The importance of dietary calcium consumption in two species of semi-terrestrial grapsoid crabs

Calcium (Ca) is essential for crustaceans, due to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposition in the new exoskeleton to harden it. The purpose of this work was to study short term Ca balance in terms of dietary Ca ingestion in two phylogenetically related crabs (Superfamily Grapsoidea) showing different degrees of terrestrial adaptations: Sesarma rectum Randall, 1840 and Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851). Dietary Ca ingestion was studied using purified diets with different Ca concentrations (0, 2.2 and 6.66 % Ca), together with measurements of Ca excretion and Ca hemolymph levels. The results showed that both crabs had the same response to foods containing different levels of Ca, with both species eating more of the high Ca diet. However, S. rectum consumed more per mg body mass at all Ca concentrations (6 mg.g-1 for S. rectum against 3 mg.g-1 for N. granulata). Both species excreted/egested Ca differently: S. rectum excreted Ca proportionally to ingestion, whereas N. granulata maintained constant faecal Ca output at all dietary Ca levels. Moreover, Ca hemolymph levels for crabs fed the different diets were independent of dietary Ca. In conclusion, both S. rectum and N. granulata seem to regulate the consumption of diets containing more Ca, which suggests a fine balance for Ca intake.

Revision of the genus Harpasus Mulsant (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Chilocorini)

Harpasus Mulsant, 1850 was studied based on the morphology of the exoskeleton and genitalia. The type material of Harpasus aureus Almeida & Carvalho, 2006, H. quadrifolium González, Corrêa & Almeida, 2008 and a homotype of H. zonatus (Mulsant, 1850) were examined. The lectotype of H. eversmanni (Mulsant, 1850) was designated and two new species were described, Harpasus unifasciatus sp. nov. (Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil) and Harpasus ferrugineus sp. nov. (Puerto Carreño, Vichada, Colombia). Herein a diagnosis for the genus and its seven species, identification key and information about biological aspects are presented.

Clearing and dissecting insects for internal skeletal morphological research with particular reference to bees

ABSTRACT A detailed protocol for chemical clearing of bee specimens is presented. Dry specimens as well as those preserved in liquid media can be cleared using this protocol. The procedure consists of a combined use of alkaline solution (KOH or NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), followed by the boiling of the cleared specimens in 60–70% EtOH. Clearing is particularly useful for internal skeletal morphological research. This procedure allows for efficient study of internal projections of the exoskeleton (e.g., apodemes, furcae, phragmata, tentoria, internal ridges and sulci), but this process makes external features of the integument, as some sutures and sulci, readily available for observation as well. Upon completion of the chemical clearing process the specimens can be stored in glycerin. This procedure was developed and evaluated for the preparation of bees and other Apoidea, but modifications for use with other insect taxa should be straightforward after some experimentation on variations of timing of steps, concentration of solutions, temperatures, and the necessity of a given step. Comments on the long-term storage, morphological examination, and photodocumentation of cleared specimens are also provided.

Prototypical Arthropod Gene Content and Genome Organisation in the Centipede Strigamia maritima

Myriapods (e.g., centipedes and millipedes) display a simple homonomous body plan relative to other arthropods. All members of the class are terrestrial, but they attained terrestriality independently of insects. Myriapoda is the only arthropod class not represented by a sequenced genome. We present an analysis of the genome of the centipede Strigamia maritima. It retains a compact genome that has undergone less gene loss and shuffling than previously sequenced arthropods, and many orthologues of genes conserved from the bilaterian ancestor that have been lost in insects. Our analysis locates many genes in conserved macro-synteny contexts, and many small-scale examples of gene clustering. We describe several examples where S. maritima shows different solutions from insects to similar problems. The insect olfactory receptor gene family is absent from S. maritima, and olfaction in air is likely effected by expansion of other receptor gene families. For some genes S. maritima has evolved paralogues to generate coding sequence diversity, where insects use alternate splicing. This is most striking for the Dscam gene, which in Drosophila generates more than 100,000 alternate splice forms, but in S. maritima is encoded by over 100 paralogues. We see an intriguing linkage between the absence of any known photosensory proteins in a blind organism and the additional absence of canonical circadian clock genes. The phylogenetic position of myriapods allows us to identify where in arthropod phylogeny several particular molecular mechanisms and traits emerged. For example, we conclude that juvenile hormone signalling evolved with the emergence of the exoskeleton in the arthropods and that RR-1 containing cuticle proteins evolved in the lineage leading to Mandibulata. We also identify when various gene expansions and losses occurred. The genome of S. maritima offers us a unique glimpse into the ancestral arthropod genome, while also displaying many adaptations to its specific life history.

Exoskeletonit ja niiden ohjaus

Tässä työssä tarkastellaan sekä kehitteillä että markkinoilla olevia exoskeletoneja. Työssä esitellään ja vertaillaan kahta erilaista markkinoilla olevaa ja kolmea pitkälle kehitysvaiheessaan edennyttä exoskeletonia. Lisäksi työssä esitellään exoskeletoneiden ohjauksen perusteet ja erilaisia ohjausmenetelmiä sekä pohditaan niiden tulevaisuutta.

The importance of dietary calcium consumption in two species of semi-terrestrial grapsoid crabs

Calcium (Ca) is essential for crustaceans, due to calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) deposition in the new exoskeleton to harden it. The purpose of this work was to study short term Ca balance in terms of dietary Ca ingestion in two phylogenetically related crabs (Superfamily Grapsoidea) showing different degrees of terrestrial adaptations: Sesarma rectum Randall, 1840 and Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851). Dietary Ca ingestion was studied using purified diets with different Ca concentrations (0, 2.2 and 6.66% Ca), together with measurements of Ca excretion and Ca hemolymph levels. The results showed that both crabs had the same response to foods containing different levels of Ca, with both species eating more of the high Ca diet. However, S. rectum consumed more per mg body mass at all Ca concentrations (6 mg.g(-1) for S. rectum against 3 mg.g(-1) for N. granulata). Both species excreted/egested Ca differently: S. rectum excreted Ca proportionally to ingestion, whereas N. granulata maintained constant faecal Ca output at all dietary Ca levels. Moreover, Ca hemolymph levels for crabs fed the different diets were independent of dietary Ca. In conclusion, both S. rectum and N. granulata seem to regulate the consumption of diets containing more Ca, which suggests a fine balance for Ca intake.

Development of an active orthosis prototype for lower limbs

ARAUJO, Márcio V. ; ALSINA, Pablo J. ; MEDEIROS, Adelardo A. D. ; PEREIRA, Jonathan P.P. ; DOMINGOS, Elber C. ; ARAÚJO, Fábio M.U. ; SILVA, Jáder S. . Development of an Active Orthosis Prototype for Lower Limbs. In: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 20., 2009, Gramado, RS. Proceedings… Gramado, RS: [s. n.], 2009

Determinação de motivos de ligação à quitina em vicilinas de Canavalia ensiformis e Vigna unguiculata através de métodos in silico e relação com suas toxicidades para o bruquídeo Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera:Bruchidae)

Chitin is an important structural component of the cellular wall of fungi and exoskeleton of many invertebrate plagues, such as insects and nematodes. In digestory systems of insects it forms a named matrix of peritrophic membrane. One of the most studied interaction models protein-carbohydrate is the model that involves chitin-binding proteins. Among the involved characterized domains already in this interaction if they detach the hevein domain (HD), from of Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber tree), the R&R consensus domain (R&R), found in cuticular proteins of insects, and the motif called in this study as conglicinin motif (CD), found in the cristallography structure of the β-conglicinin bounded with GlcNac. These three chitin-binding domains had been used to determine which of them could be involved in silico in the interaction of Canavalia ensiformis and Vigna unguiculata vicilins with chitin, as well as associate these results with the WD50 of these vicilins for Callosobruchus maculatus larvae. The technique of comparative modeling was used for construction of the model 3D of the vicilin of V. unguiculata, that was not found in the data bases. Using the ClustalW program it was gotten localization of these domains in the vicilins primary structure. The domains R&R and CD had been found with bigger homology in the vicilins primary sequences and had been target of interaction studies. Through program GRAMM models of interaction ( dockings ) of the vicilins with GlcNac had been gotten. The results had shown that, through analysis in silico, HD is not part of the vicilins structures, proving the result gotten with the alignment of the primary sequences; the R&R domain, although not to have structural similarity in the vicilins, probably it has a participation in the activity of interaction of these with GlcNac; whereas the CD domain participates directly in the interaction of the vicilins with GlcNac. These results in silico show that the amino acid number, the types and the amount of binding made for the CD motif with GlcNac seem to be directly associates to the deleterious power that these vicilins show for C. maculatus larvae. This can give an initial step in the briefing of as the vicilins interact with alive chitin in and exert its toxic power for insects that possess peritrophic membrane

Presence of calcium in oocytes of the diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi Verhoeff (Spirobolida, Rhinocricidae)

In diplopods, the presence of calcium-containing structures seems to be a common finding in some species, with its formation being similar to that observed for other intracellular mineralization systems. In the present study, using histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy, a large amount of calcium was observed in the oocytes of Rhinocricus padbergi. Calcium was detected in both less and well developed oocytes, i.e., the occurrence of calcium coincided with the beginning of vitellogenesis. Calcium was observed as fine granulation distributed within the cytoplasm or deposited in spherical structures apparently formed by overlapping calcium layers. Some authors have suggested that these structures represent a type of reserve used for the calcification of the embryo exoskeleton, whereas others believe that calcium inclusions are a mechanism of organism detoxification as a result of excess calcium ingested by animals during soil turnover. We suggest in this paper that the first hypothesis could be occurring in R. padbergi since at the juvenile stages of the individuals the uptake of calcium is low and because the oocyte is a specialized cell not associated with detoxification.

The functional morphology of the metapleural gland of the leaf-cutting ant Atta laevigata (Formicidae: Attini)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Yeasts and filamentous fungi carried by the gynes of leaf-cutting ants

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ciclo reprodutivo do caranguejo violinista Uca rapax (Smith) (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ocypodidae) habitante de um estuário degradado em Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Toxicidade aguda e risco ambiental do diflubenzuron para Daphnia magna, Poecilia reticulata e Lemna minor na ausência e presença de sedimento

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Feeding ecology of Dash-dot Tetra Hemigrammus belottii (Steindachner 1882) (Characiformes: Characidae) in the streams of the Urucu River basin, central Amazonia, Brazil

O presente estudo descreve a dieta da espécie Hemigrammus belottii (Characiformes: Characidae) coletados na bacia do Rio Urucu no município de Coari, Amazonas, (Brasil), buscando responder o seguinte questionamento: Qual a influência dos períodos hidrológicos (seco e chuvoso) e da distribuição espacial na dieta de H. belottii? Os espécimes tiveram seus estômagos retirados e os itens alimentares pesados e identificados para posteriores análises relacionadas à intensidade alimentar, pelo Índice de Repleção (IR%) e pelo índice de importância alimentar (IAi%). Foi analisado um total de 227 espécimes, com comprimento padrão médio de 16,54 mm ± 5,6 mm. Baseado no IR% verificou-se para H. belottii uma maior intensidade alimentar durante o período da seca. A dieta da espécie foi composta predominantemente pelos itens Formicidae (IAi% = 69,6), fragmento de exoesqueleto alóctone (IAi% = 17,7) e Coleoptera (IAi% = 6,0), com sua composição se mostrando independente de períodos hidrológicos e de sua distribuição espacial, que pode ser atribuído à alta disponibilidade de itens alimentares utilizados pela espécie durante o ano todo. De um modo geral H. belottii evidenciou um hábito alimentar insetívoro generalista, com predomínio de itens de origem alóctone.

Glândula de defesa do milípede Urostreptus atrobrunneus: estrutura e conteúdo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)