Brand personality complementatity:its effects on evaluations of extremely incongruent extensions

Prior research on brand extension has provided little evidence on enhancing the evaluation of extremely incongruent extension. Adopting the theoretical framework of schema congruity theory, the author posits that evaluations can be improved if brand personality impressions of both parent brand and extension are complementary. The author coins this as the brand personality complementarity (BPC) principle. Prior to examining BPC effect, cultural-specific brand personality scale was developed to identify universal and indigenous brand personality dimensions. The reason is BPC requires a reliable and valid brand personality scale in order to detect its effect. Following successful identification of the cultural-specific brand personality scale, a total of three experimental studies were done to investigate BPC effect. Specifically, one experimental study identified complementary levels amongst brand personality dimensions, whereas two experimental studies investigated the moderating effect of BPC. Findings from the scale development study reveal that Malaysian brand personality (MBP) scale is a second higher-order factor reflected by first higher-order factors of sophistication, youth, competence, and sincerity. Most importantly, findings from the experimental studies revealed; 1) different BPC levels amongst all possible pairs of MBP dimensions, 2) significant interaction effect of brand extension congruity x BPC, and 3) significant mediation effect of complementarity resolution. Specific findings indicated that when iv text-based stimuli were used to form brand personality impression, even low BPC level improves the evaluations of extremely incongruent extension. However, when visualbased stimuli were used, low BPC level worsen the extension evaluation compared those of the control condition (i.e. without brand personality impression). Implications for both academician and practitioner are discussed.

Store experiences and their influence on store performance and brand strength: Case Samsung Experience Store

Experiential marketing is increasingly seen as a new magical key to consumers’ hearts. Brands are turning brick-and-mortar stores into state of the art retail spaces where memorable experiences and strong brand relationships are hoped to be born. Around the globe, several brands have opened up a special format of stores – the experience store. Although many speculations on the positive effects of experiences have been presented, few studies have provided empirical, quantified evidence for the link between store experiences and brand success. In consequence, research was needed to find out whether experience stores truly are so special. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether store experiences are capable of building brands and influencing store performance. For this purpose, empirical research was conducted in the Samsung Experience Store Helsinki. As main constructs of the study, store experience, brand equity, store performance, and product class involvement were measured, along with relevant background variables. Data was collected with an electronic survey from actual customers of the store, resulting in a sample of 131 respondents. Partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS) was used for the analysis of the research model. Also, regression analysis was conducted to account for mediation and moderation effects. The results showed that store experiences do positively influence first, store performance, and second, separate dimensions of brand equity (that is, brand awareness, brand personality, and brand loyalty). Also, the effect of store experiences on store performance was found to be mediated by brand equity. Interestingly, customers’ product class involvement was detected to moderate the effect of store experience on store performance. That is, those who were highly involved with electronics had greater store experiences, and also displayed a stronger linkage between store experience and store performance. The results encourage marketers to continue with efforts to create great experiences for their customers. Experience stores can – and should be seen – as both powerful brand building tools and profitable sales channels. The creation of exceptional experiences can act as an important function of physical stores in the face of severe online competition.

How to increase brand quality perception with audiovisual content? : Exploring the role of emotions in B2C and B2B contexts

This study discusses how audiovisual content can influence brand quality perceptions. The purpose of this study is to explore how audiovisual content creation can increase brand quality perceptions. This research problem is addressed with three sub questions, which aim at clarifying the role of emotions between content marketing and brand quality perception, explaining how different functions of audiovisual content can increase brand quality perception, and by identifying and comparing the key differences in content creation in business-to-consumer and business-to-businesscontexts. The theoretical background of the study is in brand personality, consumer emotions, consumerbrand relationships, content marketing and B2B branding literature. The empirical research part includes a single-case study. The case company was a Swiss startup that wished to build a highquality brand for both B2C and B2B segments. The empirical data was collected in September 2014. Eight interviews were conducted; seven with target segment representatives and one with an existing customer of the case company. The empirical findings were analyzed with thematic analysis and finally a 5-stage framework was created based on the findings of the research, offering a guideline for high-quality content creation. This study finds that emotions play an important role in brand quality perceptions. Psychological processes, emotion, cognition and conation, influence the engagement process of the target segment which ultimately can lead to activation and electronic word-of-mouth. Brand quality perception is the result of the overall emotion of the brand. The overall emotion derives from brand personality, brand concept, product attributes and utilitarian benefits of the brand. The entertaining and educational functions of the audiovisual content can target and evoke these emotional processes, and result in increased quality perceptions. In the B2B context, emotions are found to play a relatively smaller role in the quality perception processes. However, the significance of emotions cannot be ignored, since they can emphasize the value for the buying organization, and build on the trust and loyalty among the potential customers. The final framework presents five stages of content creation that ultimately improve brand quality perceptions. These stages help marketers to design and implement their content and evoke positive emotions in their target segment as part of a quality-based marketing strategy. Further research is warranted to quantitatively test the generalizability of the framework. Further research is also suggested to make the framework adaptable to different stages of the brand life cycle.

B2B service brand identity: scale development and validation

Several brand identity frameworks have been published in the B2C and the B2B brand marketing literature. A reliable, valid and parsimonious service brand identity scale that empirically establishes the construct's dimensionality in a B2B market has yet to be developed. This paper reports the findings of a study conducted amongst 421 senior executives working in the UK IT Service sector to develop and validate a B2B Service Brand Identity Scale. Following established scale development procedures support is provided for a B2B Service Brand Identity Scale comprising five dimensions; employee and client focus, visual identity, brand personality, consistent communications and human resource initiatives. Concluding remarks discuss theoretical and managerial implications with limitations and directions for future research.

The brand likeability scale: an exploratory study of likeability in firm-level brands

We develop a new measurement scale to assess consumers’ brand likeability in firm-level brands. We present brand likeability as a multidimensional construct. In the context of service experience purchases, we find that increased likeability in brands results in: (1) greater amount of positive association; (2) increased interaction interest; (3) more personified quality; and (4) increased brand contentment. The four-dimensional multiple-item scale demonstrates good psychometric properties, showing strong evidence of reliability as well as convergent, discriminant and nomological validity. Our findings reveal that brand likeability is positively associated with satisfaction and positive word of mouth. The scale extends existing branding research, providing brand managers with a metric so that likeability can be managed strategically. It addresses the need for firms to act more likeably in an interaction-dominated economy. Focusing on likeability acts as a differentiator and encourages likeable brand personality traits. We present theoretical implications and future research directions on the holistic brand likeability concept.

The impact of brand owner on consumers' brand perceptions : a development of Heider's Balance Theory

Studies have shown that the brand “owner” is very influential in positioning the brand and when the brand “owner” ceases his or her active role the brand will be perceived differently by the consumers. Balance Theory (HBT), a cognitive psychological theory, studies the triadic relationships between two persons and an entity and predicts that when a person’s original perception of the relationship is disturbed, the person restructures to a new balanced perception. Consequently, this research was undertaken to: conceptualize the brand owner’s impact on consumer’s brand perception; test the applicability of both the static and dynamic predictions of the Heider’s Balance Theory in brand owner-consumer-brand relation (OCB); construct and test a model of brand owner-consumer-brand relation; and examine if personality has an influence on OCB. A discovery-oriented approach was taken to understand the selected market segment, the ready-to-wear and diffusion lines of international designer labels. Chinese Brand Personality Scale, fashion proneness and hedonic and utilitarian shopping scales were developed, and validated. 51 customers were surveyed. Both traditional and extended methods used in the Balance Theory were employed in this study. Responses to liked brand have been used to test and develop the model, while those for disliked brand were used for test and confirmation. A “what if’ experimental approach was employed to test the applicability of dynamic HBT theory in OCB Model. The hypothesized OCB Model has been tested and validated. Consumers have been found to have separate views on the brand and the brand owner; and their responses to contrasting ethical and non-ethical news of the brand owner are different. Personality has been found to have an influence and two personality adapted models have been tested and validated. The actual results go beyond the prediction of the Balance Theory. Dominant triple positive balance mode, dominant negative balance mode, and mode of extreme antipathy have been found. It has been found that not all balanced modes are good for the brand. Contrary to Heider’s findings, simply liking may not necessarily lead to unit relation in the OCB Model.

B2B service brand identity and brand performance:an empirical investigation in the UK’s B2B IT services sector

Purpose – This paper aims to apply the business-to-business (B2B) Service Brand Identity (SBI) scale to empirically assess the influence of service brand identity on brand performance for the first time. Design/methodology/approach – Based on data collected from 421 senior marketing executives, this paper applies the B2B SBI and structural equation modeling to fulfill the above purpose. Findings – Brand personality and human resource initiatives have a positive and significant influence on brand performance. Corporate visual identity, in addition to an employee and client focus, has an insignificant impact on performance. Consistent communications have a negative and significant influence on brand performance. Research limitations/implications – Data were only collected from executives in the UK. This research would benefit from replicative studies. Practical implications – This research empirically establishes the brand management activities that drive brand performance. Originality/value – This is the first empirical study to assess the influence service brand identity has on brand performance.

B2B service brand identity:scale development and validation

Several brand identity frameworks have been published in the B2C and the B2B brand marketing literature. A reliable, valid and parsimonious service brand identity scale that empirically establishes the construct's dimensionality in a B2B market has yet to be developed. This paper reports the findings of a study conducted amongst 421 senior executives working in the UK IT Service sector to develop and validate a B2B Service Brand Identity Scale. Following established scale development procedures support is provided for a B2B Service Brand Identity Scale comprising five dimensions; employee and client focus, visual identity, brand personality, consistent communications and human resource initiatives. Concluding remarks discuss theoretical and managerial implications with limitations and directions for future research. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.

Analyzing consumer-based brand equity on Facebook: the impact of brand gender

In recent years, Facebook and other social media have become key players in branding activities. However, empirical research is still needed about the way in which consumer-based brand equity is created on social media. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between masculine and feminine brand personality and brand equity, on Facebook, and to analyze the mediating role of consumer-brand engagement and brand love on this relationship. Data were collected using an online survey with 614 valid responses. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. Results support 7 of the 11 hypotheses with significant relationship between analyzed constructs. This study confirms the advantages of a clear gender positioning and extends prior research by suggesting that brands with a strong brand gender identity will encourage brand love. Results also highlight that brand love has a mediating role on the relationship between brand gender and overall brand equity.

Personalidade da marca : uma aplicação à marca Açores

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 2 de Fevereiro de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Branding e comunicação de uma marca de moda feminina: estudo de caso: a Maragata

Dissertação de mestrado em Design e Comunicação de Moda

Kuluttajien suhtautuminen aikakauslehden brändiin ja brändin persoonallisuuteen

Pro gradun tarkoituksena oli tutkia kuluttajien suhtautumista kolmen kuluttajille suunnatun aikakauslehden brändiin ja brändin persoonallisuuteen. Tutkimuksen kohteena olevat aikakauslehdet olivat naisille suunnattu, nuorille suunnattu sekä tekniikkaan keskittynyt aikakauslehti. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytettiin kvalitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää. Sisällön erittelyn avulla tutkittiin eroja kuluttajien suhtautumisessa eri aikakauslehtibrändien ollessa kyseessä. Kuluttajien mielipiteitä aikakauslehtibrändin persoonallisuudesta selvitettiin aikakauslehtien verkkosivuilla olleen kyselytutkimuksen avulla, jonka tuloksia analysoitiin korrespondenssianalyysissä. Korrespondenssianalyysissä kvantifioitiin kvalitatiivista aineistoa. Aikakauslehtikustantajien mielipiteitä aikakauslehden brändistä tutkittiin aikakauslehtien verkkosivujen sisällön kautta. Kuluttajat näkivät aikakausilehtien brändeissä eri persoonallisuuksien piirteitä. Syyt kuluttajien suhtautumisessa eri aikakauslehtibrändeihin johtuvat pikemminkin eri kohderyhmistä kuin kustantajan rakentamista eroista. Kustantajien ja kuluttajien mielipiteet brändin persoonallisuudesta olivat naisille suunnatussa lehdessä hyvin yhtenevät, kun taas tekniikkaan suuntautunut lehti kärsi epäselvästä brändistä.

Análisis crítico de los conceptos de personalidad del consumidor y personalidad de la marca

La personalidad ha sido un concepto estudiado desde diferentes teorías y expone la manera como un individuo se comporta, piensa y percibe el entorno en el cual está inmerso. Dicho conjunto de pensamientos, percepciones y comportamientos, se mantienen más o menos estables en el tiempo y en diferentes circunstancias, en este caso, específicamente, en la conducta de compra la cual se refiere a las preferencias y toma de decisiones del consumidor de acuerdo a su personalidad y otras variables que hacen que consuma ciertos productos y/ó servicios. En el contexto del marketing, también se ha aplicado el constructo de personalidad a las marcas, lo cual ha generado personificación y asignación de características humanas para que el consumidor la perciba como a una “persona”, se identifique y consecuentemente la consuma y genere un espacio importante y preferencial en su mente. Sin embargo, la noción de personalidad surgió para explicar y entender a los seres humanos, sus pensamientos, percepciones y comportamiento tal como se mencionó previamente, por lo tanto, al aplicar este concepto a algo intangible como una marca se modifica la inicial aplicación del constructo y en determinado momento podría perder validez si se intenta acoplar dicho concepto de personalidad de marca con un modelo explicativo de la personalidad como el Big Five. Finalmente se concluye que independientemente de su utilidad en mercadeo, este concepto surge enfocado a los seres humanos y por lo tanto, no se puede aplicar para humanizar a algo intangible como una marca la cual nace a partir de percepciones e imaginarios de quien la crea y quien la consume.

Estrategias de desarrollo de la personalidad de marca en función de su consumo público y privado

Las empresas realizan fuertes inversiones en la construcción de las personalidades de las marcas bajo el supuesto –entre otros- de que las personalidades de las marcas influyen en las preferencias y decisiones de los consumidores. Existe una necesidad de expandir el conocimiento en esta área y en lugar de trabajar bajo supuestos, hacerlo bajo teorías apoyadas en evidencia empírica. Esta tesis aborda la teoría de la congruencia incorporando dimensiones hasta ahora no exploradas: la cultura latina y el sexo de los consumidores, y cómo moderan el impacto de la congruencia en las evaluaciones de marcas de consumo privado y marcas de consumo público. Si bien estudios anteriores han abordado este tema, la mayor parte de los estudios han utilizado marcas de productos adictivos (por ejemplo cerveza y cigarrillos) y solamente en los Estados Unidos. Esta tesis extiende el conocimiento existente al proponer un modelo comprehensivo y aportar evidencia que apoya la tesis de que dos tipos de congruencia (de marca y de usuario) influencian positivamente las evaluaciones (preferencias de marca e intenciones de compra) con mayor intensidad en el caso de las marcas de consumo público que en las de consumo privado, en el contexto de culturas latinas. También contribuye a la teoría existente al encontrar que el sexo de los consumidores influye en el impacto de la congruencia en las preferencias e intenciones de compra. ABSTRACT Investments are allocated to brand building on the assumption –among others- that brand personalities impact consumer choices. However, research has concentrated on the study of brand personalities but little on their impact on preference and choice. There is a need to further advance knowledge about the impact of congruence on consumer decisions so that decisions are based not on assumptions but on theories supported by evidence. This thesis addresses congruence theory incorporating dimensions not previously addressed: Latin cultures and gender, and how they moderate the impact of congruence on brand evaluations for privately and publicly consumed brands. While prior research has touched on these attributes, most of it has explored publicly consumed products in the context of addictive products (e.g., beer or alcohol) and only within the United States. This research extends prior knowledge by proposing a comprehensive model and by providing evidence that two types of congruence (brand-personality and user-image) positively influence brand evaluations more so for publicly consumed brands than for privately consumed brands, in the context of Latin cultures. Also, it contributes to current theory by finding that sex influences the impact of congruence on brand preferences and on intention to buy.