A descoberta do meio ambiente: Itatiaia e a política brasileira de parques nacionais

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender como se deu a política de criação de parques nacionais no Brasil. Para tanto, faremos à luz da história uma retrospectiva das atividades econômicas que mais culminaram em prejuízos ambientais no Brasil assim como um sucinto levantamento dos instrumentos estabelecidos, cada um à sua época, enquanto responsáveis pela redução ou mesmo pela retratação destes danos. Dentre estes instrumentos citamos os parques nacionais, uma das várias qualidades de unidades de conservação estabelecidas enquanto metodologia responsável por diminuir o avanço exploratório sobre um bioma específico. Concluiremos essa dissertação com uma análise dos motivos que justificaram a inserção do primeiro parque nacional brasileiro na região Serra da Mantiqueira. O Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, criado durante o primeiro governo do Presidente Vargas e estrategicamente localizado entre as maiores cidades do país apresentava-se ao mesmo tempo como um espaço de preservação ambiental e de deleite de veranistas, servindo à salvaguarda biota e ao lazer. Foi modelo para as outras seis dezenas de parques nacionais que fazem parte de nossas unidades de conservação e continua chamando a atenção pela beleza cênica e pela diversidade ambiental que protege.

Combater as secas e defender as florestas a natureza nos desafios da ciência e da técnica para modernizar o Brasil (1889 a 1934)

In the first decades of 20th century the just instituted Brazilian Republic faced the challenge to modernize the country. Considering that the progress was associated with the exhaustion of the forest reserves and with climatic changes, two big issues were seen as fundamental: To Fight the Droughts and To Defend the Forests; headed by professionals who were dedicated to these ideals. This research starts from the premise that these were the main challenges enforced by nature to the Brazilian development; the general objective was delimited in the search to understand the meaning and the conception of the natural world by this group of professionals who faced the shock between modernizing the country and conserving its natural resources. Aiming to contribute with the construction of the Brazilian environmental history and to bring historical elements to the debate about the environment in the country, the author concentrates his attention to the analyses, the discussions and the actions that preceded the regulation on the use of natural resources and the implementation of the environmental legislation in Brazil, occurred in 1934. The investigation uses as methodological basis the theoretical directions of environmental history, using sources of data still little explored and valued. In such way, it is taken as starting point some published papers about this subject during the period between 1889 and 1934 in two technical magazines the Revista Brazil Ferro-Carril and the Revista do Club de Engenharia. National engineering played a basic role in this process while arguing, projecting and constructing the development. The formulated proposals, after being divulged, had fomented the interchange with other professionals and had favored the advance of ambient questions in Brazil, in the sense to preserve natural resources, to construct more harmonic relations between the society and the nature and to equate the development with the environment preservation

Ribeira, técnica versus natureza: transformações em prol de um projeto de modernização (1860-1932)

The necessity of the insertion of the capital of Rio Grande do Norte in the world-wide commercial scene and its claim as the seat of political power, in ends of nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century, determined the direction of urban interventions undertaken by government to restructure the city. In that matter, there were several actions of improvements and embellishment in Natal, which had, as a starting point, the adequacy works of the port, located in the Ribeira quarter, with the aim of ending the physical isolation that reinforced its economic stagnation. Besides the problems faced in the opening bar of the Potengi River, and would complement the required improvements, other barriers demonstrate the tension established between the physic-geographic field and the man: the flooded and slope which connected Cidade Alta and Ribeira the first two quarters of the city.The execution of these works demanded knowledge whose domain and application it was for engineering. But, how the actions done for the engineers, in sense to transform natural areas into constructed spaces made possible the intentional conformation of the quarter of the Ribeira in a commercial and politician-administrative center, in the middle of the XIX century and beginning of the XX? Understand, therefore, the employment effects of technology on the physical-geographical Ribeira, is the objective of this work that uses theoretical and methodological procedures of Urban Environmental History, by analyzing the relationship between the environment and the man, mediated by knowledge and use of technologies. The documental research was used, as primary sources, the Messages of the Provincial Assembly Government that later became the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte reports and articles on specialized publications, in addition to local newspapers. The work is structured in five chapters. First, some comments about Urban Environmental History (Chapter 1) supplemented with analysis of the conceptual construction of nature in the Contemporary Era and its application in the city (chapter 02), the following chapters (03 and 04) deal with the rise of engineers as a active group in the Brazilian government frameworks and their vision about the nature inside the urban environment and it is studied how the professional technicians dealt with the improvement work of the harbor and in the shock with the natural forces. Other works that would complement this "project" of modernization and had had natural obstacles to be removed the Ribeira flood and slope constitute the subject of the fifth chapter. Finally, some final considerations retake the initial discussions aiming an association between the technique and the nature as junction elements inside the process of constitution of a Modern Natal

A nação pela pedra: coleções de paleontologia no Brasil, 1836-1844

A formação e o estudo de coleções de história natural e de paleontologia participaram da instauração da ordem política do Império do Brasil, delineando também uma ordem científica. A simbiose entre ciência e nação encontrou em Peter W. Lund, iniciador dos estudos de paleontologia em nosso país, um agente ativo e constante. As coleções e escritos desse naturalista deram amparo à visualização do passado e à escrita da história em museus, instituições científicas e culturais brasileiras e europeias. As disputas pelo ordenamento político sob as Regências e a Maioridade foram acompanhadas de perto pelo estudo e a explicação das formas de vida e do globo no passado.

A nação pela pluma Natureza e sociedade no Museu do Índio (Rio de Janeiro, 1953-1957)

A história política do Museu do Índio, criado em 1953, no Rio de Janeiro, sob a orientação institucional do antropólogo Darcy Ribeiro, permite conhecer algumas relações sociais estabelecidas em torno de elementos da natureza no Brasil. O estudo do momento inicial na constituição deste patrimônio cultural, de sua história e das disputas que gerou, inclusive na memória, é realizado a partir da noção de coerência ilusória de uma geração de etnólogos, militares e intelectuais e da ação do Estado nacional brasileiro na década de 1950. As fontes e documentação consultadas são de natureza arquivística, jornalística e bibliográfica.

Trajetória socioambiental de Guarapuava: leituras da paisagem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A cidade e os “bichos”: poder público, sociedade e animais em Belém (1892-1917)

Ao longo do século XIX, os governos municipais proibiram determinados usos, tais como a permanência e circulação de animais em Belém por meio de “Códigos de Posturas”. Mesmo após a Intendência de Antonio Lemos (1897-1911), período de apogeu da economia gomífera e consolidação do regime republicano, as proibições permaneceram, e a elas foram adicionadas medidas e ações práticas como a criação de uma Guarda Municipal. A presente dissertação investiga como o poder público queria disciplinar os moradores da capital paraense no uso de animais e resultados práticos disso, focando a análise em três tipos de proibições: maltratar os animais de carga, soltar animais de gado de qualquer espécie pelas ruas e praças, e ter cães sem licença municipal. Para tanto, eu investiguei fontes como os “Códigos de Posturas”, “Relatórios dos Intendentes Municipais”, jornais, literatura e imagens. Analisei esta documentação utilizando conceitos como o de natureza e de civilização, na perspectiva da História Ambiental.

O Vale do Paranapanema: ocupação, especulação devastação. 1890-1944

Situando-se no âmbito da história ambiental, este artigo trata de aspectos relacionados à devastação da floresta que recobria originalmente grande parte das terras que fazem parte do Vale do Paranapanema, no período que se estendeu entre os anos de 1890 e 1944. Como eixo documental de análise foram utilizados diversos tipos de processos que integram o Arquivo do Fórum da Comarca de Assis, considerando a grande quantidade de documentos descritivos da região como forma de obter elementos para abordar o tema do desmatamento.

Gente pobre, gente rica nas florestas da Amazônia

The diversity of social relations in the Amazon region is responsible for the complexity that generalized and simplified ideas conceal in the understanding of its Environmental History. Recent historiography on the North of Brazil shows that this diversity is not to be neglected, under the risk of perpetuating stereotypes and reproducing in common sense social and economic aspects that often lie at the basis of cultural actions, projects and values that push the destruction of the environment, the fragility of citizenship and the uncertainties about the future that hover over the Amazon in the 21st century.

Examples of “land stewarship” in Brazil. The “Projecto Sempre Viva” (Mucugê-Bahia)

In recent years the concept of "Land Stewardship" has gained a great importance. In short, it means that local entities and individuals can protect enclave of high ecological and cultural value. This vision has been effective in some places in the world with success. For example, the “Projeto Sempre Viva”, created in the town of Mucugê, a place located in one of Brazil´s most renowned Natural Protected Areas: the Chapada Diamantina (State of Bahia). We had looked over the available information about this project on the Internet, as well as a personal visit that was made to the site to know it and to have the possibility to talk to their managers. On this basis, it has been reached to the conclusion that this project, born to protect a Sempre Viva´s endemic species in danger of extinction, has turned into an important site for tourism and environmental education, completed with the preservation of the cultural identity of this region which is linked to diamond mining.

Combater as secas e defender as florestas a natureza nos desafios da ciência e da técnica para modernizar o Brasil (1889 a 1934)

In the first decades of 20th century the just instituted Brazilian Republic faced the challenge to modernize the country. Considering that the progress was associated with the exhaustion of the forest reserves and with climatic changes, two big issues were seen as fundamental: To Fight the Droughts and To Defend the Forests; headed by professionals who were dedicated to these ideals. This research starts from the premise that these were the main challenges enforced by nature to the Brazilian development; the general objective was delimited in the search to understand the meaning and the conception of the natural world by this group of professionals who faced the shock between modernizing the country and conserving its natural resources. Aiming to contribute with the construction of the Brazilian environmental history and to bring historical elements to the debate about the environment in the country, the author concentrates his attention to the analyses, the discussions and the actions that preceded the regulation on the use of natural resources and the implementation of the environmental legislation in Brazil, occurred in 1934. The investigation uses as methodological basis the theoretical directions of environmental history, using sources of data still little explored and valued. In such way, it is taken as starting point some published papers about this subject during the period between 1889 and 1934 in two technical magazines the Revista Brazil Ferro-Carril and the Revista do Club de Engenharia. National engineering played a basic role in this process while arguing, projecting and constructing the development. The formulated proposals, after being divulged, had fomented the interchange with other professionals and had favored the advance of ambient questions in Brazil, in the sense to preserve natural resources, to construct more harmonic relations between the society and the nature and to equate the development with the environment preservation

Ribeira, técnica versus natureza: transformações em prol de um projeto de modernização (1860-1932)

The necessity of the insertion of the capital of Rio Grande do Norte in the world-wide commercial scene and its claim as the seat of political power, in ends of nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century, determined the direction of urban interventions undertaken by government to restructure the city. In that matter, there were several actions of improvements and embellishment in Natal, which had, as a starting point, the adequacy works of the port, located in the Ribeira quarter, with the aim of ending the physical isolation that reinforced its economic stagnation. Besides the problems faced in the opening bar of the Potengi River, and would complement the required improvements, other barriers demonstrate the tension established between the physic-geographic field and the man: the flooded and slope which connected Cidade Alta and Ribeira the first two quarters of the city.The execution of these works demanded knowledge whose domain and application it was for engineering. But, how the actions done for the engineers, in sense to transform natural areas into constructed spaces made possible the intentional conformation of the quarter of the Ribeira in a commercial and politician-administrative center, in the middle of the XIX century and beginning of the XX? Understand, therefore, the employment effects of technology on the physical-geographical Ribeira, is the objective of this work that uses theoretical and methodological procedures of Urban Environmental History, by analyzing the relationship between the environment and the man, mediated by knowledge and use of technologies. The documental research was used, as primary sources, the Messages of the Provincial Assembly Government that later became the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte reports and articles on specialized publications, in addition to local newspapers. The work is structured in five chapters. First, some comments about Urban Environmental History (Chapter 1) supplemented with analysis of the conceptual construction of nature in the Contemporary Era and its application in the city (chapter 02), the following chapters (03 and 04) deal with the rise of engineers as a active group in the Brazilian government frameworks and their vision about the nature inside the urban environment and it is studied how the professional technicians dealt with the improvement work of the harbor and in the shock with the natural forces. Other works that would complement this "project" of modernization and had had natural obstacles to be removed the Ribeira flood and slope constitute the subject of the fifth chapter. Finally, some final considerations retake the initial discussions aiming an association between the technique and the nature as junction elements inside the process of constitution of a Modern Natal

Uma cidade no caos: as águas de março e os relatos de professores acerca da enxurrada de 2011 no município de São Lourenço do Sul/RS

O presente trabalho tem a intenção de estudar o desastre ambiental ocorrido em março de 2011 em São Lourenço do Sul, uma enxurrada que afetou a parte sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Em São Lourenço do Sul, mais da metade da cidade foi atingida, afetando bairros inteiros, deixando grande parte da população desabrigada, inclusive causando óbitos. As óticas dos professores das redes públicas da cidade, através de suas sofridas memórias sobre aquele momento, juntamente com outras fontes, serão de suma importância para que se aproxime ainda mais do fato. A História Ambiental, juntamente com a História Oral, dentro dos domínios da História do Tempo Presente, serão as diretrizes norteadoras do processo.

Combater as secas e defender as florestas a natureza nos desafios da ciência e da técnica para modernizar o Brasil (1889 a 1934)

In the first decades of 20th century the just instituted Brazilian Republic faced the challenge to modernize the country. Considering that the progress was associated with the exhaustion of the forest reserves and with climatic changes, two big issues were seen as fundamental: To Fight the Droughts and To Defend the Forests; headed by professionals who were dedicated to these ideals. This research starts from the premise that these were the main challenges enforced by nature to the Brazilian development; the general objective was delimited in the search to understand the meaning and the conception of the natural world by this group of professionals who faced the shock between modernizing the country and conserving its natural resources. Aiming to contribute with the construction of the Brazilian environmental history and to bring historical elements to the debate about the environment in the country, the author concentrates his attention to the analyses, the discussions and the actions that preceded the regulation on the use of natural resources and the implementation of the environmental legislation in Brazil, occurred in 1934. The investigation uses as methodological basis the theoretical directions of environmental history, using sources of data still little explored and valued. In such way, it is taken as starting point some published papers about this subject during the period between 1889 and 1934 in two technical magazines the Revista Brazil Ferro-Carril and the Revista do Club de Engenharia. National engineering played a basic role in this process while arguing, projecting and constructing the development. The formulated proposals, after being divulged, had fomented the interchange with other professionals and had favored the advance of ambient questions in Brazil, in the sense to preserve natural resources, to construct more harmonic relations between the society and the nature and to equate the development with the environment preservation