to controls up until 4 months after crutching but protection in the sheep treated immediately after shearing had waned at 5 months. Treating at 6 weeks after crutching provided significant reduction (P < 0.05) in strike for 6 months. Results for strike incidence immediately after shearing and concentration of dicyclanil in the breech wool also suggested improvements in protection by delaying treatment for 6 weeks. Conclusion In most environments it should be possible to protect unmulesed sheep against breech strike with a carefully planned integrated control program incorporating strategically timed crutching, shearing and dicyclanil application. Delaying treatment with dicyclanil to at least 6 weeks after shearing or crutching increased the protection provided in comparison to treatment immediately after shearing.

Avaliação e depreciação do Ativo Imobilizado no Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: desafios na implantação dos procedimentos contábeis.

No Brasil, o início do processo de convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade no setor público ocorre desde 2007 na União, nos Estados e nos Municípios, o que acaba gerando muitas mudanças e também muitos desafios na adoção dos novos procedimentos. Um dos novos procedimentos envolve a avaliação e depreciação do Ativo Imobilizado. Nota técnica divulgada recentemente pela STN descreve que os Entes estão encontrando dificuldades em adotar as novas regras. Nesse contexto, este estudo se propõe a responder a seguinte questão de pesquisa: como superar os desafios na implantação dos procedimentos contábeis sobre avaliação e depreciação do Ativo Imobilizado no Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro? Tem como objetivo geral identificar os desafios na implantação dos procedimentos contábeis sobre avaliação e depreciação do Ativo Imobilizado no Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e como objetivo específico investigar e analisar a estrutura contábil e patrimonial, assim como propor soluções básicas e essenciais para a aplicação dos procedimentos contábeis. Quanto aos fins, foi realizada pesquisa descritiva e quanto aos meios, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e o estudo de caso, com a realização de entrevistas com os responsáveis de patrimônio e almoxarifado de 23 órgãos da Administração Direta do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos dados coletados revela que não há integração entre o setor contábil, o setor de patrimônio e o setor de almoxarifado nestes órgãos. Os setores possuem baixo quantitativo de funcionários e estes são pouco valorizados, não existindo padronização dos procedimentos sobre gestão patrimonial. O desafio de adotar esses procedimentos ultrapassa a competência do setor de contabilidade e exige a integração dos setores de patrimônio, almoxarifado e contábil. Assim, o estudo propõe a aquisição ou desenvolvimento de um sistema integrado de controle de bens, em que a contabilidade, o patrimônio e o almoxarifado acessem os mesmos dados e possuam uma ferramenta de comunicação confiável, que possibilite a elaboração de relatórios que gerem informações úteis ao gestor e aos demais interessados. Propõe também a regulamentação dos novos procedimentos, o fortalecimento da carreira dos funcionários que atuam no patrimônio e no almoxarifado e orienta sobre a adoção de procedimentos iniciais, para o período de transição.

烟草野蛞蝓发生危害规律及其综合防治研究

烟草野蛞蝓是云南省景东县太忠乡烟草苗期的重要害虫。该虫在太忠山区烟地1 年发生5～6 代,世代重叠严 重,以幼体、成体和卵堆在田埂裂缝、地块间隙越冬。3 月上中旬～5 月中下旬当气温升达25～30 ℃时,气候干燥,而烟 苗地浇水或潮湿,野蛞蝓以幼体、成体入烟苗地取食危害烟草幼苗,造成缺苗、断苗或缺墒少垄。在室内控光条件下人 工饲养,其日取食活动除具昼夜时空规律外,同时明显受光照条件的影响。通过综合防治后,连续3 年在云南省景东 县太忠乡基本控制了该虫的发生危害,烟苗期发生危害面积由原来的10 %～15 %降为1 ‰～1. 5 ‰。

石榴棉铃虫Heliothis倪糯谤m(Hubner) 发生规律及其防治研究

:石榴棉铃虫 (Heliothisarmigera (Hubner) ,属鳞翅目 (Lepidoptera) ,夜蛾科 (Noctuidae) ,是棉花的主要害虫 ,但也是云南蒙自石榴的主要害虫之一。但其发生危害规律尚不清楚 ,致使防治效果不佳。于 1 998～ 1 999年对该虫发生规模及综合防治进行了研究 ,为寻求有效防治方法提供参考

榴绒粉蚧发生规律及其综合防治研究

：榴城粉蚧是云南蒙自石榴的主要害虫之一，1年发生4代．世代重叠。以成虫、若虫越冬。主要危害代第1，2代 成虫．若虫入果实萼筒中或果与果、果与叶片相接处取食危害，致果皮伤口并将干腐病茵侍入伤口处．果皮伤口经首 次连续降雨雨水浸泡溢出的汁液为干肩病菌提供了生长繁殖条件．谊虫是干腐病的媒介者。一般年份果园有虫株、 果率选85％～95％，75％～90％。采取综合防治后，有虫株、果率降为20％～25％，10％～15％。

企业级工控实时数据库研究与实现

在工控领域中，企业实时数据的管理和共享是企业在提高自动化程度过程中面临的重要课题。该文在着重分析了工控领域中实时数据库的应用需求之后，详细介绍了实时数据库系统Ａｇｉｌｏｒ开放式的系统结构及其数据处理中所采用的关键技术。

中国水土流失的基本概况及其综合治理

水土流失是一个全球性的环境问题 ,给人类的生命和物质财产造成极大的危害与破坏。在现代社会 ,由于人口的持续增长、社会经济生产规模的不断扩大、植被破坏的急剧发展 ,对国家经济的发展构成了威胁。在上述背景下 ,本文在对以往研究结果进行综合分析的基础上 ,根据“再造一个山川秀美的西北地区”之要求 ,因地制宜地提出了我国水土流失的防治途径。