UV-Induced Melanoma Mouse Model Dependent on Endothelin 3 Over-Expression

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer. It originates from the transformation of melanocytes present in the epidermal/dermal junction of the human skin. It is commonly accepted that melanomagenesis is influenced by the interaction of environmental factors, genetic factors, as well as tumor-host interactions. DNA photoproducts induced by UV radiation are, in normal cells, repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The prominent role of NER in cancer resistance is well exemplified by patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP). This disease results from mutations in the components of the NER pathway, such as XPA and XPC proteins. In humans, NER pathway disruption leads to the development of skin cancers, including melanoma. Similar to humans afflicted with XP, Xpa and Xpc deficient mice show high sensibility to UV light, leading to skin cancer development, except melanoma. The Endothelin 3 (Edn3) signaling pathway is essential for proliferation, survival and migration of melanocyte precursor cells. Excessive production of Edn3 leads to the accumulation of large numbers of melanocytes in the mouse skin, where they are not normally found. In humans, Edn3 signaling pathway has also been implicated in melanoma progression and its metastatic potential. The goal of this study was the development of the first UV-induced melanoma mouse model dependent on the over-expression of Edn3 in the skin. The UV-induced melanoma mouse model reported here is distinguishable from all previous published models by two features: melanocytes are not transformed a priori and melanomagenesis arises only upon neonatal UV exposure. In this model, melanomagenesis depends on the presence of Edn3 in the skin. Disruption of the NER pathway due to the lack of Xpa or Xpc proteins was not essential for melanomagenesis; however, it enhanced melanoma penetrance and decreased melanoma latency after one single neonatal erythemal UV dose. Exposure to a second dose of UV at six weeks of age did not change time of appearance or penetrance of melanomas in this mouse model. Thus, a combination of neonatal UV exposure with excessive Edn3 in the tumor microenvironment is sufficient for melanomagenesis in mice; furthermore, NER deficiency exacerbates this process.

Modulação da expressão da proteína XPA em resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno fotossensibilizado

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by aerobic metabolism and react with biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. In high concentration, they lead to oxidative stress. Among ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2) is one of the main ROS involved in oxidative stress and is one of the most reactive forms of molecular oxygen. The exposure of some dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) to light (MB+VL), is able to generate 1O2 and it is the principle involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT). 1O2 e other ROS have caused toxic and carcinogenic effects and have been associated with ageing, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Oxidative DNA damage is mainly repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, recent studies have observed the involvement of nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors in the repair of this type of injury. One of these factors is the Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA) protein, which acts with other proteins in DNA damage recognition and in the recruitment of other repair factors. Moreover, oxidative agents such as 1O2 can induce gene expression. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the response of XPA-deficient cells after treatment with photosensitized MB. For this purpose, we analyzed the cell viability and occurrence of oxidative DNA damage in cells lines proficient and deficient in XPA after treatment with MB+VL, and evaluated the expression of this enzyme in proficient and complemented cells. Our results indicate an increased resistance to treatment of complemented cells and a higher level of oxidative damage in the deficient cell lines. Furthermore, the treatment was able to modulate the XPA expression up to 24 hours later. These results indicate a direct evidence for the involvement of NER enzymes in the repair of oxidative damage. Besides, a better understanding of the effects of PDT on the induction of gene expression could be provided

Papel da proteína de reparo XPC na regulação das proteínas de reparo APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1 em células humanas e de camundongos

studies using UV as a source of DNA damage. However, even though unrepaired UV-induced DNA damages are related to mutagenesis, cell death and tumorigenesis, they do not explain phenotypes such as neurodegeneration and internal tumors observed in patients with syndromes like Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) that are associated with NER deficiency. Recent evidences point to a role of NER in the repair of 8-oxodG, a typical substrate of Base Excision Repair (BER). Since deficiencies in BER result in genomic instability, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, it was investigated in this research the impact of XPC deficiency on BER functions in human cells. It was analyzed both the expression and the cellular localization of APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1, the mainly BER enzymes, in different NER-deficient human fibroblasts. The endogenous levels of these enzymes are reduced in XPC deficient cells. Surprisingly, XP-C fibroblasts were more resistant to oxidative agents than the other NER deficient fibroblasts, despite presenting the highest of 8-oxodG. Furthermore, subtle changes in the nuclear and mitochondrial localization of APE1 were detected in XP-C fibroblasts. To confirm the impact of XPC deficiency in the regulation of APE1 and OGG1 expression and activity, we constructed a XPC-complemented cell line. Although the XPC complementation was only partial, we found that XPC-complemented cells presented increased levels of OGG1 than XPC-deficient cells. The extracts from XPC-complemented cells also presented an elevated OGG1 enzimatic activity. However, it was not observed changes in APE1 expression and activity in the XPCcomplemented cells. In addition, we found that full-length APE1 (37 kDa) and OGG1- α are in the mitochondria of XPC-deficient fibroblasts and XPC-complemented fibroblasts before and after induction of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the expression of APE1 and PARP-1 are not altered in brain and liver of XPC knockout mice. However, XPC deficiency changed the APE1 localization in hypoccampus and hypothalamus. We also observed a physical interaction between XPC and APE1 proteins in human cells. In conclusion, the data suggest that XPC protein has a role in the regulation of OGG1 expression and activity in human cells and is involved mainly in the regulation of APE1 localization in mice. Aditionally, the response of NER deficient cells under oxidative stress may not be only associated to the NER deficiency per se, but it may include the new functions of NER enzymes in regulation of expression and cell localization of BER proteins

Xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy are associated with different mutations in the XPD (ERCC2) repair/transcription gene

The xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) protein has a dual function, both in nucleotide excision repair of DNA damage and in basal transcription. Mutations in the XPD gene can result in three distinct clinical phenotypes, XP, trichothiodystrophy (TTD), and XP with Cockayne syndrome. To determine if the clinical phenotypes of XP and TTD can be attributed to the sites of the mutations, we have identified the mutations in a large group of TTD and XP-D patients. Most sites of mutations differed between XP and TTD, but there are three sites at which the same mutation is found in XP and TTD patients. Since the corresponding patients were all compound heterozygotes with different mutations in the two alleles, the alleles were tested separately in a yeast complementation assay. The mutations which are found in both XP and TTD patients behaved as null alleles, suggesting that the disease phenotype was determined by the other allele. If we eliminate the null mutations, the remaining mutagenic pattern is consistent with the site of the mutation determining the phenotype.

Le xeroderma pigmentosum et ses manifestations oculaires. A propos du premier cas camerounais [Xeroderma pigmentosum and its ocular manifestations. The first case in Cameroon].

We report a case of xeroderma pigmentosum in a 9-year-old back Cameroonian boy. The diagnosis was based on typical clinical presentation of the disease: cutaneous atrophy, hypepigmented macules, and areas of depigmentation on sun exposed regions of the skin. Multiple tumoral lesions were localized on the head. Ocular findings were also present: conjunctival hyperemia, peripheral corneal opacification. Excision of the tumors and potoprotection was proposed for this patient. The role of tribal black African marriage traditions in disease transmission is discussed.

Etude du rôle de la réponse UV sur le contrôle de la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) des dommages à l’ADN : rôle des voies MAPK et de l’ADN polymérase eta

La réponse cellulaire aux ultra-violets (UV), ou réponse UV, est une réponse complexe et spécialisée dans l’adaptation et la tolérance des dommages aux UV. Celle-ci est initiée par un grand nombre d’évènements moléculaires et de signalisation nucléaire mais aussi au niveau de la membrane plasmique ou du cytoplasme. L’importance et l’influence exactes de ces évènements sur la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) des dommages UV à l’ADN sont encore mal comprises et doivent encore être méthodiquement démontrées. Dans cette thèse, grâce à l’utilisation d’une méthode sensible d’analyse de la réparation NER basée sur la cytométrie en flux, il est montré, dans un premier temps, que l’activité des voies MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases), qui sont des voies de signalisation de stress UV d’origine cytoplsamique, ne participent pas à l’efficacité de réparation NER des dommages UV dans les cellules humaines. En effet, l’abrogation de la signalisation MAPK, par inhibition pharmacologique, par utilisation de mutants dominant-négatifs ou par inhibition de leur expression endogène, ne révèlent aucun changement de la cinétique de réparation des dommages UV par excision de nucléotides. Cependant, l’utilisation de cette même méthode de réparation, mais cette fois, appliquée pour l’étude de réparation NER en fonction du cycle cellulaire, a permis de mettre en évidence la nécessité fonctionnelle de l’ADN polymérase translésionnelle eta (Pol η) dans la réparation NER des dommages UV, uniquement en phase S. Cette observation fut initialement caractérisée dans les cellules de patients affectés du syndrome variant de xérodermie pigmentaire (XP-V) puis, confirmée ensuite par l’inhibition de l’expression de Pol η endogène ou par la complémentation avec des mutants non-fonctionnels dans les cellules XP-V. Ces résultats indiquent que, contrairement à la réponse UV MAPK cytoplasmique, les évènements nucléaires comme la synthèse translésionnelle, peuvent influencer l’efficacité de réparation NER en phase S. Plus particulièrement, ces données établissent un lien possible entre la réparation NER en phase S et les niveaux de stress réplicatifs, révélé ici par la déficience fonctionnelle Pol η ou ATR. Les observations, présentées dans cette thèse, renforcent un rôle du point de contrôle S aux UV sur l’efficacité de la réparation NER et suggèrent que l’inhibition NER, observée en phase S dans les cellules XP-V, est modulée par le stress réplicatif. Un tel moyen de contrôle pourrait avoir une action plutôt protectrice pendant cette phase critique du cycle cellulaire. Mots clés: UV, translésionnelle, eta, MAPK, NER, CPD, cytométrie, phase-S, tolérance.

Edición de páginas web para la enseñanza : Frontpage XP.

Resumen basado en la publicación

Using zappers in Common Learning Spaces (Windows XP)

This resource is now obsolete and has been replaced by http://www.edshare.soton.ac.uk/5920/ This PowerPoint is an animated step-by-step guide that shows tutors how to use zappers in a teaching session. It covers starting the PC, distributing the zappers, plugging in the receiver, starting the software, running the presentation and managing voting, saving data at the end and collecting the handsets. It takes around 5 minutes to view.

Mòdul de Windows XP Professional. 'Módulo de Windows XP Profesional'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Incluye imágenes de capturas de pantalla del ordenador que refuerzan las explicaciones del curso

Sustained activation of p53 in confluent nucleotide excision repair-deficient cells resistant to ultraviolet-induced apoptosis

p53 activation is one of the main signals after DNA damage, controlling cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. We have previously shown that confluent nucleotide excision repair (NER)-deficient cells are more resistant to apoptosis induced by ultraviolet irradiation (UV). Here, we further investigated the effect of cell confluence on UV-induced apoptosis in normal and NER-deficient (XP-A and XP-C) cells, as well as the effects of treatments with the ATWATR inhibitor caffeine, and the patterns of p53 activation. Strong p53 activation was observed in either proliferating or confluent cells. Caffeine increased apoptosis levels and inhibited p53 activation in proliferating cells, suggesting a protective role for p53. However, in confluent NER-deficient cells no effect of caffeine was observed. Transcription recovery measurements showed decreased recovery in proliferating XPA-deficient cells, but no recovery was observed in confluent cells. The levels of the cyclin/Cdk inhibitor, p21(Waf1/Cip1), correlated well with p53 activation in proliferating cells. Surprisingly, confluent cells also showed similar activation of p21(Waf1/Cip1). These results indicate that reduced apoptosis in confluent cells is associated with the deficiency in DNA damage removal, since this effect is not clearly observed in NER-proficient cells. Moreover, the strong activation of p53 in confluent cells, which barely respond to apoptosis, suggests that this protein, under these conditions, is not linked to UV-induced cell death signaling. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of the anti-neoplastic drug doxorubicin on XPD-mutated DNA repair-deficient human cells

Doxorubicin (DOX), a member of the anthracycline group, is a widely used drug in cancer therapy. The mechanisms of DOX action include topoisomerase II-poisoning, free radical release, DNA adducts and interstrand cross-link (ICL) formation. Nucleotide excision repair(NER) is involved in the removal of helix-distorting lesions and chemical adducts, however, little is known about the response of NER-deficient cell lines to anti-tumoral drugs like DOX. Wild type and XPD-mutated cells, harbouring mutations in different regions of this gene and leading to XP-D, XP/CS or TTD diseases, were treated with this drug and analyzed for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage by comet assay. The formation of DSBs was also investigated by determination of gamma H2AX foci. Our results indicate that all three NER-deficient cell lines tested are more sensitive to DOX treatment, when compared to wild type cells or XP cells complemented by the wild type XPD cDNA, suggesting that NER is involved in the removal of DOX-induced lesions. The cell cycle analysis showed the characteristic G2 arrest in repair-proficient MRC5 cell line after DOX treatment, whereas the repair-deficient cell lines presented significant increase in sub-G1 fraction. The NER-deficient cell lines do not show different patterns of DNA damage formation as assayed by comet assay and phosphorylated H2AX foci formation. Knock-down of topoisomerase II alpha with siRNA leads to increased survival in both MRC5 and XP cells, however, XP cell line still remained significantly more sensitive to the treatment by DOX. Our study suggests that the enhanced sensitivity is due to DOX-induced DNA damage that is subject to NER, as we observed decreased unscheduled DNA synthesis in XP-deficient cells upon DOX treatment. Furthermore, the complementation of the XPD-function abolished the observed sensitivity at lower DOX concentrations, suggesting that the XPD helicase activity is involved in the repair of DOX-induced lesions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM: LIVING IN THE DARK BUT WITH HOPE IN THERAPY

Xeroderma pigmentosum patients suffer from extreme photosensitivity caused by a genetic defect in DNA repair pathways. This condition obliges them to live in darkness and avoid sunshine. Although the molecular basis of the defect has been known for more than 40 years now, the treatment possibilities are very limited, and to date all have been focused on the skin. Herein, we summarize the effects of sunlight and the molecular mechanisms implicated in the defects that lead to this syndrome, as well as the strategies that have been tested to alleviate skin manifestations, including cancer. Preclinical attempts to correct genetic defects by means of different gene therapy approaches are also described. All these efforts are now bringing hope and some light into the life of patients and their families.

DNA damage induced by the anthracycline cosmomycin D in DNA repair-deficient cells

Anthracyclines have been widely used as antitumor agents, playing a crucial role in the successful treatment of many types of cancer, despite some side effects related to cardiotoxicity. New anthracyclines have been designed and tested, but the first ones discovered, doxorubicin and daunorubicin, continue to be the drugs of choice. Despite their extensive use in chemotherapy, little is known about the DNA repair mechanisms involved in the removal of lesions caused by anthracyclines. The anthracycline cosmomycin D is the main product isolated from Streptomyces olindensis, characterized by a peculiar pattern of glycosylation with two trisaccharide rings attached to the A ring of the tetrahydrotetracene. We assessed the induction of apoptosis (Sub-G(1)) by cosmomycin D in nucleotide excision repair-deficient fibroblasts (XP-A and XP-C) as well as the levels of DNA damage (alkaline comet assay). Treatment of XP-A and XP-C cells with cosmomycin D resulted in apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, with highest apoptosis levels observed 96 h after treatment. The effects of cosmomycin D were equivalent to those obtained with doxorubicin. The broad caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK strongly inhibited apoptosis in these cells, and DNA damage induced by cosmomycin D was confirmed by alkaline comet assay. Cosmomycin D induced time-dependent apoptosis in nucleotide excision repair-deficient fibroblasts. Despite similar apoptosis levels, cosmomycin D caused considerably lower levels of DNA damage compared to doxorubicin. This may be related to differences in structure between cosmomycin D and doxorubicin.

Ferromagnetism and superconductivity in CeFeAs 1-xP xO (0≤x≤40)

We report on superconductivity in CeFeAs 1-xP xO and the possible coexistence with Ce ferromagnetism (FM) in a small homogeneity range around x=30% with ordering temperatures of T SC≅T C≅4 K. The antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering temperature of Fe at this critical concentration is suppressed to TNFe≈40 K and does not shift to lower temperatures with a further increase of the P concentration. Therefore, a quantum-critical-point scenario with TNFe→0 K which is widely discussed for the iron based superconductors can be excluded for this alloy series. Surprisingly, thermal expansion and x-ray powder diffraction indicate the absence of an orthorhombic distortion despite clear evidence for short-range AFM Fe ordering from muon-spin-rotation measurements. Furthermore, we discovered the formation of a sharp electron spin resonance signal unambiguously connected with the emergence of FM ordering. © 2012 American Physical Society.

Untersuchungen zur Beeinflussung der Reparatur oxidativer DNA-Schäden durch Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase, AP-Endonuklease 1 und das Xeroderma pigmentosum A Protein

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Bedeutung der Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase 1 (PARP 1), der AP Endonuklease 1 (Ape 1) und des Xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) Proteins für die DNA-Reparatur in Säugerzellen.Zunächst wurde der Einfluss der PARP 1-Aktivität auf die Reparatur verschiedener DNA-Modifikationen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erstmalig, dass eine Hemmung der PARP-Aktivität nicht nur eine deutliche Verlangsamung der Reparatur von Einzelstrangbrüchen, sondern auch von oxidativen Purinmodifikationen und Pyrimidindimeren zur Folge hat. Interessanterweise erfolgte diese Verlangsamung der DNA-Reparatur nicht in Csb-defizienten Zellen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Aktivierung der PARP 1 und das Csb-Protein zusammen an einem neuartigen Mechanismus beteiligt sind, der die globale Reparatur verschiedener DNA-Modifikationen beschleunigt.Weiterhin wurde die Bedeutung der Nukleotidexcisionsreparatur als back-up Reparatur von 8 Hydroxyguanin untersucht. Dazu wurden normale und XPA-defiziente Fibroblasten des Menschen mit einem hOgg1-anitsense Konstrukt transfiziert und dann in diesen Zellen die Reparaturkinetiken oxidativer Basenmodifikationen bestimmt. Dadurch konnte eine Beteiligung des XPA-Proteins an diesem Reparaturweg ausgeschlossen werden.Außerdem wurden die Auswirkungen einer AP Endonuklease-1-Überexpression in XRCC1-defizienten Zellen auf die Reparatur von Einzelstrangbrüchen untersucht. Die Reparatur der induzierten Einzelstrangbrüche war in XRCC1-defizienten Zellen erwartungsgemäß deutlich langsamer als in XRCC1-profizienten Zellen. Die Überexpression der AP Endonuklease 1 in XRCC1-defizienten Zellen führte zu einer teilweisen Beschleunigung der Einzelstrangbruchreparatur.