Surface- and deep-level dissimilarity effects on social integration and individual effectiveness related outcomes in work groups:a meta-analytic integration

Prior research linking demographic (e.g., age, ethnicity/race, gender, and tenure) and underlying psychological (e.g., personality, attitudes, and values) dissimilarity variables to individual group member's work-related outcomes produced mixed and contradictory results. To account for these findings, this study develops a contingency framework and tests it using meta-analytic and structural equation modelling techniques. In line with this framework, results showed different effects of surface-level (i.e., demographic) dissimilarity and deep-level (i.e., underlying psychological) dissimilarity on social integration, and ultimately on individual effectiveness related outcomes (i.e., turnover, task, and contextual performance). Specifically, surface-level dissimilarity had a negative effect on social integration under low but not under high team interdependence. In return, social integration fully mediated the negative relationship between surface-level dissimilarity and individual effectiveness related outcomes under low interdependence. In contrast, deep-level dissimilarity had a negative effect on social integration, which was stronger under high and weaker under low team interdependence. Contrary to our predictions, social integration did not mediate the negative relationship between deep-level dissimilarity and individual effectiveness related outcomes but suppressed positive direct effects of deep-level dissimilarity on individual effectiveness related outcomes. Possible explanations for these counterintuitive findings are discussed. © 2011 The British Psychological Society.

Family-supportive work environment and employee work behaviors:an investigation of mediating mechanisms

This study examined psychological mechanisms that underpin the relationships between perceived organizational family support (POFS) and a family-supportive supervisor (FSS) on employee work behaviors. Based on data from employed parents and their supervisors (N = 230) in 12 South Korean organizations, structural equation modeling results revealed three salient findings: (1) POFS and FSS are indirectly related to contextual performance through control over work time, (2) FSS is indirectly related to both contextual performance and work withdrawal through organization-based self-esteem (OBSE), and (3) control over work time is indirectly related to the two work outcomes through OBSE. The authors interpret these findings as indicating support for the focus on informal workplace family support and the need for research to examine the psychological resources they engender if we are to understand why these forms of support have their demonstrated outcomes. © The Author(s) 2012.

Cultural intelligence: Extending the nomological network

This dissertation consists of three independent studies, which study the nomological network of cultural intelligence (CI)—a relatively new construct within the fields of cross-cultural psychology and organizational psychology. Since the introduction of this construct, CI now has a generally accepted model comprised of four codependent subfactors. In addition, the focus of preliminary research within the field is on understanding the new construct’s correlates and outcomes. Thus, the goals for this dissertation were (a) to provide an additional evaluation of the factor structure of CI and (b) to examine further the correlates and outcomes that should theoretically be included in its nomological network. Specifically the model tests involved a one-factor, three-factor, and four-factor structure. The examined correlates of CI included the Big Five personality traits, core self-evaluation, social self-efficacy, self-monitoring, emotional intelligence, and cross-cultural experience. The examined outcomes also included overall performance, contextual performance, and cultural adaption in relation to CI. Thus, this dissertation has a series of 20 proposed and statistically evaluated hypotheses. The first study in this dissertation contained the summary of the extant CI literature via meta-analytic techniques. The outcomes of focus were significantly relevant to CI, while the CI correlates had more inconclusive results. The second and third studies contained original data collected from a sample of students and adult workers, respectively. In general, the results between these two studies were parallel. The four-factor structure of CI emerged as the best fit to the data, and several correlates and outcomes indicated significant relation to CI. In addition, the tested incremental validity of CI showed significant results emerging in both studies. Lastly, several exploratory analyses indicated the role of CI as a mediator between relevant antecedent and the outcome of cultural adaption, while the data supported the mediator role of CI. The final chapter includes a thorough discussion of practical implications as well as limitation to the research design.^

Cultural Intelligence: Extending the Nomological Network

This dissertation consists of three independent studies, which study the nomological network of cultural intelligence (CI)—a relatively new construct within the fields of cross-cultural psychology and organizational psychology. Since the introduction of this construct, CI now has a generally accepted model comprised of four codependent subfactors. In addition, the focus of preliminary research within the field is on understanding the new construct’s correlates and outcomes. Thus, the goals for this dissertation were (a) to provide an additional evaluation of the factor structure of CI and (b) to examine further the correlates and outcomes that should theoretically be included in its nomological network. Specifically the model tests involved a one-factor, three-factor, and four-factor structure. The examined correlates of CI included the Big Five personality traits, core self-evaluation, social self-efficacy, self-monitoring, emotional intelligence, and cross-cultural experience. The examined outcomes also included overall performance, contextual performance, and cultural adaption in relation to CI. Thus, this dissertation has a series of 20 proposed and statistically evaluated hypotheses. The first study in this dissertation contained the summary of the extant CI literature via meta-analytic techniques. The outcomes of focus were significantly relevant to CI, while the CI correlates had more inconclusive results. The second and third studies contained original data collected from a sample of students and adult workers, respectively. In general, the results between these two studies were parallel. The four-factor structure of CI emerged as the best fit to the data, and several correlates and outcomes indicated significant relation to CI. In addition, the tested incremental validity of CI showed significant results emerging in both studies. Lastly, several exploratory analyses indicated the role of CI as a mediator between relevant antecedent and the outcome of cultural adaption, while the data supported the mediator role of CI. The final chapter includes a thorough discussion of practical implications as well as limitation to the research design.

Dia da mãe : “Virtuosidades ao serviço do desempenho”

O Capital psicológico positivo (CPP) são capacidades psicológicas que definem um estado de desenvolvimento psicológico positivo em que a pessoa se caracteriza por: a) apresentar uma elevada confiança para despender o esforço necessário para ser bem sucedida em tarefas desafiantes; b) fazer atribuições positivas acerca dos acontecimentos que vão suceder no presente e no futuro; c) manifestar perseverança em relação aos objectivos definidos, e, quando necessário mostrar-se capaz de redireccionar os meios para atingir os fins; d) revelar capacidade para recuperar de adversidades. As capacidades psicológicas positivas que melhor definem os critérios anteriormente definidos são: auto-confiança, optimismo, esperança e resiliência. Neste estudo foram recolhidos dados do nível Psycap de 100 vendedores e avaliações de CCO em cinco facetas (harmonia interpessoal, espírito de iniciativa, conscienciosidade, identificação com a organização e orientação para os clientes) e o Output individual numa dada tarefa, tendo-se obtido 100 díades. Explorou-se neste estudo a relação existente entre o PsyCap e dois tipos de desempenho (intra e extra papel) e a relação entre o desempenho contextual e de tarefa. Os resultados indicam que o PsyCap se relaciona com os dois tipos de desempenho, bem como a existência de uma relação entre desempenho contextual e tarefa. Considerações e implicações dos resultados são discutidas ao longo do trabalho.

Validation de l’échelle de mesure de la conscience de l’environnement d’affaires

La conscience de l’environnement d’affaires est définie comme l’ensemble des savoirs détenus par les employés non-cadres par rapport à l’environnement d’affaires interne et externe de leur organisation. Elle se manifeste lorsque l’employé est impliqué dans la prise de décision ou résolution de problème affectant l’entreprise. Ce travail a comme objectifs la validation d’une échelle de mesure du concept à l’étude, ainsi que la vérification de sa validité de construit et nomologique. L’ensemble initial d’items de l’échelle de mesure a été déterminé suite à des entrevues avec les employés d’organisations participantes (Gauvreau-Jean, 2008). L’ensemble initial de 40 items a été testé avec un échantillon de 508 employés d’une manufacture. Suite à des ajustements, l’échelle modifiée couvre quatre dimensions du construit. L’adéquation de son contenu a ensuite été mise à l’épreuve par deux groupes cibles et deux évaluations expertes (Lessard, 2014). Finalement, dans le cadre de notre étude, la validité du contenu et nomologique de l’échelle modifiée (contenant 24 items) a été testée avec 330 employés de première ligne de quatre entreprises. Les quatre dimensions du construit furent supportées, la fiabilité de l’échelle était haute, puis les hypothèses reliant la conscience de l’environnement avec les caractéristiques au travail, l’évaluation de la performance par un superviseur et l’engagement affectif furent supportées également. Un autre sondage complété par les gestionnaires (n=43) avait comme but une évaluation de la performance contextuelle des employés supervisés. Le développement de l’échelle à 24 items sur la conscience de l’environnement d’affaires pourrait répondre aux questions portant sur la participation de l’employé et l’efficacité organisationnelle.

Family supportive work environment, perceptions of the employment relationship and employee work outcomes

Data obtained from employed parents and their supervisors (N=230) in twelve South Korean organizations were used to test a model of the antecedents and outcomes of organizational social exchange. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results showed family supportive supervisor and perceived organizational family support to be related to organizational social exchange. Additionally, organizational social exchange was shown to be related to contextual performance and work withdrawal but indirectly through organization-based self-esteem. We discuss the implications of these findings for managing the employee-organization relationship in an increasingly diverse workforce.

Validation de l’échelle de mesure de la conscience de l’environnement d’affaires

La conscience de l’environnement d’affaires est définie comme l’ensemble des savoirs détenus par les employés non-cadres par rapport à l’environnement d’affaires interne et externe de leur organisation. Elle se manifeste lorsque l’employé est impliqué dans la prise de décision ou résolution de problème affectant l’entreprise. Ce travail a comme objectifs la validation d’une échelle de mesure du concept à l’étude, ainsi que la vérification de sa validité de construit et nomologique. L’ensemble initial d’items de l’échelle de mesure a été déterminé suite à des entrevues avec les employés d’organisations participantes (Gauvreau-Jean, 2008). L’ensemble initial de 40 items a été testé avec un échantillon de 508 employés d’une manufacture. Suite à des ajustements, l’échelle modifiée couvre quatre dimensions du construit. L’adéquation de son contenu a ensuite été mise à l’épreuve par deux groupes cibles et deux évaluations expertes (Lessard, 2014). Finalement, dans le cadre de notre étude, la validité du contenu et nomologique de l’échelle modifiée (contenant 24 items) a été testée avec 330 employés de première ligne de quatre entreprises. Les quatre dimensions du construit furent supportées, la fiabilité de l’échelle était haute, puis les hypothèses reliant la conscience de l’environnement avec les caractéristiques au travail, l’évaluation de la performance par un superviseur et l’engagement affectif furent supportées également. Un autre sondage complété par les gestionnaires (n=43) avait comme but une évaluation de la performance contextuelle des employés supervisés. Le développement de l’échelle à 24 items sur la conscience de l’environnement d’affaires pourrait répondre aux questions portant sur la participation de l’employé et l’efficacité organisationnelle.

Human growth, biological maturation, motor performance and contextual factors in Madeira children

The central aims of this study were: (1) to construct age- and gender-specific percentiles for motor coordination (MC), (2) to analyze the change, stability, and prediction of MC, (3) to investigate the relationship between motor performance and body fatness, and (4) to evaluate the relationships between skeletal maturation and fundamental motor skills (FMS) and MC. The data collected was from the ‘Healthy Growth of Madeira Children Study’ and from the ‘Madeira Child Growth Study’. In these studies, MC, FMS, skeletal age, growth characteristics, motor performance, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and geographical area were assessed/measured. Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape, mixed between-within subjects ANOVA, multilevel models, and hierarchical regression (blocks) were some of the statistical procedures used in the analyses. Scores on walking backwards and moving sideways improved with age. It was also found that boys performed better than girls on moving sideways. Normal-weight children outperformed obese peers in almost all gross MC tests. Inter-age correlations were calculated to be between 0.15 and 0.60. Age was associated with a better performance in catching, scramble, speed run, standing long jump, balance, and tennis ball throwing. Body mass index was positively associated with scramble and speed run, and negatively related to the standing long jump. Physical activity was negatively associated with scramble. Semi-urban children displayed better catching skills relative to their urban peers. The standardized residual of skeletal age on chronological age (SAsr) and its interaction with stature and/or body mass accounted for the maximum of 7.0% of variance in FMS and MC over that attributed to body size per se. SAsr alone accounted for a maximum of 9.0% variance in FMS and MC over that attributed to body size per se and interactions between SAsr and body size. This study demonstrates the need to promote FMS, MC, motor performance, and physical activity in children.

A three-stage DEA model to evaluate learning-teaching technical efficiency: Key performance indicators and contextual variables

This study evaluates the technical efficiency of the learning-teaching process in higher education using a three-stage procedure that offers advances in comparison to previous studies and improves the quality of the results. First, it utilizes a multiple stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with contextual variables. Second, the levels of super efficiency are calculated in order to prioritize the efficiency units. And finally, through sensitivity analysis, the contribution of each key performance indicator (KPI) is established with respect to the efficiency levels without omission of variables. The analytical data was collected from a survey completed by 633 tourism students during the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 academic course years. The results suggest that level of satisfaction with the course, diversity of materials and satisfaction with the teacher were the most important factors affecting teaching performance. Furthermore, the effect of the contextual variables was found to be significant.

Padrão fundamental de movimento : uma analise universal ou contextual?

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

On the functional integration between postural and supra-postural tasks on the basis of contextual cues and task constraint

In order to evaluate the effects of uncertainty about direction of mechanical perturbation and supra-postural task constraint on postural control young adults had their upright stance perturbed while holding a tray in a horizontal position Stance was perturbed by moving forward or backward a supporting platform contrasting situations of certainty versus uncertainty of direction of displacement Increased constraint on postural stability was Imposed by a supra-postural task of equilibrating a cylinder on the tray Performance was assessed through EMG of anterior leg muscles angular displacement of the main Joints involved in the postural reactions and displacement of the tray Results showed that both certainty on the direction of perturbation and Increased supra-postural task constraint led to decreased angular displacement of the knee and the hip Furthermore combination of certainty and high supra-postural task constraint produced shorter latency of muscular activation Such postural responses were paralleled by decreased displacement of the tray Thesi results suggest a functional integration between the tasks with central set priming reactive postural responses from contextual cues and Increased stability demand (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

Effect of estradiol benzoate microinjection into the median raphe nucleus on contextual conditioning

Estrogen deficiency has been associated with stress, anxiety and depression. Estrogen receptors have been identified in the median raphe nucleus (MRN). This structure is the main source of serotonergic projections to the hippocampus, a forebrain area implicated in the regulation of defensive responses and in the resistance to chronic stress. There is reported evidence indicating that estrogen modulates 5-HT(1A) receptor function. In the MRN, somatodendritic 5-HT(1A) receptors control the activity of serotonergic neurones by negative feedback. The present study has evaluated the effect of intra-MRN injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 600 or 1200 ng/0.2 mu l) on the performance of ovariectormized rats submitted to contextual conditioning. Additionally, the same treatment was given after intra-MRN injection of Way 100635 (100 ng/0.2 mu l). a 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist. Both doses of EB decreased freezing and increased rearing, indicating an anxiolytic effect. Pretreatment with Way 100635 antagonized the anxiolytic effect of estradiol. On the basis of these results, it may be suggested that estrogens modulate anxiety by acting on 5-HT(1A) receptors localized in the MRN. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Incidental Encoding Strategies Did Not Improve Contextual Memory in Parkinson`s Disease Patients

Background. This study investigated the performance of patients with idiopathic Parkinson`s disease (PD) without dementia for incidental recognition memory and the effect of encoding strategies on contextual memory. Methods. The authors studied 21 patients with PD (ages 60-85, 12 women; Hoehn and Yahr I-III, Activities of Daily Living 70%-100%) and 22 healthy controls (ages 60-84, 18 women). Participants completed the vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). To assess the incidental recognition memory for item (object) and context (location of the object), participants of each group were assigned to 1 of 2 encoding conditions: (a) an incidental associative instruction to bind the object to its location or (b) a nonassociative, nonspecific instruction. Results. PD patients showed performance comparable to the control group`s on the vocabulary subtest and WCST. In contrast to controls, PD patients were unable to take advantage of the associative encoding instruction, which also had a deleterious effect on item recognition. Conclusion. This sample of participants with PD showed diminished item and context recognition memory and an impaired ability to use incidental memory encoding strategy, suggesting a compromised cognitive reserve. The fact that these alterations occurred in early stages of PD, and prior to more general cognitive alterations such as executive dysfunction, should be considered in the management of patients by using specific cognitive rehabilitation interventions.