Propulsion products services laakerikunnonvalvonnan ansaintalogiikan kehittäminen

Tämän työn ensisijaisena tavoitteena on selvittää ABB Oy, Marine & Cranes, Propulsion Products Services tarjoamien laakerikunnonvalvontatuotteiden luonne, tuotteistuksen tila, liiketoimintamalli ja tutkia, kuinka olemassa olevaa ansaintalogiikkaa voidaan kehittää. Teoreettisessa osassa käydään läpi palvelun määritelmää, palveluiden tuotteistamista, akateemisia tuotteistusprosessimalleja sekä liiketoimintamallin käsitettä. Liiketoimintamallin käsittely työssä keskittyy Osterwalderin (2010) liiketoimintamallikehykseen. Teoriaosuuden materiaalia hyödynnetään empiirisessä osuudessa laakerikunnonvalvonnan tuotteiden tuotteistuksen tilan, tuotteistusprosessimallin, liiketoimintamallin ja ansaintalogiikan kehittämiseen. Työn keskeisimpinä tuloksina saatiin kehitysehdotuksia työntilaajalle liittyen laakerikun- nonvalvonnan ansaintalogiikkaan ja palveluiden tuotteistamiseen. Työssä ilmeni, että yrityksen olisi suositeltavaa optimoida tehtävien palveluiden suorittamissatamat. Jo olemassa olevien tuotteiden dokumentointia tulisi täydentää työssä ehdotetun mukaisesti. Omien resurssien laajempaa käyttämistä tulisi lisätä ja laakerikunnonvalvonnan palvelupakettien päivittämistarve sekä valmiiden tuotteiden säännöllinen päivittäminen ja niiden mahdollinen poistaminen valikoimasta tulisi ottaa osaksi käytössä olevaa prosessia.

Solution of aerospace problems using structured and unstructured strategies

Products developed at industries, institutes and research centers are expected to have high level of quality and performance, having a minimum waste, which require efficient and robust tools to numerically simulate stringent project conditions with great reliability. In this context, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) plays an important role and the present work shows two numerical algorithms that are used in the CFD community to solve the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations applied to typical aerospace and aeronautical problems. Particularly, unstructured discretization of the spatial domain has gained special attention by the international community due to its ease in discretizing complex spatial domains. This work has the main objective of illustrating some advantages and disadvantages of numerical algorithms using structured and unstructured spatial discretization of the flow governing equations. Numerical methods include a finite volume formulation and the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are applied to solve a transonic nozzle problem, a low supersonic airfoil problem and a hypersonic inlet problem. In a structured context, these problems are solved using MacCormack’s implicit algorithm with Steger and Warming’s flux vector splitting technique, while, in an unstructured context, Jameson and Mavriplis’ explicit algorithm is used. Convergence acceleration is obtained using a spatially variable time stepping procedure.

Modeling and Parameter Estimation of Double-Star Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

The power rating of wind turbines is constantly increasing; however, keeping the voltage rating at the low-voltage level results in high kilo-ampere currents. An alternative for increasing the power levels without raising the voltage level is provided by multiphase machines. Multiphase machines are used for instance in ship propulsion systems, aerospace applications, electric vehicles, and in other high-power applications including wind energy conversion systems. A machine model in an appropriate reference frame is required in order to design an efficient control for the electric drive. Modeling of multiphase machines poses a challenge because of the mutual couplings between the phases. Mutual couplings degrade the drive performance unless they are properly considered. In certain multiphase machines there is also a problem of high current harmonics, which are easily generated because of the small current path impedance of the harmonic components. However, multiphase machines provide special characteristics compared with the three-phase counterparts: Multiphase machines have a better fault tolerance, and are thus more robust. In addition, the controlled power can be divided among more inverter legs by increasing the number of phases. Moreover, the torque pulsation can be decreased and the harmonic frequency of the torque ripple increased by an appropriate multiphase configuration. By increasing the number of phases it is also possible to obtain more torque per RMS ampere for the same volume, and thus, increase the power density. In this doctoral thesis, a decoupled d–q model of double-star permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous machines is derived based on the inductance matrix diagonalization. The double-star machine is a special type of multiphase machines. Its armature consists of two three-phase winding sets, which are commonly displaced by 30 electrical degrees. In this study, the displacement angle between the sets is considered a parameter. The diagonalization of the inductance matrix results in a simplified model structure, in which the mutual couplings between the reference frames are eliminated. Moreover, the current harmonics are mapped into a reference frame, in which they can be easily controlled. The work also presents methods to determine the machine inductances by a finite-element analysis and by voltage-source inverters on-site. The derived model is validated by experimental results obtained with an example double-star interior PM (IPM) synchronous machine having the sets displaced by 30 electrical degrees. The derived transformation, and consequently, the decoupled d–q machine model, are shown to model the behavior of an actual machine with an acceptable accuracy. Thus, the proposed model is suitable to be used for the model-based control design of electric drives consisting of double-star IPM synchronous machines.

A FRAMEWORK FOR ACHIEVING LIFECYCLE VALUE IN AEROSPACE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Creation of lifecycle value - a balance of performance with cost and other attributes - represents a challenge for the development of aerospace products in the twenty-first century. This paper examines the concept of lifecycle value that stems from existing approaches of value management and analysis, lifecycle costing, and systems engineering. To ascertain common characteristics of lifecycle value creation, case studies were done for four aircraft programs: F/A- 18E/F, JAS 39 Gripen, F-16C/D, and B-777. A lifecycle value creation framework is introduced, comprised of three phases: value identification, value proposition, value delivery. Based upon observed practices in the four case studies, six value creation attributes were identified. Capability maturity models for the six attributes and three value creation phases are presented. The resulting framework represents a starting point for programs seeking to create lifecycle value for aerospace products.

A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO MANUFACTURING SYSTEM DESIGN IN THE DEFENSE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

Manufacturing has evolved to become a critical element of the competitive skill set of defense aerospace firms. Given the changes in the acquisition environment and culture; traditional “thrown over the wall” means of developing and manufacturing products are insufficient. Also, manufacturing systems are complex systems that need to be carefully designed in a holistic manner and there are shortcomings with available tools and methods to assist in the design of these systems. This paper outlines the generation and validation of a framework to guide this manufacturing system design process.

A Proposal for Enterprise Value Phase of the Lean Aerospace Initiative

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) submits this proposal for the Enterprise Value Phase of the Lean Aerospace Initiative (LAI) in response to the October 9, 2002 Request for Proposal (RFP) F33615-02-2-5501 from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/MLKT), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. This proposal addresses the conduct of the LAI as set forth in the Enterprise Value Phase Concept of Operations (final draft dated 5 June 2002. The creation of this Enterprise Value Phase Concept of Operations (ConOps) was the result of extensive interaction among all stakeholders in the LAI consortium. The proposed products and research topics have been developed by the MIT LAI team based on this extended interaction with the Lean Aerospace Initiative consortium members during the concept of operations development. This proposal is in consonance with the Enterprise Value Phase vision, and mission as set forth in the concept of operations so as to meet stakeholder needs to achieve the goals and deliverables desired, prioritized to fit available funding.

An Assessment of the Degree of Implementation of the Lean Aerospace Initiative Principles and Practices within the US Aerospace and Defense Industry

This report is a formal documentation of the results of an assessment of the degree to which Lean Principles and Practices have been implemented in the US Aerospace and Defense Industry. An Industry Association team prepared it for the DCMA-DCAAIndustry Association “Crosstalk” Coalition in response to a “Crosstalk” meeting action request to the industry associations. The motivation of this request was provided by the many potential benefits to system product quality, affordability and industry responsiveness, which a high degree of industry Lean implementation can produce.

Applications of Lean Ideas to the Aerospace Industry

• Lean Aerospace Initiative origin and mission • Functional lean successes • Successes through interaction between functions • Success through enterprise integration and value creation • Total enterprise integration of all stakeholders • Enterprise transformation insights

Benefits of Implementing Lean Practices and the Impact of the Lean Aerospace Initiative in the Defense Aerospace Industry and Government Agencies

In the 1980’s, many United States industrial organizations started developing new production processes to improve quality, reduce cost, and better respond to customer needs and the pressures of global competition. This new paradigm was coined Lean Production (or simply “Lean”) in the book The Machine That Changed The World published in 1990 by researchers from MIT’s International Motor Vehicle Program. In 1993, a consortium of US defense aerospace firms and the USAF Aeronautical Systems Center, together with the AFRL Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, started the Lean Aircraft Initiative (LAI) at MIT. With expansion in 1998 to include government space products, the program was renamed the Lean Aerospace Initiative. LAI’s vision is to “Significantly reduce the cost and cycle time for military aerospace products throughout the entire value chain while continuing to improve product performance.” By late 1998, 23 industry and 13 government organizations with paying memberships, along with MIT and the UAW were participating in the LAI.

Building the 21st Century Aerospace Workforce

Begin with a call to action. Present evidence on the dimensions of an employment crisis in the Aerospace Industry. Understand the links to issues of instability and lean. Focus dialogue on high leverage, mutual gains options for all stakeholders in the industry. Identify specific next steps. Under the auspices of LAI. In other forums as appropriate.

A Holistic Approach to Manufacturing System Design in the Defense Aerospace Industry

Manufacturing has evolved to become a critical element of the competitive skill set of defense aerospace firms. Given the changes in the acquisition environment and culture; traditional “thrown over the wall” means of developing and manufacturing products are insufficient. Also, manufacturing systems are complex systems that need to be carefully designed in a holistic manner and there are shortcomings with available tools and methods to assist in the design of these systems. This paper outlines the generation and validation of a framework to guide this manufacturing system design process.

Applying the Lessons of “Lean Now” to Transform the US Aerospace Enterprise

Lean is common sense and good business sense. As organizations grow and become more successful, they begin to lose insight into the basic truths of what made them successful. Organizations have to deal with more and more issues that may not have anything to do with directly providing products or services to their customers. Lean is a holistic management approach that brings the focus of the organization back to providing value to the customer. In August 2002, Mrs. Darleen Druyun, the Principal Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition and government co-chairperson of the Lean Aerospace Initiative (LAI), decided it was time for Air Force acquisitions to embrace the concepts of lean. At her request, the LAI Executive Board developed a concept and methodology to employ lean into the Air Force’s acquisition culture and processes. This was the birth of the “Lean Now” initiative. An enterprise-wide approach was used, involving Air Force System Program Offices (SPOs), aerospace industry, and several Department of Defense agencies. The aim of Lean Now was to focus on the process interfaces between these “enterprise” stakeholders to eliminate barriers that impede progress. Any best practices developed would be institutionalized throughout the Air Force and the Department of Defense (DoD). The industry members of LAI agreed to help accelerate the government-industry transformation by donating lean Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) to mentor, train, and facilitate the lean events of each enterprise. Currently, the industry SMEs and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are working together to help the Air Force develop its own lean infrastructure of training courses and Air Force lean SMEs. The first Lean Now programs were the F/A-22, Global Hawk, and F-16. Each program focused on specific acquisition processes. The F/A-22 focused on the Test and Evaluation process; the Global Hawk focused on Evolutionary Acquisitions; and the F-16 focused on improving the Contract Closeout process. Through lean, each enterprise made many significant improvements. The F/A-22 was able to reduce its Operational Flight Plan (OFP) Preparation and Load process time of 2 to 3 months down to 7 hours. The Global Hawk developed a new production plan that increases the annual production of its Integrated Sensor Suite from 3 per year to 6 per year. The F-16 enterprise generated and is working 12 initiatives that could result in a contract closeout cycle time reduction of 3 to 7 years. Each enterprise continues to generate more lean initiatives that focus on other areas and processes within their respective enterprises.

Transfer of knowledge of the structural components of the model Q400 and Global Express: the case of Aerospace Bombardier, Querétaro

The aim of this paper is to analyze the knowledge transfer in the production of structural components of two aircraft:Q400 and Global Express of Bombardier Aerospace Company, Querétaro. Bombardier Aerospace is a pioneer company in the aviation sector in Mexico, and the third largest civil aircraft manufacturer. In 2005, Bombardier decided to invest in Mexico, creating Bombardier Aerospace de Mexico S. A. C. V. and transferring production lines from Japan and Toronto to Queretaro. The relocation strategy of both plants aims to reduce modular and general production costs facing other competitors. The relocation has been supported by the State Government funds, through a trust and the creation of Queretaro aerospace cluster. Among various benefits, the State of Queretaro donated seventy-eight acres of land where the Queretaro International Airport (QIA) and a training centre will be built to promote the development of this sector. The interest in this research is to analyze and describe the transfer of knowledge to the production of structural components of both aircraft models, thanks to the results of productivity and internal and external factors which have contributed along with this transfer