Suomen liitepartikkelien funktiota ja kääntäminen japaniksi – kontrastiivinen tutkimus teoksista Heinähattu, Vilttitossu ja kielletty kampela ja Hirame Hyōryūki

Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkin liitepartikkelien käyttöä ja niiden funktiota suomenkielisessä lastenkirjassa Heinähattu, Vilttitossu ja kielletty kampela sekä sen japaninkielisessä käännöksessä Hirame Hyōryūki. Tavoitteenani on siis perehtyä suomen kielen liitepartikkelien funktioihin sekä selvittää niitä vastaavia esiintymisvariantteja ja niiden funktioita käännösteoksessa. Tutkimukseni kuuluu kieli- ja käännöstieteen alaan. Se on kvantitatiivinen ja kvalitatiivinen sekä myös kontrastiivinen. Tutkimuksessani esittelen ensiksi kielten oppikirjoja ja oppaita sekä aiempia tutkimuksia: artikkeleita sekä pro gradu -tutkielmia. Käännöstieteeseen liittyvää tutkimusta käsiteltäessä keskeisimmät teokset ovat Helsingin yliopiston julkaisema Kohteena käännös: uusia näkökulmia kääntämisen ja tulkkaukseen tutkimukseen ja opiskelemiseen ja Rune Ingon Lähtökielestä kohdekieleen: johdatusta käännöstieteeseen. Käännöstieteeseen liittyvää tutkimusta käsitellään japanin kielen käännöksen analyysin yhteydessä. Tutkin liitepartikkelien käyttöä ja funktiota sekä analysoin niitä tutkittavissa teoksissa. Suomen kielen liitepartikkeleita käsitellään muun muassa Ison suomen kieliopin avulla. Tutkimuksen japanin kielen osassa käsitellään lyhyesti kieliopillisia ominaisuuksia käyttämällä muun muassa Hideaki Handon kielioppia Nihongo Joshi no Bunpō ja Saburō Niwan verkkojulkaisua Gendai Nihongo Bunpō Gaisetsu. Myös japanin kielen korostuskeinot otetaan huomioon, sillä korostus on yksi suomen liitepartikkelien tärkeimmistä funktioista. Japanin sukupuolen sävyeroja käsitellään Janet Shibamoton teoksen Japanese women’s language avulla. Japaninkielisen käännöksen analyysin avulla havaitaan, että japanin kielessä on liitepartikkeleita vastaavat hyōgenshit. Muina ilmaisukeinoina kääntäjä osoittaa lukijalle alkuperäisen tekstin merkitystä esimerkiksi luomalla tekstiä itse ja vaihtamalla sanajärjestystä. Itsenäisesti tekstiä luodessaan kääntäjä on jättänyt muutamissa tapauksissa liitepartikkelien funktioita kääntämättä. Lisäksi kääntäjä jakaa suomenkielistä tekstiä jaksoihin vaihtamalla sanajärjestystä. Sen tuloksena käännettyihin teksteihin syntyy hieman merkitys- ja vivahde-eroja. Yhteenvetoluvussa ja liitteessä esittelen tulokset analyysistani taulukon avulla. Luku päättyy jatkotutkimuksen mahdollisuuteen.

Rajaliikenteen turvallisuusselvitys : Liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma Kaakkois-Suomen kansainvälisen liikenteen kuormittamalle tiestölle

Rajaliikenteen turvallisuusselvitys on osa rajan ylittävän liikenteen liikenneturvallisuusprojektia (ENPI CBC ”Cross-Border Road Traffic Safety” -project). Suunnittelualue rajautuu karkeasti valtateiden 6, 7 ja 15 muodostaman kolmion alueelle Kaakkois-Suomessa. Suunnittelun painopiste oli Vaalimaan, Nuijamaan ja Imatran raja-asemien lähialueiden maanteillä. Onnettomuusanalyysin mukaan tarkastelualueella tapahtui vuosina 2009–2012 yhteensä 670 liikenneonnettomuutta, jossa mukana oli ulkomaalainen kuljettaja. Ulkomaalaisen kuljettama raskas ajoneuvo osallisena 175 onnettomuudessa (26 %). Onnettomuusmäärät ovat lisääntyneet vuoden 2009 tasosta (samalla aikavälillä onnettomuusmäärät yleisesti vähentyneet Kaakkois-Suomessa). Kyselyn mukaan suomalaiset tienkäyttäjät kokevat kansainvälisestä liikenteestä aiheutuvan vaaratilanteita. Eniten vaaratilanteita aiheutuu vaarallisista ohituksista, äkkinäisistä liikkeistä ja ylinopeuksista. Ongelmien ja vaaratilanteiden uskotaan johtuvan suurimmaksi osaksi siitä, että Suomessa on erilainen liikennekulttuuri ulkomaalaisten kuljettajien kotimaahan verrattuna. Ulkomaalaisille liikkujille kohdistettuun kyselyyn vastanneet kuljettajat kokevat Suomen liikenteessä ongelmana hitaasti ajamisen (alhaiset nopeusrajoitukset), usean rekan letkat, pientareelle pysähtymisen sallimattomuuden sekä ylinopeudet. Ongelmien uskotaan johtuvan siitä, että liikennesääntöjä ei tunneta ja liikennekulttuuri sekä lainsäädäntö ovat erilaisia, myös vieras kieli aiheuttaa ongelmia. Vaaratilanteita ja ongelmia pystyttäisiin vähentämään tiedotuksella sekä opastuksen ja viitoituksen parantamiselle. Liikennevalvonnalla ei uskota olevan yhtä suurta vaikutusta. Sidosryhmät näkevät kansainvälisen liikenteen hyötyjä eniten kuntien elinkeinopuolella. Yritystoiminta vilkastuu, rajan läheiset alueet kehittyvät ja liikenneympäristöön investoidaan. Suurimmiksi haitoiksi nähdään liikenneväylien kuormittuminen, tieverkon nopeampi kuluminen, onnettomuusriskin kasvu ja lisääntyneen liikenteen aiheuttamat ympäristöhaitat sekä kansainvälisen liikenteen mukanaan tuoma rikollisuus ja harmaa talous. Ulkomaalaisten ongelmat Suomessa aiheutuvat pääasiassa erilaisesta liikennekulttuurista ja liikennekäyttäytymisestä. Vaaranpaikkoja ovat mm. eritasoliittymien rampit, ja lisäksi vieraskieliset opasteet vaikeuttavat liikkumista. Suuri osa toimenpideohjelmassa esitetyistä toimenpiteistä liittyy opastuksen ja viitoituksen sekä tiemerkintöjen parantamiseen. Lisäksi esitetään eri kokoluokan rakenteellisia toimenpiteitä sekä muita erillisiä selvityksiä vaativia toimenpiteitä. Ohjelman kustannusarvio on yhteensä 958 000 euroa. Liikenneympäristön lisäksi esitetään tiedotukseen ja valvontaan liittyviä toimenpiteitä, kuten raja-asemilla jaettava uusi opas- ja tietolehdykkä sekä näyttötaulut ajantasaisen liikennetiedon ja liikennesääntöjen jakamiseen raja-asemilla.

Alterations of white matter integrity related to the season of birth in schizophrenia: a DTI study

In schizophrenia there is a consistent epidemiological finding of a birth excess in winter and spring. Season of birth is thought to act as a proxy indicator for harmful environmental factors during foetal maturation. There is evidence that prenatal exposure to harmful environmental factors may trigger pathologic processes in the neurodevelopment, which subsequently increase the risk of schizophrenia. Since brain white matter alterations have repeatedly been found in schizophrenia, the objective of this study was to investigate whether white matter integrity was related to the season of birth in patients with schizophrenia. Thirty-four patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Differences in the fractional anisotropy maps of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls born in different seasons were analysed with tract-based spatial statistics. A significant main effect of season of birth and an interaction of group and season of birth showed that patients born in summer had significantly lower fractional anisotropy in widespread white matter regions than those born in the remainder of the year. Additionally, later age of schizophrenia onset was found in patients born in winter months. The current findings indicate a relationship of season of birth and white matter alterations in schizophrenia and consequently support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of early pathological mechanisms in schizophrenia.

Microstructure and Cerebral Blood Flow within White Matter of the Human Brain: A TBSS Analysis.

BACKGROUND White matter (WM) fibers connect different brain regions and are critical for proper brain function. However, little is known about the cerebral blood flow in WM and its relation to WM microstructure. Recent improvements in measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) by means of arterial spin labeling (ASL) suggest that the signal in white matter may be detected. Its implications for physiology needs to be extensively explored. For this purpose, CBF and its relation to anisotropic diffusion was analyzed across subjects on a voxel-wise basis with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and also across white matter tracts within subjects. METHODS Diffusion tensor imaging and ASL were acquired in 43 healthy subjects (mean age = 26.3 years). RESULTS CBF in WM was observed to correlate positively with fractional anisotropy across subjects in parts of the splenium of corpus callosum, the right posterior thalamic radiation (including the optic radiation), the forceps major, the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the right superior longitudinal fasciculus. Furthermore, radial diffusivity correlated negatively with CBF across subjects in similar regions. Moreover, CBF and FA correlated positively across white matter tracts within subjects. CONCLUSION The currently observed findings on a macroscopic level might reflect the metabolic demand of white matter on a microscopic level involving myelination processes or axonal function. However, the exact underlying physiological mechanism of this relationship needs further evaluation.

A study on cytochemical properties of white blood cells from Acipenseridae of southern Caspian Sea

The objective of this study was to study leukocytes characteristics of Acipenseridae of southern Caspian Sea stained by cytochemical stains in order to classify these cells more accurately. The samples were taken from Sturgeon propagation centers and International Sturgeon Research Institute in the north part of Iran. 10 fish were selected randomly from each age group (fingerling, 1, 2, 3 to 11 years) and blood samples were taken from caudal vein using syringes with no anticoagulant. Blood smears were prepared immediately and fixed by methanol. The smears then stained using cytochemical staining according to the Sigma-Aldrich instructions. Neutrophils were positive for Sudan Black-B(SBB), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Peroxidase (PER) but negative for choloroacetate esterase (CAE). Eosinophi is stained positively for PER and SBB and weakly for PAS, acid phosphatase (ACP), CAE and a-naphthyl acetate esterase (a-NAE). Basophil was absent in the studied blood smears. Lymphocytes were positive for ACP but weak for PAS, CAE and a-NAE. Monocytes stained positively for B-glucoronidase (BG) in Acipenser persicus 5 and 11 years group, in Acipenser stellatus 1 and 2 years group, in Acipenser gueldenstaedtii 1 year group, in Acipenser nudiventris 9 year and in Huso huso 7 year group and stained weakly for a-NAE.

Evidences Of Endocytosis Via Caveolae Following Blood-brain Barrier Breakdown By Phoneutria Nigriventer Spider Venom.

Spider venoms contain neurotoxic peptides aimed at paralyzing prey or for defense against predators; that is why they represent valuable tools for studies in neuroscience field. The present study aimed at identifying the process of internalization that occurs during the increased trafficking of vesicles caused by Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Herein, we found that caveolin-1α is up-regulated in the cerebellar capillaries and Purkinje neurons of PNV-administered P14 (neonate) and 8- to 10-week-old (adult) rats. The white matter and granular layers were regions where caveolin-1α showed major upregulation. The variable age played a role in this effect. Caveolin-1 is the central protein that controls caveolae formation. Caveolar-specialized cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane sub-domains are involved in endocytosis, transcytosis, mechano-sensing, synapse formation and stabilization, signal transduction, intercellular communication, apoptosis, and various signaling events, including those related to calcium handling. PNV is extremely rich in neurotoxic peptides that affect glutamate handling and interferes with ion channels physiology. We suggest that the PNV-induced BBB opening is associated with a high expression of caveolae frame-forming caveolin-1α, and therefore in the process of internalization and enhanced transcytosis. Caveolin-1α up-regulation in Purkinje neurons could be related to a way of neurons to preserve, restore, and enhance function following PNV-induced excitotoxicity. The findings disclose interesting perspectives for further molecular studies of the interaction between PNV and caveolar specialized membrane domains. It proves PNV to be excellent tool for studies of transcytosis, the most common form of BBB-enhanced permeability.

Boys In White: A Classic Of Qualitative Research Turns 50.

This article analyzes Boys in white: student culture in medical schoolby Howard S. Becker, Blanche Geer, Everett C. Hughes and Anselm Strauss, considered a model of qualitative research in sociology. The analysis investigates the trajectories of the authors, the book, qualitative analysis, and the medical students, emphasizing their importance in the origins of medical sociology and the sociology of medical education. In the trajectory of the authors, bibliographical information is given. The trajectory of qualitative research focuses on how this methodology influences the construction of the field. The investigation of the students' trajectory shows how they progress through their first years at medical school to build their own student culture.

A comparison of skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects presenting normal occlusions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised the lateral cephalograms of 106 untreated Brazilian subjects with normal occlusion, divided into two groups: Group 1- 50 white subjects (25 of each gender), at a mean age of 13.17 years (standard deviation 1.07); and Group 2- 56 black subjects (28 of each gender), at a mean age of 13.24 years (standard deviation 0.56). Variables studied were obtained from several cephalometric analyses. Independent t tests were used for intergroup comparison and to determine sexual dimorphism. RESULTS: black subjects presented a more protruded maxilla and mandible, a smaller chin prominence and a greater maxillomandibular discrepancy than white subjects. Blacks presented a more horizontal craniofacial growth pattern than whites. Maxillary and mandibular incisors presented more protruded and proclined in black subjects. The nasolabial angle was larger in whites. Upper and lower lips were more protruded in blacks than in whites. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion in black Brazilian subjects compared to white Brazilian subjects, both groups with normal occlusion. Upper and lower lips showed to be more protruded in blacks, but lip thickness was similar in both groups.

Nerve endings of filliform, fungiform and vallate papillae of dorsal tongue mucosa of White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari): Neurohistological observations

The neurohistologic observations were performed using the specimens prepared by Winkelmann and Schmitt silver impregnation method. The tissues were fixed in 10% formalin solution and sections of 40µm thickness were obtained by Leica Cryostat at -30ºC. The sections of dorsal mucosa of White-lipped peccary tongue showed numerous filliform and fungiform papillae, and two vallate papillae on the caudal part. The epithelial layer revealed queratinized epithelial cells and the connective tissue papillae of different sizes and shapes. Thick nerve fiber bundles are noted into the subepithelial connective tissue of the papillae. The connective tissue of fungiform and vallate papillae contained numerous sensitive nerves fibers bundles forming a complex nerve plexus.

Contribuição para o estudo dos Rhinotragini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). II. Revisão de Ommata White, 1855

O gênero Ommata é revisto e dividido em quatro gêneros: Ommata sensu strictu, Acatainga gen. nov. (espécie-tipo Odontocera (?) maia Newman, 1841), Etimasu gen. nov. (espécie-tipo Ommata cosmipes Peñaherrera-Leiva & Tavakilian, 2003) e Pyrpotyra gen. nov. (espécie-tipo Ommata (Ommata) paradisiaca Tippmann, 1953). São descritas cinco espécies novas provenientes do Brasil e Bolívia: Ommata nigricollis (Brasil, Espírito Santo), O. andina (Bolívia), Pyrpotyra pytinga (Brasil, Pará), P. capixaba (Brasil, Espírito Santo) e P. paraensis (Brasil, Pará). As seguintes espécies são transferidas de Ommata para os novos gêneros, além das espécies-tipos: Acatinga boucheri (Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2005), comb. nov.; A. gallardi (Peñaherrera-Leiva & Tavakilian, 2004), comb. nov.; A. quinquemaculata (Zajciw, 1966), comb. nov.; Pyrpotyra albitarsis (Galileo & Martins, 2010), comb. nov.

Contribuição para o estudo dos Rhinotragini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae): I. mudança de status nos subgêneros de Ommata white, 1855 e revisão de Agaone Pascoe, 1859

Todos os subgêneros de Ommata são elevados a gênero, levando-se em consideração a diversidade de caracteres encontrados em cada um deles. Agaone é revisto e uma nova espécie é descrita do Brasil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro): A. punctilla sp. nov. Cantharoxylymna Linsley, 1934 é considerado sinônimo junior de Agaone. Grupiara gen. nov. é descrito para alocar Ommata (Agaone) viridis Gounelle, 1911.

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in a sympatric area: seasonal and nocturnal hourly rhythm in black and white modified Shannon traps

Captures with black and white Shannon traps were undertaken to identify aspects of the behavior of the two cryptic and sympatric species implicated as vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926). The traps were installed side by side, monthly, from July 2001 to June 2002, from 18 to 07 hours, in a peridomicile of Iporanga municipality, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 2,142 specimens were captured, Ny. intermedia (47.4%) and Ny. neivai (50.5%). The white trap was more attractive to both sexes of both species. Males of Ny. neivai predominated (70%) over those of Ny. intermedia on the two traps; on the black trap, the females of Ny. intermedia predominated (63.3%) over those of Ny. neivai (36.7%). Seventy percent of the specimens of both species were captured between 18 and 24 h. Females of Ny. intermedia presented the highest peak at 19-20 h, and those of Ny. neivai at 20-21 h. The highest hourly average for females of Ny. intermedia on the black trap occurred in the winter and that for males in the summer. For Ny. neivai, both sexes predominated in the summer. The two species probably transmit the cutaneous leishmaniasis in the area due to their great predominance.

Bond Strength of Multicomponent White Cast Iron Coatings Applied by HVOF Thermal Spray Process

Multicomponent white cast iron is a new alloy that belongs to system Fe-C-Cr-W-Mo-V, and because of its excellent wear resistance it is used in the manufacture of hot rolling mills rolls. To date, this alloy has been processed by casting, powder metallurgy, and spray forming. The high-velocity oxyfuel process is now also considered for the manufacture of components with this alloy. The effects of substrate, preheating temperature, and coating thickness on bond strength of coatings have been determined. Substrates of AISI 1020 steel and of cast iron with preheating of 150 A degrees C and at room temperature were used to apply coatings with 200 and 400 mu m nominal thickness. The bond strength of coatings was measured with the pull-off test method and the failure mode by scanning electron microscopic analysis. Coatings with thickness of 200 mu m and applied on substrates of AISI 1020 steel with preheating presented bond strength of 87 +/- A 4 MPa.

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of white-spot caries in human enamel

The objective is to differentiate noncavitated caries enamel through time-resolved fluorescence and to find excitation and emission parameters that can be applied in future clinical practice for detection of caries lesions that are not clearly visible to the professional. Sixteen human teeth with noncavitiated white-spot caries were selected for this work. Fluorescence intensity decay was measured by using an apparatus based on the time-correlated single-photon counting method. An optical fiber bundle was employed for sample excitation (440 nm), and the fluorescence collected by the same bundle (500 nm) was registered. The average lifetime for sound enamel was 7: 93 +/- 0: 09, 2: 46 +/- 0: 04, and 0: 51 +/- 0: 02 ns, whereas for the carious enamel the lifetimes were 4: 84 +/- 0: 06, 1: 35 +/- 0: 02, and 0: 16 +/- 0: 01 ns. It was concluded that it is possible to differentiate between carious and sound regions by time-resolved fluorescence and that, although the origin of enamel fluorescence is still uncertain, the lifetime values seem to be typical of fluorophores like collagen I. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America