Autonomous hot metal carrier

This paper reports work involved with the automation of a Hot Metal Carrier — a 20 tonne forklift-type vehicle used to move molten metal in aluminium smelters. To achieve efficient vehicle operation, issues of autonomous navigation and materials handling must be addressed. We present our complete system and experiments demontrating reliable operation. One of the most significant experiments was five-hours of continuous operation where the vehicle travelled over 8 km and conducted 60 load handling operations. We also describe an experiment where the vehicle and autonomous operation were supervised from the other side of the world via a satellite phone network.

Robust sensing for a 3,500 tonne field robot

The mining industry is highly suitable for the application of robotics and automation technology since the work is arduous, dangerous and often repetitive. This paper discusses a robust sensing system developed to find and trade the position of the hoist ropes of a dragline. Draglines are large `walking cranes' used in open-pit coal mining to remove the material covering the coal seam. The rope sensing system developed uses two time-of-flight laser scanners. The finding algorithm uses a novel data association and tracking strategy based on pairing rope data.

Robot control of a 3,500 tonne mining machine

The mining industry is highly suitable for the application of robotics and automation technology since the work is arduous, dangerous and often repetitive. This paper describes the development of an automation system for a physically large and complex field robotic system - a 3,500 tonne mining machine (a dragline). The major components of the system are discussed with a particular emphasis on the machine/operator interface. A very important aspect of this system is that it must work cooperatively with a human operator, seamlessly passing the control back and forth in order to achieve the main aim - increased productivity.

Vision-based control for mining automation

The mining industry is highly suitable for the application of robotics and automation technology since the work is both arduous and dangerous. Visual servoing is a means of integrating noncontact visual sensing with machine control to augment or replace operator based control. This article describes two of our current mining automation projects in order to demonstrate some, perhaps unusual, applications of visual servoing, and also to illustrate some very real problems with robust computer vision

Self-organization, embodiment, and biologically inspired robotics.

Robotics researchers increasingly agree that ideas from biology and self-organization can strongly benefit the design of autonomous robots. Biological organisms have evolved to perform and survive in a world characterized by rapid changes, high uncertainty, indefinite richness, and limited availability of information. Industrial robots, in contrast, operate in highly controlled environments with no or very little uncertainty. Although many challenges remain, concepts from biologically inspired (bio-inspired) robotics will eventually enable researchers to engineer machines for the real world that possess at least some of the desirable properties of biological organisms, such as adaptivity, robustness, versatility, and agility.

Soft robotics: The next generation of intelligent machines

There has been an increasing interest in applying biological principles to the design and control of robots. Unlike industrial robots that are programmed to execute a rather limited number of tasks, the new generation of bio-inspired robots is expected to display a wide range of behaviours in unpredictable environments, as well as to interact safely and smoothly with human co-workers. In this article, we put forward some of the properties that will characterize these new robots: soft materials, flexible and stretchable sensors, modular and efficient actuators, self-organization and distributed control. We introduce a number of design principles; in particular, we try to comprehend the novel design space that now includes soft materials and requires a completely different way of thinking about control. We also introduce a recent case study of developing a complex humanoid robot, discuss the lessons learned and speculate about future challenges and perspectives.

基于现场总线的工业机器人联网

本文根据国内工业机器人技术开发和应用现状及其技术发展趋势 ,进行了基于现场总线的工业机器人联网技术的研究和开发 ,并将机器人作为生产线底层设备 ,实现了工业机器人网络的互联 .本文介绍了这个系统的硬件结构、上位监控机软件实现、控制器软件实现以及系统完成的功能 .

基于波扩散方法的工业机器人路径规划

为避免繁琐的机器人示教过程,提出一种离线的基于波扩散方法的工业机器人路径规划算法．首先对机器人的工作空间离散化,针对工作空间中的障碍点和自由点进行二值标记;然后用波扩散方法对自由点进一步标记,并进行了路径搜索;最后,对波扩散法与深度优先算法路径搜索进行了比较．将该算法用于6-自由度工业机器人的仿真实验,得到了满意的效果．

一个多智能体机器人协作装配系统

介绍了一个基于多智能体概念实现的多机器人协作装配系统——ＭＲＣＡＳ（Ｍｕｌｔｉ－ＲｏｂｏｔＣｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅＡｓｓｍｂｌｙＳｙｓｔｅｍ）。该系统由组织级计算机、三台工业机器人和一台全方位移动小车（ＯＤＶ）组成，采用分层递阶体系结构。利用ＭＲＣＡＳ系统进行了多机器人协作装配的实验：在ＯＤＶ装配平台上，四台机器人合作装配一个大型桁架式工件。该工件具有多种装配构型，但任何一台机器人不能独立完成装配。

Automated Assembly Using Feature Localization

Automated assembly of mechanical devices is studies by researching methods of operating assembly equipment in a variable manner; that is, systems which may be configured to perform many different assembly operations are studied. The general parts assembly operation involves the removal of alignment errors within some tolerance and without damaging the parts. Two methods for eliminating alignment errors are discussed: a priori suppression and measurement and removal. Both methods are studied with the more novel measurement and removal technique being studied in greater detail. During the study of this technique, a fast and accurate six degree-of-freedom position sensor based on a light-stripe vision technique was developed. Specifications for the sensor were derived from an assembly-system error analysis. Studies on extracting accurate information from the sensor by optimally reducing redundant information, filtering quantization noise, and careful calibration procedures were performed. Prototype assembly systems for both error elimination techniques were implemented and used to assemble several products. The assembly system based on the a priori suppression technique uses a number of mechanical assembly tools and software systems which extend the capabilities of industrial robots. The need for the tools was determined through an assembly task analysis of several consumer and automotive products. The assembly system based on the measurement and removal technique used the six degree-of-freedom position sensor to measure part misalignments. Robot commands for aligning the parts were automatically calculated based on the sensor data and executed.

Learning and Control in Assistive Robotics for the Elderly

Q. Meng and M. H. Lee, Learning and Control in Assistive Robotics for the Elderly, IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM), Singapore, 2004.

Design issues for Assistive Robotics for the Elderly

Q. Meng and M.H. Lee, 'Design issues for Assistive Robotics for the Elderly', Advanced Engineering Informatics, 20(2), pp 171-186, 2006.

Recognition of Planar Segments in Point Cloud Based on Wavelet Transform

© 2005-2012 IEEE.Within industrial automation systems, three-dimensional (3-D) vision provides very useful feedback information in autonomous operation of various manufacturing equipment (e.g., industrial robots, material handling devices, assembly systems, and machine tools). The hardware performance in contemporary 3-D scanning devices is suitable for online utilization. However, the bottleneck is the lack of real-time algorithms for recognition of geometric primitives (e.g., planes and natural quadrics) from a scanned point cloud. One of the most important and the most frequent geometric primitive in various engineering tasks is plane. In this paper, we propose a new fast one-pass algorithm for recognition (segmentation and fitting) of planar segments from a point cloud. To effectively segment planar regions, we exploit the orthonormality of certain wavelets to polynomial function, as well as their sensitivity to abrupt changes. After segmentation of planar regions, we estimate the parameters of corresponding planes using standard fitting procedures. For point cloud structuring, a z-buffer algorithm with mesh triangles representation in barycentric coordinates is employed. The proposed recognition method is tested and experimentally validated in several real-world case studies.

Desenvolvimento de programação offline e de novos processos robotizados de lixamento

Atualmente a vantagem competitiva de uma empresa passa pela sua rápida adaptação às variações de procura do mercado, sendo necessário garantir elevados níveis de produtividade e, simultaneamente, grande flexibilidade, indispensável ao fabrico de pequenos lotes. A necessidade de ajuste do processo e a diminuição da média de vida do produto levam a paragens cada vez mais frequentes da célula de fabrico para programação e afinação, com consequentes perdas de produtividade. De forma a dar resposta a estes problemas, neste trabalho é testada a viabilidade da utilização da programação e simulação offline de tarefas de lixamento na Grohe Portugal, complementando a solução com o desenvolvimento de um novo método de afinação do programa, permitindo uma adaptação às flutuações do processo produtivo. Para isso foi necessário analisar o estado da arte dos robôs industriais na área de acabamento superficial e respetivos métodos de programação. Em seguida, após um trabalho prévio rigoroso de preparação e modelação da célula de trabalho, é possível fazer a programação offline das várias rotinas e trajetórias complexas que compõem um ciclo de lixamento de um produto, contribuindo para o aumento da qualidade do produto final sem comprometer os níveis de produtividade. Nesta dissertação são descritos e detalhados alguns dos procedimentos fulcrais no sucesso da aplicação deste método de programação. Por último é feita uma nova abordagem ao método de ajuste ponto-a-ponto convencional, desenvolvendo-se para isso um sistema de ajuste automático do programa, dotando o robô da capacidade de se adaptar às variações do processo, assegurando a consistência do mesmo. Foram realizados testes em pequena escala, extrapolando-se os resultados para a aplicação deste novo método no processo produtivo da Grohe Portugal, como forma de complemento ao método convencional de ajuste ponto-a-ponto do programa, reduzindo o tempo de paragem da célula de trabalho.

Projeto e desenvolvimento de células robotizadas para soldadura e cladding

A utilização de equipamentos robóticos para o processo de soldadura por arco elétrico teve um forte crescimento nas décadas de 80 e 90, altura em que o custo e fiabilidade da tecnologia passou a permitir a integração de robôs em linhas de produção ou em células de fabrico. Depressa cresceram as exigências de uma produção com qualidade repetitiva e facilmente ajustável, e as restrições ao uso de processos manuais ou de tecnologias com pouca flexibilidade. Desde o início do século XXI que a renovação de uma estação de fabrico de peças soldadas para produção em série, especialmente no setor automóvel, parece forçada à integração de robôs industriais, que assim se tornaram símbolos de produtividade. A KAMAZ encontra-se atualmente a renovar alguns dos seus processos de fabrico, incluindo as áreas de soldadura por arco ou cladding. Esta Dissertação aborda o trabalho elaborado, depois de contratualizada com a ABB Rússia a instalação de novas células de fabrico robotizado nesta empresa. Este projeto tem início com o levantamento das necessidades, a verificação do processo existente, e a procura da solução tecnológica que se adapte a essas condições e cumpra os requisitos acordados. São realizadas modelações e simulações off-line em 3D, usando o software RobotStudio da ABB, que permitiram testar cada solução e analisar a sua adequação e viabilidade. Para maior garantia de se obter a qualidade esperada na fusão e deposição do material por processo com arco elétrico revestido a gás, foram realizados testes reais utilizando equipamento robótico em condições baseadas nos testes feitos no ambiente virtual. Por último, são ajustadas as localizações dos postos de trabalho ao layout existente e é feito o balanceamento do tempo de operação manual com o tempo do processo robotizado. Este projeto de Tese termina com a aceitação do cliente para a solução encontrada e para os resultados dos testes reais de ambos os processos.