909 resultados para drying parameters


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Maize silage nutritive quality is routinely determined by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). However, little is known about the impact of sample preparation on the accuracy of the calibration to predict biological traits. A sample population of 48 maize silages representing a wide range of physiological maturities was used in a study to determine the impact of different sample preparation procedures (i.e., drying regimes; the presence or absence of residual moisture; the degree of particle comminution) on resultant NIR prediction statistics. All silages were scanned using a total of 12 combinations of sample pre-treatments. Each sample preparation combination was subjected to three multivariate regression techniques to give a total of 36 predictions per biological trait. Increased sample preparations procedure, relative to scanning the unprocessed whole plant (WP) material, always resulted in a numerical minimisation of model statistics. However, the ability of each of the treatments to significantly minimise the model statistics differed. Particle comminution was the most important factor, oven-drying regime was intermediate, and residual moisture presence was the least important. Models to predict various biological parameters of maize silage will be improved if material is subjected to a high degree of particle comminution (i.e., having been passed through a 1 mm screen) and developed on plant material previously dried at 60 degrees C. The extra effort in terms of time and cost required to remove sample residual moisture cannot be justified. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity were experimentally studied in a vibro-fluidized bed of inert particles subjected to different vibration intensities during drying of guava pulp. Maltodextrin was added to the pulp in order to prevent stickiness between particles and the consequent bed collapse. Pulps were initially concentrated, resulting in pastes with different soluble solids content, and a constant fraction of maltodextrin was guaranteed in the final pulp samples. The pulp rheological behavior as affected by temperature and total soluble solids content, including maltodextrin, was evaluated and the effect of pulp apparent viscosity on pressure drop and minimum vibro-fluidization velocity were investigated. Two types of inert particles -3.6 mm glass beads and 3 mm Teflon cylinders were tested and, due to lower pressure drop presented by Teflon cylinders during operation of the dry vibro-fluidized bed, these particles were adopted for pulp drying process. Increasing pulp apparent viscosity caused a considerable increase in the vibro-fluidized bed pressure drop during pulp drying and, as a consequence resulted in a larger value of minimum vibro-fluidization velocity. on the other hand, the negative effect of increasing apparent viscosity could be attenuated by increasing the fluidized bed vibration intensity, which could prevent stickiness between particles. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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El principal objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la influencia de las fendas de secado en las propiedades mecánicas de vigas de madera. Para esto, se utilizan 40 vigas de Pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L) de 4200 mm de longitud y 150x200 mm de sección que fueron ensayadas según norma EN 408. Las fendas se registran detalladamente atendiendo a su longitud y posición en cada cara de la viga, y midiendo el espesor y la profundidad cada 100mm a lo largo de la viga. Solo el 10% de la muestra es rechazada por las fendas, según los criterios establecidos por la norma española de clasificación visual UNE 56544. Para evaluar la influencia de las fendas en las propiedades mecánicas, se usan tres parámetros globales basados en el área, el volumen o la profundad de la fenda, y dos locales basados en la profundidad máxima y la profundidad en la zona de rotura. Además se determina la densidad de las piezas. Estos parámetros se comparan con las propiedades mecánicas (tensión de rotura, módulo de elasticidad y energía de rotura) y se encuentra escasa relación entre ellos. Las mejores correlaciones se encuentran entre los parámetros relacionados con la profundidad de las fendas, tanto con el módulo de elasticidad como con la tensión de rotura. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the influence of drying fissures on the mechanical properties of timber beams. For that purpose, 40 sawn timber pieces of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with 150x200 mm in cross-section and 4200 mm in length have been tested according to EN 408, obtaining MOR and MOE. The fissures were registered in detail measuring their length and position in each face of the beam, and the thickness and depth every 100 mm in length. Only 10 % of the pieces were rejected because fissures, according to UNE 56544 Spanish visual grading standard. To evaluate the influence of fissures in mechanical properties three global parameters: Fissures Area Ratio or ratio between the area occupied by fissures and the total area in the neutral axis plane of the beam; Fissures Volume Ratio or ratio between volume of fissures and the total volume of the beam; Fissures Average Depth and two local parameters were used: Fissures Maximum Depth in the beam, and Fissures Depth in the broken zone of the beam. Also the density of the beams was registered. These parameters were compared with mechanical properties (tensile strength, elasticity modulus, and rupture energy) and the relationship between them had not been founded. The best relationship was founded between the elasticity modulus y the tensile strength with the parameters which included the depth of the fissures.

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The marsh porosity method, a type of thin slot wetting and drying algorithm in a two-dimensional finite element long wave hydrodynamic model, is discussed and analyzed to assess model performance. Tests, including comparisons to simple examples and theoretical calculations, examine the effects of varying the marsh porosity parameters. The findings demonstrate that the wetting and drying concept of marsh porosity, often used in finite element hydrodynamic modeling, can behave in a more complex manner than initially expected.

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Banana discs of 1 cm thickness were immersed into different antioxidant solutions to slow down potentially disturbing discoloration during drying. Samples were randomly split into 8 groups according to the 2^p experimental design. Two antioxidant solutions with 1.66% and 4.59% ascorbic acid, two levels of drying temperature with 50°C and 80°C, two levels of drying time with 6h and 8h were used or adjusted. Laser diodes of seven wavelengths (532, 635, 650, 780, 808, 850 and 1064 nm) were selected to illuminate the surface and light penetration pattern was evaluated on the basis of radial profiles. Profiles acquired at three wavelengths (532, 635 and 650 nm) were found to respond sensitively to adjusted parameters. As a result of drying, intensity decay was observed to move closer to incident point. Significant effect (p<0.01) of temperature, drying time and their interaction was found on extracted descriptive attributes of intensity profiles: full width at half maximum (FWHM), distance of inflection point (DIP) and slope of logarithmic decay (SLD). Beyond their presence, antioxidant concentration was neutral factor without significant contribution to the model. Results were in agreement with reference spectroscopic measurements, especially with NDVI index. Promising results suggest that evaluated method might be suitable for monitoring purposes during drying of fruits.

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Bovine pericardium (BP) tissue is widely used in the manufacture of bioprosthetics. The effects of freeze-drying on the BP tissue have been studied by some researchers in order to decrease their cytotoxicity due to preservation in formaldehyde solution, and to increase the lifetime of the product in storage. This study was undertaken in order to study the effect of freeze-drying in the structure of BP. To perform this study BP samples were freeze-dried in two different types of freeze-dryers available in our laboratory: a laboratory freeze-dryer, in which it was not possible to control parameters and a pilot freeze-dryer, wherein all parameters during freezing and drying were controlled. After freeze-drying processes, samples were analyzed by SEM, Raman spectroscopy, tensile strength, water uptake tests and TEM. In summary, it has been demonstrated that damages occur in collagen fibers by the loss of bulk water of collagen structure implicating in a drastic decreasing of BP mechanical properties due to its structural alterations. Moreover, it was proven that the collagen fibrils suffered breakage at some points, which can be attributed to the uncontrolled parameters during drying. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The influence of concentration and incorporation time of different drying excipients on the processing yields and physical properties of Eugenia dysenterica DC spray-dried extracts were investigated following a factorial design. Under the established conditions, the process yield ranged from 57.55 to 89.14%, and in most experiments, the recovered products presented suitable flowability and compressibility, as demonstrated by the Hausner factor, Carr index, and angle of repose. Additionally, in a general way, the parameters related to the dried products` flowability varied over a range acceptable for pharmaceutical purposes. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) proved that both factors and some of their interactions significantly affected most of the investigated responses at different levels. Mannitol proved to be an interesting alternative as an excipient for the drying of herbal extracts, even at low concentrations such as 12.5%. Furthermore, these results imply that the best condition to obtain dry extracts of E. dysenterica with high performance and adequate pharmacotechnical properties involves the lowest concentration and the highest incorporation time of mannitol.

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This work evaluates the feasibility of the draft-tube spouted bed for drying of herbal extract. Drying runs were carried out according to a central composite design in a conical-cylindrical draft-tube spouted bed. The variables studied were the percentage of the drying aid (ADJ), the drying gas flow rate relative to gas flow at minimum spouting (Q/Q(ms)), and the flow rate of extract fed to the system relative to the spouting gas flow rate W(s)/W(g)). Colloidal silicon dioxide was the drying aid used in order to improve drying performance. Statistical analysis of the effects of processing parameters on product recovery, product accumulation in the bed, and product properties permitted the identification of parameters presenting significant effects on drying. Optimized drying conditions were related to experimental parameters as follow: high levels of the percentage of drying adjuvant (ADJ), high airflow rate relative to minimum spouting (Q/Q(ms)), and low values of the feed flow rate of the extract relative to the gas flow rate (W(s)/W(g)).

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A dynamic modelling methodology, which combines on-line variable estimation and parameter identification with physical laws to form an adaptive model for rotary sugar drying processes, is developed in this paper. In contrast to the conventional rate-based models using empirical transfer coefficients, the heat and mass transfer rates are estimated by using on-line measurements in the new model. Furthermore, a set of improved sectional solid transport equations with localized parameters is developed in this work to reidentified on-line using measurement data, the model is able to closely track the dynamic behaviour of rotary drying processes within a broad range of operational conditions. This adaptive model is validated against experimental data obtained from a pilot-scale rotary sugar dryer. The proposed modelling methodology can be easily incorporated into nonlinear model based control schemes to form a unified modelling and control framework.place the global correlation for the computation of solid retention time. Since a number of key model variables and parameters are identified on-line using measurement data, the model is able to closely track the dynamic behaviour of rotary drying processes within a broad range of operational conditions. This adaptive model is validated against experimental data obtained from a pilot-scale rotary sugar dryer. The proposed modelling methodology can be easily incorporated into nonlinear model based control schemes to form a unified modelling and control framework.

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The thin-layer drying behaviour of bananas in a beat pump dehumidifier dryer was examined. Four pre-treatments (blanching, chilling, freezing and combined blanching and freezing) were applied to the bananas, which were dried at 50 degreesC with an air velocity of 3.1 m s(-1) and with the relative humidity of the inlet air of 10-35%. Three drying models, the simple model, the two-term exponential model and the Page model were examined. All models were evaluated using three statistical measures, correlation coefficient, root means square error, and mean absolute percent error. Moisture diffusivity was calculated based on the diffusion equation for an infinite cylindrical shape using the slope method. The rate of drying was higher for the pre-treatments involving freezing. The sample which was blanched only did not show any improvement in drying rate. In fact, a longer drying time resulted due to water absorption during blanching. There was no change in the rate for the chilled sample compared with the control. While all models closely fitted the drying data, the simple model showed greatest deviation from the experimental results. The two-term exponential model was found to be the best model for describing the drying curves of bananas because its parameters represent better the physical characteristics of the drying process. Moisture diffusivities of bananas were in the range 4.3-13.2 x 10(-10) m(2)s(-1). (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

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Sludge provides valuable nutrients to soil. Application of sludge to land is subject to a number of limitations. Its use as a soil conditioner represents a "beneficial reuse option". Primary and secondary sludge from Dublin city is treated in Ringsend treatment plant where it undergoes thermal drying. This study investigates the feasibility of land application of thermally dried biosolids (TDB) from Ringsend treatment plant.

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Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli saada perustietoa tekijöistä, jotka vaikuttavat musteen kuivumiseen erilaisilla paperipinnoilla inkjet tulostuksessa. Tavoitteena oli saada tietoa erilaisista musteista, joita käytetään yleisimmissä inkjet tulostustekniikoissa, miten paperit vaikuttavat musteen kuivumiseen ja minkälaisia menetelmiä on olemassa musteen kuivumistekijöiden määrittämiseen. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli varmistaa, voidaanko inkjetmusteiden absorptioajan määrittämiseen käytettävää DIGAT-laitetta käyttää määrittämään ja ennustamaan erilaisten musteiden kuivumista erilaisilla paperipinnoilla sekä etsiä korrelaatioita musteen absorptioajan ja teknisten paperiominaisuuksien sekä inkjet tulostuksen laadun välillä. Kirjallisuusosassa tarkasteltiin erilaisia inkjet tulostusmenetelmiä, niissä käytettäviä musteita ja musteiden koostumuksia. Tutkittiin myös paperin ja musteen välisiä vuorovaikutuksia sekä inkjet tulostuksen laatua. Kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin musteenabsorboitumista paperiin DIGAT-laitteen avulla. kuudella eri musteella. Paperinäytteistä määritettiin teknisiä paperiominaisuuksia sekä ominaisuuksia, jotka liittyvät inkjet tulostuksen laatuun. Inkjet tulostuksen laatua tarkasteltiin tulostamalla testikuva kolmella eri tulostimella, jotka olivat Canon Bubble Jet i950, HP DeskJet Cxi970 ja Epson Stylus C46. Havaittiin, että DIGAT-laite ei sovellu määrittämään musteen absorptioaikoja kiiltäville näytteille.Tässä tutkimuksessa näyte, jonka kiilto oli 65 %, oli liian kiiltävä mitattavaksi DIGAT-laitteella. Lisäksi absorptiomäärityksissä havaittiin, että erilaiset musteet asettuvat erilailla paperin pintaan ja että pigmenttipohjaisella musteella asettumisaika oli kaikista pisin. Musteiden absorptioajat olivat nopeimpia erikoisinkjetpaperilla ja hitaimpia päällystetyillä, tiiviillä papereilla. Musteen absorptioajan ja teknisten paperiominaisuuksien ja inkjet tulostuksen laadun välisiä korrelaatioita oli vaikea havaita. Voidaan sanoa, että tulokset olivat muste- ja printterikohtaisia. Havaittiin vain muutamia teknisiä paperiominaisuuksia, jotka korreloivat hyvin musteen absorboitumisen kanssa. Nämäolivat Gurley-Hill huokoisuus, paperin tuhka- sekä kalsiumkarbonaattipitoisuus ja K&N värinabsorptio. Myöskään inkjet tulostuksen laadun ja musteen absorption välisiä korrelaatioita ei löytynyt kuin muutama; densiteetti, mottling sekä bleeding. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta DIGAT-laitteen soveltuvan hyvin kuvaamaan inkjet tulostuksen laatuominaisuuksista densiteettia, mottlingia sekä bleedingiä. DIGAT-laitetta voidaan siis käyttää avuksi ennustettaessa kuivumisaikaa ja sen vaikutusta edellä mainittuihin ominaisuuksiin. Läpipainatusominaisuuksia DIGAT-laitteen avulla ei voida tutkia, sillä ne ovat enemmän riippuvaisia paperin neliömassasta, paksuudesta ja huokoisuudesta kuinmusteen absorptioajasta. Teknisistä paperiominaisuuksista Gurley-Hill huokoisuus, paperin tuhka-sekä CaCO3-pitoisuus ja K&N värinabsorptio kuvaavat hyvin musteen imeytymisaikaa paperiin, kun taas ominaisuudet Cobb, HST ja polaari- sekädispersiokomponentit eivät kuvaa. Näyttää siltä, että testikuva, joka on tällä hetkellä käytössä UPM Tutkimus-keskuksessa, ei sovellu suurtehotulostuksen laadun tarkkailuun. Testikuva toimii hyvin pöytätulostimilla ja perinteisillä kopiopapereilla ja inkjetpapereilla, jotka on tarkoitettu tulostettaviksi hitaasti. Tulostusnopeuden ja musteen kuivumisnopeuden välisiä ilmiöitä seei tuo esille, joten se ei sovellu kuvaamaan suurtehotulostusta.

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For more than a decade scientists tried to develop methods capable of dating ink by monitoring the loss of phenoxyethanol (PE) over time. While many methods were proposed in the literature, few were really used to solve practical cases and they still raise much concern within the scientific community. In fact, due to the complexity of ink drying processes it is particularly difficult to find a reliable ageing parameter to reproducibly follow ink ageing. Moreover, systematic experiments are required in order to evaluate how different factors actually influence the results over time. Therefore, this work aimed at evaluating the capacity of four different ageing parameters to reliably follow ink ageing over time: (1) the quantity of solvent PE in an ink line, (2) the relative peak area (RPA) normalising the PE results using stable volatile compounds present in the ink formulation, (3) the solvent loss ratio (R%) calculated from PE results obtained by the analyses of naturally and artificially aged samples, (4) a modified solvent loss ratio version (R%*) calculated from RPA results. After the determination of the limits of reliable measurements of the analytical method, the repeatability of the different ageing parameters was evaluated over time, as well as the influence of ink composition, writing pressure and storage conditions on the results. Surprisingly, our results showed that R% was not the most reliable parameter, as it showed the highest standard deviation. Discussion of the results in an ink dating perspective suggests that other proposed parameters, such as RPA values, may be more adequate to follow ink ageing over time.

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For more than a decade scientists tried to develop methods capable of dating ink by monitoring the loss of phenoxyethanol (PE) over time. While many methods were proposed in the literature, few were really used to solve practical cases and they still raise much concern within the scientific community. In fact, due to the complexity of ink drying processes it is particularly difficult to find a reliable ageing parameter to reproducibly follow ink ageing. Moreover, systematic experiments are required in order to evaluate how different factors actually influence the results over time. Therefore, this work aimed at evaluating the capacity of four different ageing parameters to reliably follow ink ageing over time: (1) the quantity of solvent PE in an ink line, (2) the relative peak area (RPA) normalising the PE results using stable volatile compounds present in the ink formulation, (3) the solvent loss ratio (R%) calculated from PE results obtained by the analyses of naturally and artificially aged samples, (4) a modified solvent loss ratio version (R%*) calculated from RPA results. After the determination of the limits of reliable measurements of the analytical method, the repeatability of the different ageing parameters was evaluated over time, as well as the influence of ink composition, writing pressure and storage conditions on the results. Surprisingly, our results showed that R% was not the most reliable parameter, as it showed the highest standard deviation. Discussion of the results in an ink dating perspective suggests that other proposed parameters, such as RPA values, may be more adequate to follow ink ageing over time.

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Kinetic simulation and drying process optimization of corn malt by Simulated Annealing (SA) for estimation of temperature and time parameters in order to preserve maximum amylase activity in the obtained product are presented here. Germinated corn seeds were dried at 54-76 °C in a convective dryer, with occasional measurement of moisture content and enzymatic activity. The experimental data obtained were submitted to modeling. Simulation and optimization of the drying process were made by using the SA method, a randomized improvement algorithm, analogous to the simulated annealing process. Results showed that seeds were best dried between 3h and 5h. Among the models used in this work, the kinetic model of water diffusion into corn seeds showed the best fitting. Drying temperature and time showed a square influence on the enzymatic activity. Optimization through SA showed the best condition at 54 ºC and between 5.6h and 6.4h of drying. Values of specific activity in the corn malt were found between 5.26±0.06 SKB/mg and 15.69±0,10% of remaining moisture.