Improved fisheries technologies and approaches for their dissemination: a case study of Niger State

Technology generation and dissemination are important components of rural transformation programmes. Nigerian fisheries sub-sector is still hampered by low productivity (especially in aquaculture) and low output (capture fisheries and post-harvest technologies). Research institutions and the Universities have made efforts in developing improved technologies to find solution to these problems, yet the level of adoption of the technologies remain low. This is due to a combination of various factors among which are faulty agricultural policies; institutional framework and unfavourable socio-economic environment. Niger State plays an important role in production in Nigeria and host the only research institute with the mandate in inland fisheries. It is important therefore to know the effectiveness of various extension approaches used in disseminating the technologies developed and their impact on adopters. Forty fishers were randomly selected in Shiroro L.G.A. of the Niger State and interviewed. The study probed into their socio-economic characteristics, traditional practices, extent of awareness and adoption for fisheries technologies and the effectiveness and impact of various approaches used by the extension organizations to disseminate the technologies. The results show that the economically active age group of the fishers was in the range of 20-50 years (87.5%). Males (95%) dominate the fisher population. 47.5% of the respondents have average household size of 6-10 and 57.5% were below primary school in educational attainment. Only 57.5% belonged to cooperative societies, while 90.0% of the fishers have no access to credit other than personal finance. Majority of fish-farmers (60%) operate at homestead level with pond size less than 50 square meter, stock under polyculture fishing methods are at subsistence level, while 67.5% of processors use mud-oven to cure, by smoking, freshly caught fish. Disseminated aquaculture technologies have low level of awareness (5-20%) and adoption (2.5-22.5%). For capture fisheries and post-harvest technologies awareness levels of 47.5-72.5% and adoption levels of 27.5-50.0% were recorded. Method demonstration (87.5%), result demonstration (75.0%) and field days (47.5%) are the major approaches used by the ADP. Respondents were of the opinion that method demonstration (65%), result demonstration (57.5%) and field day (30.0%) are effective. 62.5% of respondents had enhanced income due impact of extension activities

Les déterminants de l’utilisation des services en santé mentale dans le sud-ouest de Montréal

Objectif : L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’examiner les déterminants de l’utilisation des services de soins pour des raisons de santé mentale dans le sud-ouest de Montréal. Données et méthodes : L’étude utilise les données de la première phase du projet portant sur « le développement d’une zone circonscrite d’études épidémiologiques en psychiatrie dans le sud-ouest de Montréal ». Les données ont été collectées entre mai 2007 et août 2008 auprès d’un échantillon de 2434 personnes sélectionnées au hasard dans tout le territoire de l’étude. De cet échantillon, nous avons sélectionné un sous-échantillon de personnes ayant eu au moins un diagnostic de santé mentale au cours de la dernière année. 423 personnes ont rencontrées ce critère et constituent l’échantillon pour les analyses de la présente thèse. Le modèle comportemental d’Andersen a servi de cadre pour le choix des variables à analyser. Parce que l’approche socio-spatiale a été privilégiée pour modéliser les déterminants de l’utilisation des services, les analyses ont été effectuées à l’aide de quatre logiciels distincts à savoir : SPSS, AMOS, ArcGIS et MlWin. Résultats : Les résultats montrent que 53,66% de notre échantillon ont utilisés au moins un service de santé pour des raisons de santé mentale. On constate néanmoins que les déterminants de l’utilisation des services en santé mentale sont à la fois complexes et spatialement inégalement réparties. En ce qui concerne les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et cliniques, les femmes et ceux qui perçoivent la stigmatisation envers les personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale utilisent plus les services. Le nombre de diagnostics de santé mentale est aussi associé à l’utilisation des services. L’augmentation du nombre de diagnostics entraîne une augmentation de l’utilisation des services (=0,38; p<0,001). D’autres variables comme l’âge, le statut matrimonial, la taille du ménage, le soutien social et la qualité de vie influencent indirectement l’utilisation des services. À titre illustratif toute augmentation de l’âge entraîne une augmentation du soutien social de (=0,69; p<0,001) qui à son tour fait diminuer la détresse psychiatrique (= -0,09 (p<0,05). Or, toute augmentation d’une unité de détresse psychiatrique entraîne une augmentation de l’utilisation des services (=0,58 (p<0,001). Sur le plan spatiale, il existe une corrélation positive entre l’utilisation des services et la défavorisation matérielle, la défavorisation sociale et le nombre d’immigrants récents sur un territoire. Par contre, la corrélation entre la prévalence de la santé mentale et l’utilisation des services est négative. Les analyses plus poussées indiquent que le contexte de résidence explique 12,26 % (p<0,05) de la variation totale de l’utilisation des services. De plus, lorsqu’on contrôle pour les caractéristiques individuelles, vivre dans un environnement stable augmente l’utilisation des services (O.R=1,24; p<0,05) tandis que les contextes défavorisés du point de vue socioéconomique ont un effet néfaste sur l’utilisation (O.R=0,71; p<0,05). Conclusion : Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent que si on veut optimiser l’utilisation des services en santé mentale, il est important d’agir prioritairement au niveau de la collectivité. Plus spécifiquement, il faudrait mener des campagnes de sensibilisation auprès de la population pour combattre la stigmatisation des personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale. Sur le plan de la planification des soins de santé, on devrait augmenter l’offre des services dans les territoires défavorisés pour en faciliter l’accès aux habitants.

Analyse comparative de la pauvreté et de la structure de consommation des ménages dans la principale agglomération des Etats membres de l’UEMOA en 2008

L’objectif de cette étude est de réaliser une analyse comparative de la pauvreté et de la structure de consommation des ménages des capitales des Etats membres de l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) à partir des données des enquêtes dépenses des ménages (EDM) réalisées en 2008 dans ces agglomérations. En s’appuyant sur l’approche monétaire de la pauvreté mise en oeuvre par la méthode du coût des besoins essentiels, il ressort que plus d’un ménage sur 10, soit 10,5% de l’ensemble de la population étudiée vit sous le seuil de pauvreté estimé à 277450 F CFA de dépenses annuelles par unité de consommation. Le test de dominance stochastique de 1er ordre confirme que l’ampleur du phénomène est en moyenne plus importante dans les villes sahéliennes (Bamako, Niamey, Ouagadougou) que dans les grandes villes côtières (Abidjan, Dakar, Lomé). Par ailleurs, l’analyse économétrique révèle que la taille du ménage et le capital humain du chef de ménage sont des déterminants importants du niveau de vie monétaire des ménages. En effet, tandis que le risque de pauvreté est plus élevé chez les ménages de grande taille, le niveau de vie d’un ménage est d’autant plus élevé que le niveau d’instruction du chef est important. En outre, on observe que dans les agglomérations où le taux de pauvreté est le plus élevé, les ménages accordent un poids plus élevé aux dépenses alimentaires. Enfin, l’estimation des élasticités dépenses totales de la demande à l’aide d’une régression linéaire suggère qu’en moyenne, les besoins de consommation insatisfaits par les ménages portent sur les services (les transports, la communication, la santé, l’éducation et les loisirs).

Consumption Expenditure Pattern of Scheduled Caste Households of Kerala: a Study of Idukki District

The present study made an attempt to analyze the socio-economic background and the consumption pattern of scheduled caste households in Idukki district. The objectives of the study are to examine consumption pattern among the scheduled cast population, differences in the average consumption expenditure of different decile groups, consumption expenditure elasticity of items, variations in expenditure of SC households on food, non-food and total expenditure and to examine the association between consumption expenditure and variables such as income, education, occupation and area of residence. The study reveals that the Monthly Per Capita Expenditure of scheduled castes population in rural Kerala is lower than that of the general population. Average household size is higher in rural sector for Scheduled Caste in Kerala as well as all-India. The per capita expenditure of Scheduled Castes of rural Kerala is found to be much lower than that of general population. The study has found that the levels of livings of the Scheduled Castes are far the below the expectations. Large percentage of the Scheduled Caste belongs to the lower income groups. This is due their very low economic status and the consequent employment prospects in low paying occupations. The consumption standards of the majority of Scheduled Castes are found much below that of General population. Effective implementation of the Schemes for their economic upliftment is needed for improving their consumption standards, Minimum Wage Act in the case of agricultural labourers etc. are some of recommendations on the basis of this study.

The impact of property rights and its limits

The empirical evaluation of the effect of land property rights typically suffers from selection problems. The allocation of property rights across households is usually not random but based on wealth, family characteristics, political clientelism, or other mechanisms built on differences between the groups that acquire property rights and the groups that do not. In this paper, we address this selection concern exploiting a natural experiment in the allocation of property rights. Twenty years ago, a homogenous group of squatters occupied a piece of privately owned land in a suburban area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. When the Congress passed an expropriation law transferring the land from the former owners to the squatters, some of the former owners surrendered the land (and received a compensation), while others decide to sue in the slow Argentine courts. These different decisions by the former owners generated an allocation of property rights that is exogenous to the characteristics of the squatters. We take advantage of this natural experiment to evaluate the effect of the allocation of urban land property rights. Our preliminary results show significant effects on housing investment, household size, and school attrition. Contradicting De Soto's hypotheses, we found nonsignificant effects on labor income and access to credit markets.

Characteristics of households with ICTs in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Income Inequality in the 1990s: Re-Forging a Lost Relationship?

Using data from March Current Population Surveys we find gains from economic growth over the 1990s business cycle (1989-2000) were more equitably distributed than over the 1980s business cycle (1979-1989) using summary inequality measures as well as kernel density estimations. The entire distribution of household size-adjusted income moved upwards in the 1990s with profound improvements for African Americans, single mothers and those living in households receiving welfare. Most gains occurred over the growth period 1993-2000. Improvements in average income and income inequity over the latter period are reminiscent of gains seen in the first three decades after World War II.

The socioeconomic status of families of hyperglycemic versus non-hyperglycemic children: A descriptive analysis

The proportion of children and adolescents living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is rising at an alarming rate. Studies have shown that poor dietary choices and sedentary behaviors account for progression of some of the most prevalent diseases in America, including obesity, heart disease and diabetes. Other studies have shown that genetics plays a role in the diabetic determination of an individual, although not very common. What are some of the differentiating factors between elevated and non-elevated fasting capillary glucose (FCG) levels in children of similar ages, knowing they spend a majority of their lives at home or at school? Why are some children acquiring diabetes while others are not? This study utilized an IRB-approved Family Demographic Survey to determine gender, family income, parent education levels, sedentary practices, and household size. Only those families who gave consent to take part in the study received a questionnaire. The statistical results were used to test the hypothesis that children living with elevated FCG levels are more likely to descend from families with lower incomes, and lower levels of education.^ With regard to household income and FCG status of non-hyperglycemic and hyperglycemic children (Table 4b), there are 10.4% more hyperglycemic children in the lower income bracket than non-hyperglycemic children in the same income bracket.^ With regard to maternal education and FCG status (Table 5b), there are 7.0% more hyperglycemic children in the high school or less maternal educational attainment level than non-hyperglycemic children in the same maternal educational level. The Pearson correlation of maternal education and FCG status showed a negative correlation value of -.035 (Table 5d). The higher the occurrence of hyperglycemia in a child, the lower the maternal educational status is. Household size ranges and averages are nearly identical in families of both hyperglycemic and non-hyperglycemic children. ^

A community-based assessment of the spatiotemporal distribution of influenza in a U.S.-Mexico border county during the spring 2009 novel H1N1 swine-origin influenza A pandemic

This study retrospectively evaluated the spatial and temporal disease patterns associated with influenza-like illness (ILI), positive rapid influenza antigen detection tests (RIDT), and confirmed H1N1 S-OIV cases reported to the Cameron County Department of Health and Human Services between April 26 and May 13, 2009 using the space-time permutation scan statistic software SaTScan in conjunction with geographical information system (GIS) software ArcGIS 9.3. The rate and age-adjusted relative risk of each influenza measure was calculated and a cluster analysis was conducted to determine the geographic regions with statistically higher incidence of disease. A Poisson distribution model was developed to identify the effect that socioeconomic status, population density, and certain population attributes of a census block-group had on that area's frequency of S-OIV confirmed cases over the entire outbreak. Predominant among the spatiotemporal analyses of ILI, RIDT and S-OIV cases in Cameron County is the consistent pattern of a high concentration of cases along the southern border with Mexico. These findings in conjunction with the slight northward space-time shifts of ILI and RIDT cluster centers highlight the southern border as the primary site for public health interventions. Finally, the community-based multiple regression model revealed that three factors—percentage of the population under age 15, average household size, and the number of high school graduates over age 25—were significantly associated with laboratory-confirmed S-OIV in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Together, these findings underscore the need for community-based surveillance, improve our understanding of the distribution of the burden of influenza within the community, and have implications for vaccination and community outreach initiatives.^

Factors affecting prenatal care use and pregnancy outcome in Texas: A comparative study among and within Black, Anglo, and Hispanic populations

This research project is a study in the field of public health to test the relationships of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors with (1) prenatal care use and (2) pregnancy outcome, measured by birth weight. It has been postulated that demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors are associated with differences in the use of prenatal care services. It has also been postulated that differences in demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors result in differences in birth weight. This research attempts to test these two basic conceptual frameworks. At the same time, an attempt is made to determine the population groups and subgroups that are at increased risk (1) of using fewer prenatal care visits, and (2) of displaying a higher incidence of low birth weight babies. An understanding of these relationships of the demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors in the use of prenatal care visits and pregnancy outcome, measured by birth weight, will potentially offer guidance in the planning and policy development of maternal and child health services. The research considers four major components of maternal characteristics: (1) Demographic factors. Ethnicity, household size, maternal parity, and maternal age; (2) Socioeconomic factors. Maternal education, family income, maternal employment, health insurance coverage, and household dwelling; (3) Behavioral factors. Maternal smoking, attendance at child development classes, mother's first prenatal care visit, total number of prenatal care visits, and adequacy of care; and, (4) Biological factors. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy.^ The research considers 16 independent variables and two dependent variables.^ It was concluded that: (1) Generally, differences in demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors were associated with differences in the average number of prenatal care visits between and within population groups and subgroups. The Hispanic mothers were the lowest users of prenatal care services. (2) In some cases, differences in demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors demonstrated differences in the average birth weight of infants between and within population groups and subgroups. (3) Differences in demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors resulted in differences in the rates of low birth weight babies between and within population groups and subgroups. The Black mothers delivered the highest incidence of low birth weight infants.^ These findings could provide guidance in the formulation of public health policies such as MCH services, an increase in the use of prenatal care services by prospective mothers, resulting in reduction of the incidence of low birth weight babies, and consequently aid in reducing the rates of infant mortality. ^

Family Types and the Persistence of Regional Disparities in Europe. Bruges European Economic Research (BEER) Papers 10/March 2007

This paper examines the association between one of the most basic institutional forms, the family, and a series of demographic, educational, social, and economic indicators across regions in Europe. Using Emmanuel Todd’s classification of medieval European family systems, we identify potential links between family types and regional disparities in household size, educational attainment, social capital, labour participation, sectoral structure, wealth, and inequality. The results indicate that medieval family structures seem to have influenced European regional disparities in virtually every indicator considered. That these links remain, despite the influence of the modern state and population migration, suggests that either such structures are extremely resilient or else they have in the past been internalised within other social and economic institutions as they developed.

Predicting hurricane evacuation decisions: When, how many, and how far

Traffic from major hurricane evacuations is known to cause severe gridlocks on evacuation routes. Better prediction of the expected amount of evacuation traffic is needed to improve the decision-making process for the required evacuation routes and possible deployment of special traffic operations, such as contraflow. The objective of this dissertation is to develop prediction models to predict the number of daily trips and the evacuation distance during a hurricane evacuation. ^ Two data sets from the surveys of the evacuees from Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan were used in the models' development. The data sets included detailed information on the evacuees, including their evacuation days, evacuation distance, distance to the hurricane location, and their associated socioeconomic characteristics, including gender, age, race, household size, rental status, income, and education level. ^ Three prediction models were developed. The evacuation trip and rate models were developed using logistic regression. Together, they were used to predict the number of daily trips generated before hurricane landfall. These daily predictions allowed for more detailed planning over the traditional models, which predicted the total number of trips generated from an entire evacuation. A third model developed attempted to predict the evacuation distance using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), which was able to account for the spatial variations found among the different evacuation areas, in terms of impacts from the model predictors. All three models were developed using the survey data set from Hurricane Katrina and then evaluated using the survey data set from Hurricane Ivan. ^ All of the models developed provided logical results. The logistic models showed that larger households with people under age six were more likely to evacuate than smaller households. The GWR-based evacuation distance model showed that the household with children under age six, income, and proximity of household to hurricane path, all had an impact on the evacuation distances. While the models were found to provide logical results, it was recognized that they were calibrated and evaluated with relatively limited survey data. The models can be refined with additional data from future hurricane surveys, including additional variables, such as the time of day of the evacuation. ^

The effects of excise tax changes on alcoholic beverages and tobacco consumption in Thailand

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the factors affecting the likelihood of consumption and the amount spent on alcoholic beverages and tobacco in Thailand using the 2009 Socio-Economic Survey of Thailand. Results suggest that household size, tenure and occupation have significant impacts on both the probability of alcohol and tobacco consumption and spending levels. Income also plays a key role in explaining the amount spent on alcoholic beverages and tobacco. Demand elasticities are calculated under the Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES). Demand for alcoholic beverages and tobacco is found to be inelastic. The effects of increasing taxation on alcohol and tobacco consumption in Thailand are estimated. The findings are that excise taxes in Thailand are efficient taxes with only a modest rise in deadweight loss. Taxes result in a small decrease in consumption but generate higher expenditure and government tax revenue. Excise tax on alcoholic beverages results in a net benefit to the Thai economy. Tobacco taxes increase total expenditure and government revenue as well as increasing net benefit to the Thai economy. However, the low elasticities of demand also mean that excise taxes have only a small impact on reducing the costs associated with drinking and smoking.

The effects of aquaculture on farm household economy: a case study in Omon District, Cantho Province, Vietnam

A study of the farming systems in the Mekong River Delta (Vietnam) indicate that fish culture brings to the household a higher level of net farm income and family labor use. In general, adoption of fish culture is strongly affected by: (1) decline of wildfish; (2) location of the farm; (3) farm size per person and available water bodies within the farm; (4) income of farm, excluding income from fish; (5) guidance from agricultural extension workers; (6) policies of local government on the development of agriculture including aquaculture.