488 resultados para effekt


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Introduction: Die sportmotorische Leistungsfähigkeit (SMLF) hängt nicht nur positiv mit der körperlichen Gesundheit zusammen, sondern gilt auch als Prädiktor für die schulische Leistung (SL) (van der Niet, Hartmann, Smith, & Visscher, 2014). Um die Frage zu beantworten, wie denn zwei auf den ersten Blick so distale Merkmale zusammenhängen sollen, werden unterschiedliche erklärende Variablen diskutiert, wobei die kognitive Stimulationshypothese die exekutiven Funktionen (EF) als mediierende Variable im Zusammenhang zwischen SMLF und SL postuliert. Die Annahme hierbei ist, dass die mit komplexen motorischen Kontrollprozessen einhergehende kognitive Beanspruchung bei einem wiederholten Ausführen von nicht-automatisierten sportbezogenen Handlungen zu einer Aktivierung und somit Förderung der EF führt (Best, 2010). EF, verstanden als höhere kognitive Prozesse, die ein zielorientiertes und situationsangepasstes Handeln erlauben, sind für den schulischen Erfolg von zentraler Bedeutung und gleichzeitig wichtige Prädiktoren der SL (Diamond, 2013). Obwohl diese Mediation seit einigen Jahren in der Literatur diskutiert wird, wurde sie bis heute noch nicht mit Hilfe längsschnittlicher Daten geprüft. Daher wird im Folgenden der mediierende Effekt der EF im Zusammenhang zwischen SMLF und SL getestet. Methods: Im Rahmen der Studie Sport und Kognition 5.0 wurden insgesamt 237 Primarschulkinder (52.3% ♀; 11.31 ± 0.62 Jahre) zu drei Messzeitpunkten in ihrer SMLF (T1) und ihren EF (T2) getestet. Zusätzlich wurde die SL (T3) mittels objektiver Schulleistungstests (Mathematik und Deutsch) erhoben. Um die Hauptfragestellung zu prüfen, ob die SL vorwiegend mediiert über die EF durch die SMLF vorhergesagt werden kann, wurde eine bootstrapping-basierte Mediationsanalyse in AMOS 22 durchgeführt. Results: Das theoretisch abgeleitete Strukturgleichungsmodell (2 (22, N = 237) = 30.357, p = .110; CFI = .978) weist eine zufriedenstellende Anpassungsgüte auf. Erwartungsgemäss zerfällt der Zusammenhang innerhalb des Mediationsmodells zwischen der SMLF und der SL, alsbald die EF ins Modell aufgenommen werden (β = .16, p = .634). Sowohl der Zusammenhang zwischen der SMLF und den EF (β = .38, p = .039), als auch der Zusammenhang zwischen den EF und der SL fallen signifikant aus (β = .91, p = .001) und ergeben dabei eine volle Mediation über den indirekten (p = .021) und totalen Effekt (p = .001). Discussion/Conclusion: Die erstmals vorliegenden längsschnittlichen Daten bestätigen den Zusammenhang zwischen SMLF und SL bei einer Mediation über die EF und decken sich mit den, aus einem querschnittlichen Design stammenden, Befunden von van der Niet et al. (2014). Zur Steigerung der schulischen Leistung sollten zukünftige Schulsportinterventionen die SMLF von Kindern erhöhen und dabei die EF bei der Auswahl von sportlichen Aufgaben mitberücksichtigen. References: Best, J. R. (2010). Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function: Contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Developmental Review, 30, 331-351. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. van der Niet, A. G., Hartmann, E., Smith, J. & Visscher, C. (2014). Modeling relationships between physical fitness, executive functioning, and academic achievement in primary school children. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 15(4), 319-325.

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Die sportmotorische Leistungsfähigkeit (SMLF) gilt in jüngster Zeit als ein Prädiktor für schulische Leistung (SL) (Diamond, 2013). Um die Frage zu beantworten, wie denn zwei auf den ersten Blick so distale Merkmale zusammenhängen sollen, werden unterschiedliche erklärende Variablen diskutiert, wobei die kognitive Stimulationshypothese die exekutiven Funktionen (EF) als mediierende Variable im Zusammenhang zwischen SMLF und SL postuliert. Die Annahme hierbei ist, dass die mit komplexen motorischen Kontrollprozessen einhergehende kognitive Beanspruchung bei einem wiederholten Ausführen von nicht-automatisierten sportbezogenen Handlungen zu einer Aktivierung und somit Förderung der EF führt (Best, 2010). Der mediierende Effekt der EF im Zusammenhang zwischen der SMLF und der SL wird seit einigen Jahren in der Literatur diskutiert und wird im Folgenden innerhalb einer längsschnittlichen Untersuchung getestet. Im Rahmen der Studie SpuK wurden 237 Primarschulkinder (52.3% ♀; 11.31 ± 0.62 Jahre) zu drei Messzeitpunkten in ihrer SMLF (T1) und ihren EF (T2) getestet. Zur Ermittlung der SMLF wurden drei sportmotorische Tests in den Bereichen Koordination, Ausdauer und Schnellkraft durchgeführt. Die EF Inhibition, kognitive Flexibilität und Arbeitsgedächtnis wurden computerbasiert über den N-Back- und Flanker-Test operationalisiert. Zusätzlich wurde die SL (T3) mittels objektiver Schulleistungstests erhoben. Um die Hauptfragestellung zu prüfen, wurde eine bootstrapping basierte Mediationsanalyse in AMOS durchgeführt. Das Strukturgleichungsmodell (2 (22, N=237)=30.357, p=.110; CFI=.978) weist eine zufriedenstellende Anpassungsgüte auf. Erwartungsgemäss zerfällt der Zusammenhang innerhalb des Mediationsmodells zwischen der SMLF und der SL, alsbald die EF ins Modell aufgenommen werden (β=.16, p= .634). Sowohl der Zusammenhang zwischen der SMLF und den EF (β=.38, p= .039), als auch der Zusammenhang zwischen den EF und der SL fallen signifikant aus (β=.91, p=.001) und ergeben dabei eine volle Mediation über den indirekten (p=.021) und totalen Effekt (p=.001). Die vorliegenden längs-schnittlichen Daten bestätigen den Zusammenhang zwischen SMLF und SL bei einer Mediation über die EF und bestätigen somit die aus querschnittlichem Design stammenden Resultate von van der Niet et al. (2014). Literatur Best, J. R. (2010). Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function: Contributions of ex-perimental research on aerobic exercise. Developmental Review, 30, 331-351. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. van der Niet, A. G., Hartmann, E., Smith, J. & Visscher, C. (2014). Modeling relationships between physical fitness, executive functioning, and academic achievement in primary school chil-dren. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 15(4), 319-325.

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Introduction: Da die exekutiven Funktionen in enger Verbindung mit schulischer Leistung stehen (Diamond, 2007) interessiert aus sportwissenschaftlicher Sicht, welchen Beitrag Sport und Bewegung zu dessen Erhöhung leisten kann. Direkte Zusammenhänge zwischen den Konstrukten sportmotorische Leistungsfähigkeit, exekutive Funktionen und schulische Leistung scheinen empirisch hinreichend belegt. Offen bleibt hingegen wie sich der Zusammenhang gestaltet wobei des Öfteren Mediations- und Moderationseffekte diskutiert (Alfermann & Linde, 2012), selten jedoch statistisch getestet werden. Ob die exekutiven Funktionen als potentieller Mediator zwischen sportmotorischer Leistungsfähigkeit und schulischer Leistung fungiert, ist Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags. Methods: Im Rahmen der Studie „Sport und Kognition“ (SpuK) wurden insgesamt 110 Schülerinnen und Schüler (56.8% ♀; 7.90±0.43 Jahre) in ihren exekutiven Funktionen (EF) getestet. Zusätzlich wurde die sportmotorische Leistungsfähigkeit (SMLF) und die schulische Leistung (SL) durch Einschätzung der Lehrperson erhoben. Um die Annahme zu prüfen, ob die schulische Leistung vorwiegend mediiert über die exekutiven Funktionen durch die sportmotorische Leistung vorhergesagt werden kann, wurde eine Mediatoranalyse (Fairchild & McQuillin, 2010) berechnet. Results: Das Strukturgleichungsmodell mit 2(7, N=95)=3.057, p=.880; CFI>.99 weist eine hohe Anpassungsgüte auf. Erwartungsgemäss gibt es innerhalb des Mediationsmodells keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen SMLF und SL (Sprache) (β=-.12, p=.869). Während der Zusammenhang von SMLF auf EF signifikant ausfällt (β=.69, p= .026), zeigt sich der Zusammenhang von EF auf SL (Sprache) als nicht signifikant (β=.68, p=.515). Daher zeigt sich weder der direkte Effekt (p=.124) von SMLF auf SL noch der indirekte Effekte (p=.472) von SMLF auf SL über EF signifikant. Die geprüfte Mediation muss somit verworfen werden. Discussion/Conclusion: Obwohl starke Zusammenhänge von SMLF und EF als auch von EF und SL (Sprache) und gleichzeitig ein schwacher direkter Zusammenhang von SMLF und SL die theoretische Annahme der Mediation stützen, kann der indirekte Effekt keine Signifikanz ausweisen, was zu einer Ablehnung der Mediationshypothese führt. Erklären lässt sich dieser Befund durch eine zu geringfügige Stichprobe einerseits und durch eine unzureichende Datenqualität aufgrund inadäquat operationalisierter Messmethoden zur Einschätzung der schulischen Leistung andererseits. Zukünftige Studien sollten zur Messung der schulischen Leistung auf objektive Messmethoden zurückgreifen. References: Alfermann, D., & Linde, K. (2012). Physische Aktivität und kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit. In R. Fuchs & W. Schlicht (Hrsg.), Seelische Gesundheit und sportliche Aktivität (S.294-314). Göttingen: Hogrefe. Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science, 318, 1387-1388. Fairchild, A. J., & McQuillin, S. D. (2010). Evaluating mediation and moderation effects in school psychology: A presentation of methods and review of current practice. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 53-84.

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Kravinsamling görs inför ett systemutvecklingsprojekt för att identifiera användarnas behov och önskade effekter med systemet. Ett problem för många system är att valet av teknik påverkas allt för mycket av vilka tekniker som finns i företaget och är i många fall förutbestämt, istället för att baseras på behov och krav som ställs på systemet. Effektkartläggning är en metod som kan användas för kravinsamling, men metoden har inte fokus på tekniska funktioner. Eftersom tekniken ofta är förutbestämd måste den beaktas redan under kravinsamlingen. Frågan är därför hur man kan använda effektkartläggning för att den ändå ska vara ett stöd vid val av teknik. Syftet med det här examensarbetet har varit att utvärdera metoden effektkartläggning genom en metodanalys enligt metoden MA/SIMM, för att ta fram ett förslag på hur metoden bör användas för att vara ett stöd vid val av teknik för applikationstyp och cms för att nå önskad effekt vid utveckling av ett mobilt intranät. För att kunna besvara syftet har två frågeställningar tagits fram:  Hur bör metoden effektkartläggning användas för att vara ett stöd vid val av teknik för applikationstyp och cms för ett mobilt intranät?  Vilka faktorer bör beaktas vid val av teknik för applikationstyp och cms för att nå önskad effekt vid utveckling av ett mobilt intranät? För att identifiera faktorerna har litteraturstudier och intervjuer genomförts. Resultatet av vilka faktorer som bör beaktas vid val av teknik är en lista på 13 faktorer som grovt kan delas in i faktorer för applikationstyp och cms. Metoden effektkartläggning har analyserats utifrån ett teoretiskt och ett situationellt perspektiv. Resultatet av metodanalysen visar att systemutvecklare bör involveras tidigare i processen, metoder som säkerställer att outtalade krav dokumenteras bör användas samt tre förändringar i effektkartans notation behövs för att effektkartläggning ska vara ett stöd vid val av teknik.

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Körperliche Aktivität scheint einen positiven Effekt auf die exekutiven Funktionen von Kindern zu haben. Unklar ist jedoch, ob verschiedene Arten von körperlicher Aktivität die exekutiven Funktionen gleichermaßen beeinflussen und ob alle Kinder gleichermaßen profitieren. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden verschiedene 20-minütige Interventionen mit variierendem Anteil körperlicher und kognitiver Aktivierung durchgeführt. 217 Kinder wurden randomisiert einer von vier Gruppen zugeteilt. Vor und nach den Interventionen wurde die Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung gemessen. Über die gesamte Stichprobe hinweg konnten keine Interventionseffekte festgestellt werden. Die Schulleistung der Kinder hatte jedoch einen moderierenden Effekt: Während bei Kindern mit tieferer Schulleistung keine Effekte gefunden wurden, verbesserten sich die Kinder mit höherer Schulleistung durch alle Interventionsbedingungen signifikant stärker als durch die Kontrollbedingung. Die fehlenden Effekte in der Gesamtstichprobe werfen die Frage auf, ob es möglicherweise in einem natürlichen Setting und im Gruppenkontext schwieriger ist Effekte zu erzielen als in streng kontrollierten Laborsettings. Zudem weist der selektive Effekt auf das Arbeitsgedächtnis bei Kindern mit höherer Schulleistung darauf hin, dass nicht alle Kinder gleichermaßen von einer Intervention zu profitieren scheinen und möglicherweise individuelle Anpassungen nötig sind, um einen allgemeineren positiven Effekt zu erzielen.

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The aim of the study was to explore why the MuPSiNet project - a computer and network supported learning environment for the field of health care and social work - did not develop as expected. To grasp the problem some hypotheses were formulated. The hypotheses regarded the teachers' skills in and attitudes towards computing and their attitudes towards constructivist study methods. An online survey containing 48 items was performed. The survey targeted all the teachers within the field of health care and social work in the country, and it produced 461 responses that were analysed against the hypotheses. The reliability of the variables was tested using the Cronbach alpha coefficient and t-tests. Poor basic computing skills among the teachers combined with a vulnerable technical solution, and inadequate project management combined with lack of administrative models for transforming economic resources into manpower were the factors that turned out to play a decisive role in the project. Other important findings were that the teachers had rather poor skills and knowledge in computing, computer safety and computer supported instruction, and that these skills were significantly poorer among female teachers who were in majority in the sample. The fraction of teachers who were familiar with software for electronic patient records (EPR) was low. The attitudes towards constructivist teaching methods were positive, and further education seemed to utterly increase the teachers' readiness to use alternative teaching methods. The most important conclusions were the following: In order to integrate EPR software as a natural tool in teaching planning and documenting health care, it is crucial that the teachers have sufficient basic skills in computing and that more teachers have personal experience of using EPR software. In order for computer supported teaching to become accepted it is necessary to arrange with extensive further education for the teachers presently working, and for that further education to succeed it should be backed up locally among other things by sufficient support in matters concerning computer supported teaching. The attitudes towards computing showed significant gender differences. Based on the findings it is suggested that basic skills in computing should also include an awareness of data safety in relation to work in different kinds of computer networks, and that projects of this kind should be built up around a proper project organisation with sufficient resources. Suggestions concerning curricular development and further education are also presented. Conclusions concerning the research method were that reminders have a better effect, and that respondents tend to answer open-ended questions more verbosely in electronically distributed online surveys compared to traditional surveys. A method of utilising randomized passwords to guarantee respondent anonymity while maintaining sample control is presented. Keywords: computer-assisted learning, computer-assisted instruction, health care, social work, vocational education, computerized patient record, online survey

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Epilysin (MMP-28) is the most recently identified member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of extracellular proteases. Together these enzymes are capable of degrading almost all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are thus involved in important biological processes such as development, wound healing and immune functions, but also in pathological processes such as tumor invasion, metastasis and arthritis. MMPs do not act solely by degrading the ECM. They also regulate cell behavior by releasing growth factors and biologically active peptides from the ECM, by modulating cell surface receptors and adhesion molecules and by regulating the activity of many important mediators in inflammatory pathways. The aim of this study was to define the unique role of epilysin within the MMP-family, to elucidate how and when it is expressed and how its catalytic activity is regulated. To gain information on its essential functions and substrates, the specific aim was to characterize how epilysin affects the phenotype of epithelial cells, where it is biologically expressed. During the course of the study we found that the epilysin promoter contains a well conserved GT-box that is essential for the basic expression of this gene. Transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 bind this sequence and could hence regulate both the basic and cell type and differentiation stage specific expression of epilysin. We cloned mouse epilysin cDNA and found that epilysin is well conserved between human and mouse genomes and that epilysin is glycosylated and activated by furin. Similarly to in human tissues, epilysin is normally expressed in a number of mouse tissues. The expression pattern differs from most other MMPs, which are expressed only in response to injury or inflammation and in pathological processes like cancer. These findings implicate that epilysin could be involved in tissue homeostasis, perhaps fine-tuning the phenotype of epithelial cells according to signals from the ECM. In view of these results, it was unexpected to find that epilysin can induce a stable epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) when overexpressed in epithelial lung carcinoma cells. Transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) was recognized as a crucial mediator of this process, which was characterized by the loss of E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion, elevated expression of gelatinase B and MT1-MMP and increased cell migration and invasion into collagen I gels. We also observed that epilysin is bound to the surface of epithelial cells and that this interaction is lost upon cell transformation and is susceptible to degradation by membrane type-1-MMP (MT1-MMP). The wide expression of epilysin under physiological conditions implicates that its effects on epithelial cell phenotype in vivo are not as dramatic as seen in our in vitro cell system. Nevertheless, current results indicate a possible interaction between epilysin and TGF-b also under physiological circumstances, where epilysin activity may not induce EMT but, instead, trigger less permanent changes in TGF-b signaling and cell motility. Epilysin may thus play an important role in TGF-b regulated events such as wound healing and inflammation, processes where involvement of epilysin has been indicated.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate intensity, productivity and efficiency in agriculture in Finland and show implications for N and P fertiliser management. Environmental concerns relating to agricultural production have been and still are focused on arguments about policies that affect agriculture. These policies constrain production while demand for agricultural products such as food, fibre and energy continuously increase. Therefore the importance of increasing productivity is a great challenge to agriculture. Over the last decades producers have experienced several large changes in the production environment such as the policy reform when Finland joined the EU 1995. Other and market changes occurred with the further EU enlargement with neighbouring countries in 2005 and with the decoupling of supports over the 2006-2007 period. Decreasing prices a decreased number of farmers and decreased profitability in agricultural production have resulted from these changes and constraints and of technological development. It is known that the accession to the EU 1995 would herald changes in agriculture. Especially of interest was how the sudden changes in prices of commodities on especially those of cereals, decreased by 60%, would influence agricultural production. The knowledge of properties of the production function increased in importance as a consequence of price changes. A research on the economic instruments to regulate productions was carried out and combined with earlier studies in paper V. In paper I the objective was to compare two different technologies, the conventional farming and the organic farming, determine differences in productivity and technical efficiency. In addition input specific or environmental efficiencies were analysed. The heterogeneity of agricultural soils and its implications were analysed in article II. In study III the determinants of technical inefficiency were analysed. The aspects and possible effects of the instability in policies due to a partial decoupling of production factors and products were studied in paper IV. Consequently connection between technical efficiency based on the turnover and the sales return was analysed in this study. Simple economic instruments such as fertiliser taxes have a direct effect on fertiliser consumption and indirectly increase the value of organic fertilisers. However, fertiliser taxes, do not fully address the N and P management problems adequately and are therefore not suitable for nutrient management improvements in general. Productivity of organic farms is lower on average than conventional farms and the difference increases when looking at selling returns only. The organic sector needs more research and development on productivity. Livestock density in organic farming increases productivity, however, there is an upper limit to livestock densities on organic farms and therefore nutrient on organic farms are also limited. Soil factors affects phosphorous and nitrogen efficiency. Soils like sand and silt have lower input specific overall efficiency for nutrients N and P. Special attention is needed for the management on these soils. Clay soils and soils with moderate clay content have higher efficiency. Soil heterogeneity is cause for an unavoidable inefficiency in agriculture.

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Quantum effects are often of key importance for the function of biological systems at molecular level. Cellular respiration, where energy is extracted from the reduction of molecular oxygen to water, is no exception. In this work, the end station of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, cytochrome c oxidase, is investigated using quantum chemical methodology. Cytochrome c oxidase contains two haems, haem a and haem a3. Haem a3, with its copper companion, CuB, is involved in the final reduction of oxygen into water. This binuclear centre receives the necessary electrons from haem a. Haem a, in turn, receives its electrons from a copper ion pair in the vicinity, called CuA. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to clarify the charge and spin distributions of haem a, as well as changes in these during redox activity. Upon reduction, the added electron is shown to be evenly distributed over the entire haem structure, important for the accommodation of the prosthetic group within the protein. At the same time, the spin distribution of the open-shell oxidised state is more localised to the central iron. The exact spin density distribution has been disputed in the literature, however, different experiments indicating different distributions of the unpaired electron. The apparent contradiction is shown to be due to the false assumption of a unit amount of unpaired electron density; in fact, the oxidised state has about 1.3 unpaired electrons. The validity of the DFT results have been corroborated by wave function based coupled cluster calculations. Point charges, for use in classical force field based simulations, have been parameterised for the four metal centres, using a newly developed methodology. In the procedure, the subsystem for which point charges are to be obtained, is surrounded by an outer region, with the purpose of stabilising the inner region, both electronically and structurally. Finally, the possibility of vibrational promotion of the electron transfer step between haem a and a3 has been investigated. Calculating the full vibrational spectra, at DFT level, of a combined model of the two haems, revealed several normal modes that do shift electron density between the haems. The magnitude of the shift was found to be moderate, at most. The proposed mechanism could have an assisting role in the electron transfer, which still seems to be dominated by electron tunnelling.

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In Africa various species of Combretum, Terminalia and Pteleopsis are used in traditional medicine. Despite of this, some species of these genera have still not been studied for their biological effects to validate their traditional uses. The aim of this work has been to document the ethnomedicinal uses of several species of Combretum and Terminalia in Mbeya region, south-western Tanzania, and to use this information for finding species with good antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. During a five weeks expedition to Tanzania in spring 1999 sixteen different species of Combretum and Terminalia, as well as Pteleopsis myrtifolia were collected from various locations in the districts of Mbeya, Iringa and Dar-es-Salaam. Traditional healers in seven different villages in the Mbeya region were interviewed in Swahili and Nyakyusa on the medicinal uses of Combretum and Terminalia species shown to them. A questionnaire was used during the interviews. The results of the interviews correlated well between different villages, the same species being used in similar ways in different villages. Of the ten species shown to the healers six were frequently used for treatment of skin diseases, bacterial infections, diarrhea, oedema and wounds. The dried plants were most commonly prepared into hot water decoctions or mixed into maize porridge, Ugali. Infusions made from dried or fresh plant material were also common. Wounds and topical infections were treated with ointments made from the dried plant material mixed with sheep fat. Twenty-one extracts of six species of Combretum and four of Terminalia, collected from Tanzania, were screened for their antibacterial effects against two gram-negative and five gram-positive bacteria, as well as the yeast, Candida albicans, using an agar diffusion method. Most of the screened plants showed substantial antimicrobial activity. A methanolic root extract of T. sambesiaca showed the most potent antibacterial effects of all the plant species screened, and gave a MIC value of 0.9 mg/ml against Enterobacter aerogenes. Also root extracts of T. sericea and T. kaiserana gave excellent antimicrobial effects, and notably a hot water extract of T. sericea was as potent as extracts of this species made from EtOH and MeOH. Thus, the traditional way of preparing T. sericea into hot water decoctions seems to extract antimicrobial compounds. Thirty-five extracts of five species of Terminalia, ten of Combretum and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were screened for their antifungal effects against five species of yeast (Candida spp.) and Cryptococcus neoformans. The species differed from each other to their antifungal effects, some being very effective whereas others showed no antifungal effects. The most effective extracts showed antifungal effects comparable to the standard antibiotics itraconazol and amphotericin B. Species of Terminalia gave in general stronger antifungal effects than those of Combretum. The best effects were obtained with methanolic root extracts of T. sambesiaca, T. sericea and T. kaiserana, and this investigation indicates that decoctions of these species might be used for treatment of HIV-related fungal infections. Twenty-seven crude extracts of eight species of Combretum, five of Terminalia and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines (HeLa, cervical carcinoma; MCF 7, breast carcinoma, T 24 bladder carcinoma) and one endothelial cell line (BBCE, bovine brain capillary endothelial cells). The most outstanding effects were obtained with a leaf extract of Combretum fragrans, which nearly totally inhibited the proliferation of T 24 and HeLa cells at a concentration of 25 ug/ml and inhibited 60 % of the growth of the HeLa cells at a concentration of 4.3 ug/ml. The species of Terminalia were less cytotoxically potent than the Combretum species, although T. sericea and T. sambesiaca gave good cytotoxic effects (< 30 % proliferation). In summary this study indicates that some of the species of Terminalia, Combretum and Pteleopsis, used in Tanzanian traditional medicine, are powerful inhibitors of both microbial and cancer cell growth. In depth studies would be needed to find the active compounds behind these biological activities.