Ayahuasca alters structural parameters of the rat aorta

Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic brew traditionally used by Northwestern Amazonian indigenous groups for therapeutic purposes. It is prepared by the decoction of Banisteriopsis caapi with the leaves of Psychotria viridis. Banisteriopsis caapi contains β-carbolines that are inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and P. viris is rich in dimethyltryptamine, a 5-HT(1A/2A/2C) agonist. Acute ayahuasca administration produces moderate cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers, but information regarding long-term use is lacking. This study investigated the effects of ayahuasca (2-4 mL/kg) in the rat aorta after acute and chronic (14 days) administration. Ayahuasca caused flattening and stretching of vascular smooth muscle cells and changes in the arrangement and distribution of collagen and elastic fibers. Chronic treatment with the higher dose significantly increased media thickness and the ratio of media thickness to lumen diameter. More research is needed on the cardiovascular function of long-term ayahuasca consumers.

Seeing with the eyes shut: Neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion

The hallucinogenic brew Ayahuasca, a rich source of serotonergic agonists and reuptake inhibitors, has been used for ages by Amazonian populations during religious ceremonies. Among all perceptual changes induced by Ayahuasca, the most remarkable are vivid seeings. During such seeings, users report potent imagery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a closed-eyes imagery task, we found that Ayahuasca produces a robust increase in the activation of several occipital, temporal, and frontal areas. In the primary visual area, the effect was comparable in magnitude to the activation levels of natural image with the eyes open. Importantly, this effect was specifically correlated with the occurrence of individual perceptual changes measured by psychiatric scales. The activity of cortical areas BA30 and BA37, known to be involved with episodic memory and the processing of contextual associations, was also potentiated by Ayahuasca intake during imagery. Finally, we detected a positive modulation by Ayahuasca of BA 10, a frontal area involved with intentional prospective imagination, working memory and the processing of information from internal sources. Therefore, our results indicate that Ayahuasca seeings stem from the activation of an extensive network generally involved with vision, memory, and intention. By boosting the intensity of recalled images to the same level of natural image, Ayahuasca lends a status of reality to inner experiences. It is therefore understandable why Ayahuasca was culturally selected over many centuries by rain forest shamans to facilitate mystical revelations of visual nature. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Determination of dimethyltryptamine and beta-carbolines (ayahuasca alkaloids) in plasma samples by LC-MS/MS

Background: Ayahuasca is a psychoactive plant beverage originally used by indigenous people throughout the Amazon Basin, long before its modern use by syncretic religious groups established in Brazil, the USA and European countries. The objective of this study was to develop a method for quantification of dimethyltryptamine and beta-carbolines in human plasma samples. Results: The analytes were extracted by means of C18 cartridges and injected into LC-MS/MS, operated in positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring. The LOQs obtained for all analytes were below 0.5 ng/ml. By using the weighted least squares linear regression, the accuracy of the analytical method was improved at the lower end of the calibration curve (from 0.5 to 100 ng/ml; r(2)> 0.98). Conclusion: The method proved to be simple, rapid and useful to estimate administered doses for further pharmacological and toxicological investigations of ayahuasca exposure.

Perlongher y ayahuasca : La antropología como una forma bastarda de realismo

Se propone una reflexión en torno a las diferencias que Perlongher percibe entre la producción de una escritura "en académico" (cuya obligación contractual sustentaba su "frugal manducar") y la expresión poética como forma del éxtasis (como una manera de dar forma a la fuerza de la deriva). Se tomarán como punto de partida los ensayos compilados en Prosa plebeya bajo el rubro "Antropología del éxtasis", escritos entre 1990 y 1991; asimismo, las entrevistas concedidas en la etapa final de su vida (1991-1992), reunidas en Papeles insumisos. Si en la "Introducción" de La prostitución masculina, Perlongher denominó a la antropología como una "ciencia de lo sutil" (contrapuesta a la rigidez técnica de la sociología, la estadística moral), en la última de sus entrevistas, la definió como "una forma bastarda de realismo", claramente relacionada con lo literario. La articulación entre antropología y literatura no es nueva, baste recordar las experiencias de Leiris, Carpentier, Arguedas y, más recientemente, los tanteos de la antropología poética chilena. Relaciono la singularidad perlongheriana a la constitución de territorios afectivos, cartografías de estados de ánimo, a través de una escritura barroca, barrial, barrosa, en la que los avatares de poeta y de profesor cohabitan el mismo escenario

Perlongher y ayahuasca : La antropología como una forma bastarda de realismo

Se propone una reflexión en torno a las diferencias que Perlongher percibe entre la producción de una escritura "en académico" (cuya obligación contractual sustentaba su "frugal manducar") y la expresión poética como forma del éxtasis (como una manera de dar forma a la fuerza de la deriva). Se tomarán como punto de partida los ensayos compilados en Prosa plebeya bajo el rubro "Antropología del éxtasis", escritos entre 1990 y 1991; asimismo, las entrevistas concedidas en la etapa final de su vida (1991-1992), reunidas en Papeles insumisos. Si en la "Introducción" de La prostitución masculina, Perlongher denominó a la antropología como una "ciencia de lo sutil" (contrapuesta a la rigidez técnica de la sociología, la estadística moral), en la última de sus entrevistas, la definió como "una forma bastarda de realismo", claramente relacionada con lo literario. La articulación entre antropología y literatura no es nueva, baste recordar las experiencias de Leiris, Carpentier, Arguedas y, más recientemente, los tanteos de la antropología poética chilena. Relaciono la singularidad perlongheriana a la constitución de territorios afectivos, cartografías de estados de ánimo, a través de una escritura barroca, barrial, barrosa, en la que los avatares de poeta y de profesor cohabitan el mismo escenario

Perlongher y ayahuasca : La antropología como una forma bastarda de realismo

Se propone una reflexión en torno a las diferencias que Perlongher percibe entre la producción de una escritura "en académico" (cuya obligación contractual sustentaba su "frugal manducar") y la expresión poética como forma del éxtasis (como una manera de dar forma a la fuerza de la deriva). Se tomarán como punto de partida los ensayos compilados en Prosa plebeya bajo el rubro "Antropología del éxtasis", escritos entre 1990 y 1991; asimismo, las entrevistas concedidas en la etapa final de su vida (1991-1992), reunidas en Papeles insumisos. Si en la "Introducción" de La prostitución masculina, Perlongher denominó a la antropología como una "ciencia de lo sutil" (contrapuesta a la rigidez técnica de la sociología, la estadística moral), en la última de sus entrevistas, la definió como "una forma bastarda de realismo", claramente relacionada con lo literario. La articulación entre antropología y literatura no es nueva, baste recordar las experiencias de Leiris, Carpentier, Arguedas y, más recientemente, los tanteos de la antropología poética chilena. Relaciono la singularidad perlongheriana a la constitución de territorios afectivos, cartografías de estados de ánimo, a través de una escritura barroca, barrial, barrosa, en la que los avatares de poeta y de profesor cohabitan el mismo escenario

La vida como proceso de sanación: prácticas chamánicas del alto Amazonas en torno a la ayahuasca en España

Esta investigación describe y analiza prácticas chamánicas del alto Amazonas en torno al uso ceremonial de la ayahuasca en España. Los datos proceden del trabajo de campo multisituado que se desarrolla entre agosto de 2008 y agosto de 2014, principalmente en España, y de manera secundaria en Perú. La descripción de las ceremonias de ayahuasca se centra en la actividad de un conjunto de chamanes, tanto españoles como nativos de las regiones amazónica y andina. Esta actividad se orienta a la sanación de los participantes en las ceremonias, y dicha actividad puede ser analizada como un ejemplo de una racionalidad alternativa a la racionalidad dominante en nuestra sociedad, que se fundamenta en una ontología de tipo dualista. Esta racionalidad alternativa muestra una congruencia entre los medios empleados por los chamanes, y los fines terapéuticos perseguidos. Se define como chamán aquella persona que tiene capacidad para interactuar con el mundo de los ‘espíritus’, y para mediar entre los ‘espíritus’ y un grupo de personas. El término chamán se emplea en este trabajo como una categoría analítica para el estudio transcultural de la actividad de estas personas, y no como una autodenominación de los informantes...

DISCURSOS SOBRE O USO RELIGIOSO DO PSICOATIVO AYAHUASCA

O tema Discursos sobre o uso religioso do psicoativo Ayahuasca , foi pesquisado de acordo com o método da análise do discurso, tendo como metodologia a coleta de dados na pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O objetivo da presente dissertação é apresentar os diferentes discursos que são expressões das linguagens diversas que tem sido praticadas nos setores sociais que tratam do tema Ayahuasca. Todas as questões da vida tem em seu entorno discursos dos mais variados tipos, perfis e vertentes; discursos são como cursos de rios que correm e muitas vezes se interligam. Quando observamos os diferentes discursos e diálogos, que envolvem a ayahuasca, podemos perceber a imensa variação de ideias e grupos sociais envolvidos na discussão dos problemas pertinentes ao tema. Ao analisar o discurso taxonômico, percebemos a complexidade dos elementos que compõem os dois vegetais que são utilizados na confecção do chá. Observamos na linguagem histórico-antropológica um imenso caldeirão de culturas e conceitos, que se entrelaçam formando um mosaico de relações que se conectam. Atentando para o interdiscurso acadêmico científico listamos os diferentes grupos que estão estudando a ayahuasca e seus temas. No discurso e linguagem midiática encontramos as manchetes, que marcam os anos de existência dos diferentes grupos e seus respectivos conflitos, que contêm a linguagem policial, e que versam sobre os temas que envolvem a ayahuasca historicamente e contemporaneamente. Nos deparamos também com o discurso jurídico e regulador do Estado, que possui a documentação e os dispositivos de legalização sobre o uso da ayahuasca. Finalmente a linguagem e discurso das ciências da religião, que procura obter respostas sociais ao nascimento de religiosidade nas culturas, temas esses que estão cheios de símbolos, rituais e imaginários, que só podem ser explorados e entendidos dentro de seus próprios contextos quando utilizando das ferramentas da antropologia, da sociologia e da psicologia da religião.

Avaliação toxicológica da ayahuasca em ratos Wistar : comportamento e toxicidade reprodutiva em machos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016.

Challenges Faced by Kerala Tourism Industry

Tourism being a smokeless industry is now a multi-billion, multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional activity in the world. Twenty first century tourism has reached up to space when a Russian rocket carried the space vehicle of Dennis Tito, an American businessman and the world’s first space tourist, to the space station. Time is not too far to carry tourists to moon and other planets in specially launched vehicles. Tourism is being considered as an agent of social change bridging gaps among nations, regions and people and helping them to open up. It is a promoter of development-material and spiritual both at macro and micro level. The General Assembly of the United Nations, in designating the year 1967 as ‘International Tourism Year’ recognized the importance of international travel as a means of fostering understanding among people, and giving them a knowledge of the rich heritage of the past civilizations, a better appreciation of the values of different cultures, thus contributing to the strengthening of world peace. It adopted the theme “Tourism-Passport to peace”. Our veteran national leader and the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru had said” welcome a tourist and send back a friend” which indicates the need for extending friendly hospitality to the in bound tourists. Modern transportation has removed the obstacles of distance enabling people to appreciate each other engage in the exchange of ideas and commerce. Tourism can help overcome real prejudices and foster bonds. Tourism can be a real force of world peace. Considering the vast and varied potential of tourism in the state and its impact on the economic, social and cultural environment of the state, a detailed study is found to be relevant and imperative

English Cathedrals: Events and Spiritual Capital

This paper investigates the recent trend for cathedrals in England to develop a wider and more ambitious scope to their event and activity programmes. It sets out to explore the types of events now hosted at cathedrals, to consider barriers to such ambitions and the opportunities presented by event programming to develop new audiences and grow attendances. The research focuses on the 42 Anglican cathedrals of England and has involved a review of recent reports published by church and cathedral organisations, supported by an in-depth review of event activity and objectives at five selected cathedrals in southern England. Despite declining general church attendance in England, cathedrals have enjoyed two decades of attendance growth both as places of worship and as tourist attractions, partly a reflection of a more complex contemporary search for multi-faceted types of spirituality. The paper explores how events can tap into the realm of individual spiritual capital and demonstrates the rich diversity of events now being hosted by cathedrals. The paper offers a new categorisation of ecclesiastical/liturgical events, cultural and community events and openly commercial event activity. Barriers remain but key facilitating factors have been new investment in event expertise and professionalism, encouragement to experiment by key funding bodies such as the Heritage Lottery Fund and the embracing of new forms of spirituality. The diversity of cathedral events reflects a new found growth in the nurturing of “spiritual capital” amongst both worshippers and tourists.

Post-Secular Tourism : A Study of Pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela

This thesis takes its starting-point in the post-secular changes in society and how these interplay with tourism. In spite of the intensive academic debate on and theorisation of the post-secular and post-secularism, the role of tourism in this change, called the return of religion, has not been studied. Conversely, neither has the role of post-secularism in tourism been addressed. The overall aim of this thesis is to describe and understand the relation between post-secularism and tourism. Specifically, the aim is to clarify and understand the relation between religious faith, place and tourism in our time on the basis of a case study of pilgrimage in the area of Santiago de Compostela. In other words, the thesis highlights the role of tourism in the emergence of what is now called the post-secular condition. Santiago de Compostela is a Catholic Church instituted holy city, which has increase in number of visitors. The growing number of pilgrimages and their significance lend vitality to the return of religion phenomenon. The empirical material derives primarily from individual interviews as narratives are considered to be a vital dimension to constitute and construct human realities and modes of being. This thesis shows that contemporary pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela is a post-secular performative and place-creating phenomenon. Post-secular tourist places are subjective and spiritually meaningful destinations. Unlike traditional pilgrimage destinations a key attribute is that neither traditional religious faith nor loyalty to institutionalised faith are (pre)ordained. Rather, place is constructed by the narratives and experiences of post-secular tourists.

Epidemiological study on leishmaniasis in an area of environmental tourism and ecotourism, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, 2006-2007

The aims of this study were to carry out a serological survey of canine leishmaniasis and identify the phlebotomine fauna in the urban area of Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul. The serological survey was conducted on a sample of 303 dogs, by means of the indirect immunofluorescence test. Phlebotomines were captured using automated light traps. The serological survey found that 30% of the dogs were seropositive, both from the center and from all districts of the town. A total of 2,772 specimens of phlebotomines were caught and the species most found was Lutzomyia longipalpis (90.4%), which corroborated its role as the vector of for canine visceral leishmaniasis in the region. Phlebotomines of the species Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (the main vector for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis) and Nyssomyia whitmani (the vector for Leishmania (Viannia) brasiliensis) were also caught. The findings indicate the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance, with attention towards diminishing the vector breeding sites and the transmission of these diseases in that region.

The development of social tourism in Brazil

This article reflects on the origins and development of social tourism in Brazil, with particular reference to the socio-economic conditions in the country. It discusses the theoretical conceptualisation of social tourism and its implementations in the non-European context. The case study presented here is based on a secondary bibliographical research of existing definitions and an in-depth analysis of the political conditions that have framed its development. More particularly, this article will discuss public initiatives since the Labour Party gained power in Brazil in 2003. Apart from public sector involvement in social tourism, this article also examines the role of the third sector in provision. The example of Social Service of Commerce will be presented. This article will conclude by evaluating the phenomenon of social tourism in Brazil, highlighting where progress has been made and which are the key challenges that need to be overcome.