Ekologisen kuorilevyn valmistaminen puunjalostusteollisuuden sivutuotteista

Puunjalostusteollisuudessa syntyy huomattavia määriä sivutuotteita, joiden hyödyntäminen on vielä vajavaista. Sahajauhon ja puukuoren pääasiallinen käyttö rajoittuu energiantuotantoon eli polttamiseen voimalaitoksissa. Selostettavassa tutkimustyössä, joka on tehty Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston puunjalostustekniikan levylaboratoriossa, on pyritty selvittämään kotimaisten kuusi-, mänty- ja koivukuorten käyttömahdollisuuksia raaka-aineina lastulevyn tapaan ns. ekologisen kuorilevyn valmistamisessa, mutta ilman liimaa. Tutkimusmateriaalina käytettiin puunjalostusteollisuudesta hankittua tuoretta kuusen ja männyn rumpukuorintajätettä sekä koivun roottorikuorintajätettä, joista kukin raaka-aine pienennettiin kahteen eri partikkelikokoon käyttäen oksasilppuria ja vasaramyllyä. Raaka-ainemäärät mitattiin ja kaadettiin viiran päällä olevaan puusta valmistettuun muottiin ja muotin poisnostamisen jälkeen levyaihio puristettiin 1-välikuumapuristimessa sykleittäin. Valmistetut kuorilevyt olivat 1 -kerroksisia. Koelevyistä tutkittiin kosteuspitoisuus, tilavuuspaino, taivutuslujuus ja Brinell -kovuus.Saadut tulokset osoittavat, että kuusen, männyn ja koivun kuoresta voidaan valmistaa kuorilevyä ilman liima-ainetta, sillä puukuoren sisältämät omat liimaavuutta parantavat uuteaineet antavat riittävän vaikutuksen kuorilevyn rakenteen stabiloimiseksi. Tällaisen kuorilevyn taivutuslujuus on kuitenkin huomattavasti heikompi kuin puulastulevyllä. Kaikki jauhetusta raaka-aineesta sekä pelkästään silputusta koivuraaka-aineesta valmistetut kuorilevyt täyttävät taivutuslujuuden osalta kuitenkin huokoiselle, A-lujuusluokan standardi-kuitulevylle asetetut vaatimukset. Tarkasteltaessa eri raaka-aineista valmistettujen levyjen ominaisuuksia, voidaan todeta, että tilavuuspainoltaan suurinta sekä kovuudeltaan ja taivutuslujuudeltaan parasta levyä saadaan valmistettua jauhetusta koivukuoresta. Jokaisen valmistetun kuorilevyn kovuusarvo ylittää Suomen johtavan lastulevyn valmistajan lastulevyn kovuusarvon lukuun ottamatta pelkästään silputuista kuusi- ja mäntykuorista valmistettuja levyjä.Vaikka tulokset ovat suuntaa-antavia, osoittavat ne selvästi millaisia mahdollisuuksia tarjoaa puun kuoren tai sahajauhon käyttäminen lastulevyn tapaan valmistettavien levyjen raaka-aineena. Koko tutkimuskenttä on tässä käsiteltävänä olevalla alueella varsin laaja, ja tässä tutkimuksessa selvitetyt asiat ovat siitä vain pieni osa antaen kuitenkin suunnan useille tärkeille jatkossa selvitettäville asioille. Näistä mainittakoon mm. ekologisen levyn jatkojalostus ja tuotesuunnittelu, levyn valmistuksen taloudellisuus ja tuotteiden markkinointi, kuorilevyn valmistusprosessin kehittäminen sekä eri raaka-aineyhdistelmien kokeilu kuorilevyn raaka-aineena.

Biossensores amperométricos para determinação de compostos fenólicos em amostras de interesse ambiental

Phenols are widely used in many areas and commonly found as industrial by-products. A great number of agricultural and industrial activities realise phenolic compounds in the environmental. Waste phenols are produced mainly by the wood-pulp industry and during production of synthetic polymers, drugs, plastics, dyes, pesticides and others. Phenols are also released into the environmental by the degradation of pesticides with phenolic skeleton. The phenols level control is very important for the environmental protection. Amperometric biosensor has shown the feasibility to complement laboratory-based analytical methods for the determination of phenolic compounds, providing alternatives to conventional methods which have many disadvantages. This brief review considers the evolution of an approach to amperometric measurement using the catalytic properties of some enzymes for phenolic compounds monitoring.

Research of wood fuel market in North-West of Russia

The main purposes of this study are analyzing of forest sector of North-West and research of potentials of wood fuel market in this region. Research is focused on definition of the most perspective areas for export of wood fuel: logging residues, industrial wood processing residues, pellets and briquettes. Russian wood energy industry is very young in comparison with European countries. Nowadays there are no support and serious attention from the government to this sector. Hence almost all wood fuel market is oriented to the Western Europe. Export of wood fuel is dominated over the internal consumption. Pellet production in North –West is rapidly growing. Despite internal market has been developed the lion's share of pellets goes to export. Part of industrial wood processing residues is used by producers for their own goals, part goes to the export and rest of them is not used at all. Logging residues as raw materials for fuel have great potentials; most of them are left in a forest. Special techniques for their processing are too expensive for Russian entrepreneur. Some parts of North –West, which are situated close to the border with European countries, are potential for export. Political, economical and logistical challenges are complicated facilities for foreign customer to purchase wood fuel in remote parts of North-West. However some decisions for solving this problem exist and Russian manufactures are still interested in export of their products.

Vedenlaadun parantamismahdollisuudet virtausohjauksen avulla läntisen Pien-Saimaan tapauksessa

Läntisen Pien-Saimaan vesistön alueella on ilmennyt voimakasta sinileväkukintaa vuosina 2006 - 2009. Yksi tehokas keino vähentää sinilevien määrää ja parantaa vedenlaatua, onravinnepitoisuuksien alentaminen virtausohjauksen avulla. Tästä on 70 vuoden kokemus Pien- Saimaan itäosissa, joissa Vehkataipaleen pumppaamon virta on pitänyt vedenlaadun hyvänä huolimatta vesialuetta raskaasti rasittavasta puunjalostusteollisuudesta. Diplomityössä selvitetään mahdollisuuksia toteuttaa virtauksenohjausta myös läntisen Pien-Saimaan puolella, jolloin tavoitteena on vedenlaadun paraneminen. Vedenlaadun parantamista edellyttää myös Euroopan unionin vesipuitedirektiivi. Selvityksessä tarkasteltiin virtauksenohjauksen eri toteutusvaihtoehtoja ja arvioitiin näiden vaikutuksia eri alueiden vedenlaatuun. Tämän lisäksi kartoitettiin ja arvioitiin eri vaihtoehdoista aiheutuvia riskejä. Näiden tietojen pohjalta päädyttiin suositeltaviin virtauksenohjauksen toteutusvaihtoehtoihin, joita ovat Kolhonlahti – Kolinlahti välillä toteutettu pumppaus ja mahdollisen Kutilan kanavan rakentamisen yhteydessä Kopinsalmen pumppaamo. Kolhonlahti – Kolinlahti sijaitsee Pien-Saimaan koillisosassa lähellä Rehulaa. Muista tarkastelluista kohteista saatiin yhdistelemällä suositeltavaksi vaihtoehdoksi myös Vehkataipaleen pumppaamon virran kasvattaminen yhdistettynä Kirjamoinsalmen tai Kopinsalmen pumppaamoon. Tämän lisäksi eri vaihtoehdoille laadittiin alustava kustannustarkastelu. Selvityksessä käytettyjä menetelmiä ja tuloksia voidaan soveltaa myös muihin vastaavan tyyppisiin vesistöjen kunnostushankkeisiin. Työssä on lisäksi koottu yhteen yleistietoja Pien-Saimaasta ja sen tunnetuista virtauksista.

Puupohjaisten kuitukomposiittien materiaalitekniset mahdollisuudet veneteollisuudessa

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää puupohjaisten kuitukomposiittimateriaalien soveltuvuutta veneteollisuuden valmistusmateriaaliksi. Huviveneiden rakennusta säätelee huvivenedirektiivi ja lukuisat standardit. Standardien mukaan uusien materiaalien käyttö veneenrakennuksessa on mahdollista, mikäli materiaalin ominaisuudet todetaan muun muassa laboratoriotesteissä soveltuviksi kyseiseen käyttötarkoitukseen. Tutkimusta varten valmistettiin kuusi erilaista kuitukomposiittimateriaalia. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin myös neljän kaupallisen puumuovikomposiittivalmistajan materiaalia. Vertailumateriaaleiksi valittiin puuraaka-aineista mänty, saarni ja mahonki sekä muoviraakaaineista ABS – muovi. Tarkisteltaville materiaaleille määriteltiin standardien mukaisin testein taivutuslujuus, vetolujuus, Charpy – iskulujuus, Brinell – kovuus, veden absorptio sekä paksuusturpoama. Saatuja arvoja vertailtiin vertailumateriaalien kirjallisuudessa mainittuihin arvoihin. Puupohjaisten kuitukomposiittien ominaisuudet jäivät vertailumateriaalien vastaavista lukuun ottamatta Brinell – kovuutta. Taivutus- ja vetolujuuden osalta eräiden kaupallisten puumuovikomposiittivalmistajien ilmoittamat lujuusarvot olivat lähellä veneenrakennuksessa käytettyjen materiaalien vastaavia. Suurimpana yksittäisenä haasteena puukuitupohjaisilla kuitukomposiiteilla havaittiin Charpy – iskulujuus. Myös veden absorption saattaminen alhaiseksi havaittiin tärkeäksi veneilysovelluksissa. Ominaisuuksien kehittäminen on kuitenkin käytettävissä olevan tutkimustiedon perusteella mahdollista. Diplomityössä saatujen tulosten perusteella on puupohjaisilla kuitukomposiiteilla potentiaalia veneteollisuudessa. Jatkotutkimusta tulisikin kohdistaa materiaalin ominaisuuksien kehittämiseen.

Application of capillary electrophoretic methods for determining carbohydrates and aliphatic carboxylic acids formed during wood processing

Knowledge of the behaviour of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin during wood and pulp processing is essential for understanding and controlling the processes. Determination of monosaccharide composition gives information about the structural polysaccharide composition of wood material and helps when determining the quality of fibrous products. In addition, monitoring of the acidic degradation products gives information of the extent of degradation of lignin and polysaccharides. This work describes two capillary electrophoretic methods developed for the analysis of monosaccharides and for the determination of aliphatic carboxylic acids from alkaline oxidation solutions of lignin and wood. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), in its many variants is an alternative separation technique to chromatographic methods. In capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) the fused silica capillary is filled with an electrolyte solution. An applied voltage generates a field across the capillary. The movement of the ions under electric field is based on the charge and hydrodynamic radius of ions. Carbohydrates contain hydroxyl groups that are ionised only in strongly alkaline conditions. After ionisation, the structures are suitable for electrophoretic analysis and identification through either indirect UV detection or electrochemical detection. The current work presents a new capillary zone electrophoretic method, relying on in-capillary reaction and direct UV detection at the wavelength of 270 nm. The method has been used for the simultaneous separation of neutral carbohydrates, including mono- and disaccharides and sugar alcohols. The in-capillary reaction produces negatively charged and UV-absorbing compounds. The optimised method was applied to real samples. The methodology is fast since no other sample preparation, except dilution, is required. A new method for aliphatic carboxylic acids in highly alkaline process liquids was developed. The goal was to develop a method for the simultaneous analysis of the dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy acids and volatile acids that are oxidation and degradation products of lignin and wood polysaccharides. The CZE method was applied to three process cases. First, the fate of lignin under alkaline oxidation conditions was monitored by determining the level of carboxylic acids from process solutions. In the second application, the degradation of spruce wood using alkaline and catalysed alkaline oxidation were compared by determining carboxylic acids from the process solutions. In addition, the effectiveness of membrane filtration and preparative liquid chromatography in the enrichment of hydroxy acids from black liquor was evaluated, by analysing the effluents with capillary electrophoresis.

Brazilian international and inter-state trade flows: an exploratory analysis using the gravity model

Recent efforts toward a world with freer trade, like WTO/GATT or regional Preferential Trade Agreements(PTAs), were put in doubt after McCallum's(1995) finding of a large border effect between US and Canadian provinces. Since then, there has been a great amount of research on this topic employing the gravity equation. This dissertation has two goals. The first goal is to review comprehensively the recent literature about the gravity equation, including its usages, econometric specifications, and the efforts to provide it with microeconomic foundations. The second goal is the estimation of the Brazilian border effect (or 'home-bias trade puzzle') using inter-state and international trade flow data. It is used a pooled cross-section Tobit model. The lowest border effect estimated was 15, which implies that Brazilian states trade among themselves 15 times more than they trade with foreign countries. Further research using industry disaggregated data is needed to qualify the estimated border effect with respect to which part of that effect can be attributed to actual trade costs and which part is the outcome of the endogenous location problem of the firm.

Sistema fuzzy de suporte a decisão para aplicação de programa de eficiência energética em serrarias

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Applicazione della Metodologia LCA(Life Cycle Assesment): La sostenibilità ambientale di Impianti a Biomassa della regione Emilia Romagna

Lo studio che la candidata ha elaborato nel progetto del Dottorato di ricerca si inserisce nel complesso percorso di soluzione del problema energetico che coinvolge necessariamente diverse variabili: economiche, tecniche, politiche e sociali L’obiettivo è di esprimere una valutazione in merito alla concreta “convenienza” dello sfruttamento delle risorse rinnovabili. Il percorso scelto è stato quello di analizzare alcuni impianti di sfruttamento, studiare il loro impatto sull’ambiente ed infine metterli a confronto. Questo ha consentito di trovare elementi oggettivi da poter valutare. In particolare la candidata ha approfondito il tema dello sfruttamento delle risorse “biomasse” analizzando nel dettaglio alcuni impianti in essere nel Territorio della Regione Emilia-Romagna: impianti a micro filiera, filiera corta e filiera lunga. Con la collaborazione di Arpa Emilia-Romagna, Centro CISA e dell’Associazione Prof. Ciancabilla, è stata fatta una scelta degli impianti da analizzare: a micro filiera: impianto a cippato di Castel d’Aiano, a filiera corta: impianto a biogas da biomassa agricola “Mengoli” di Castenaso, a filiera lunga: impianto a biomasse solide “Tampieri Energie” di Faenza. Per quanto riguarda la metodologia di studio utilizzata è stato effettuato uno studio di Life Cycle Assesment (LCA) considerando il ciclo di vita degli impianti. Tramite l’utilizzo del software “SimaPro 6.0” si sono ottenuti i risultati relativi alle categorie di impatto degli impianti considerando i metodi “Eco Indicator 99” ed “Edip Umip 96”. Il confronto fra i risultati dell’analisi dei diversi impianti non ha portato a conclusioni di carattere generale, ma ad approfondite valutazioni specifiche per ogni impianto analizzato, considerata la molteplicità delle variabili di ogni realtà, sia per quanto riguarda la dimensione/scala (microfiliera, filiera corta e filiera lunga) che per quanto riguarda le biomasse utilizzate.

The structural and mechanical integrity of historic wood

Little is known about historic wood as it ages naturally. Instead, most studies focus on biological decay, as it is often assumed that wood remains otherwise stable with age. This PhD project was organised by Historic Scotland and the University of Glasgow to investigate the natural chemical and physical aging of wood. The natural aging of wood was a concern for Historic Scotland as traditional timber replacement is the standard form of repair used in wooden cultural heritage; replacing rotten timber with new timber of the same species. The project was set up to look at what differences could exist both chemically and physically between old and new wood, which could put unforeseen stress on the joint between them. Through Historic Scotland it was possible to work with genuine historic wood from two species, Oak and Scots pine, both from the 1500’s, rather than relying on artificial aging. Artificial aging of wood is still a debated topic, with consideration given to whether it is truly mimicking the aging process or just damaging the wood cells. The chemical stability of wood was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, as well as wet chemistry methods including a test for soluble sugars from the possible breakdown of the wood polymers. The physical properties assessed included using a tensile testing machine to uncover possible differences in mechanical properties. An environmental chamber was used to test the reaction to moisture of wood of different ages, as moisture is the most damaging aspect of the environment to wooden cultural objects. The project uncovered several differences, both physical and chemical, between the modern and historic wood which could affect the success of traditional ‘like for like’ repairs. Both oak and pine lost acetyl groups, over historic time, from their hemicellulose polymers. This chemical reaction releases acetic acid, which had no effect on the historic oak but was associated with reduced stiffness in historic pine, probably due to degradation of the hemicellulose polymers by acid hydrolysis. The stiffness of historic oak and pine was also reduced by decay. Visible pest decay led to loss of wood density but there was evidence that fungal decay, extending beyond what was visible, degraded the S2 layer of the pine cell walls, reducing the stiffness of the wood by depleting the cellulose microfibrils most aligned with the grain. Fungal decay of polysaccharides in pine wood left behind sugars that attracted increased levels of moisture. The degradation of essential polymers in the wood structure due to age had different impacts on the two species of wood, and raised questions concerning both the mechanism of aging of wood and the ways in which traditional repairs are implemented, especially in Scots pine. These repairs need to be done with more care and precision, especially in choosing new timber to match the old. Within this project a quantitative method of measuring the microfibril angle (MFA) of wood using polarised Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy has been developed, allowing the MFA of both new and historic pine to be measured. This provides some of the information needed for a more specific match when selecting replacement timbers for historic buildings.

Behavior of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora during Pinus taeda biotreatment in soybean-oil-amended cultures

Pinus taeda wood chips were treated with the biopulping fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora in soybean-oil-amended cultures The secretion of oxalic acid and the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly increased in soybean-oil-amended cultures By contrast the secretion of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes was not altered in the cultures Biotreated wood samples were characterized for weight and component losses as well as by in-situ thioacidolysis Residual lignins were also extracted from biotreated wood using a mild-non-razing extraction procedure The lignins were characterized by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P-NMR) spectroscopy Soybean oil amendment in the cultures was found to affect lignin degradation routes however it inhibited depolymerization reactions detectable in the residual lignin that was retained in the biotreated wood As a consequence chemithermomechanical pulping of the biotreated samples was not improved by soybean oil amendment in the cultures Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Mechanical properties of concrete produced with a composite of water treatment sludge and sawdust

In developing countries such as Brazil, the wastes generated in the decanters and filters of water treatment plants are discharged directly into the same rivers and streams that supply water for treatment. Another environmental problem is the unregulated discard of wood wastes. The lumber and wood products industry generates large quantities of this waste, from logging to the manufacture of the end product. Brazil has few biomass plants and therefore only a minor part of these wastes are reused. This paper presents the results of the first study involving a novel scientific and technological approach to evaluate the possibility of combining these two types of wastes in the production of a light-weight composite for concrete. The concrete produced with cement:sand:composite:water mass ratios of 1:2.5:0.67:0.6 displayed an axial compressive strength of 11.1 MPa, a compressive and diametral tensile strength of 1.2 MPa, water absorption of 8.8%, and a specific mass of 1.847 kg/m(3). The mechanical properties obtained with this concrete render it suitable for application in non-structural elements. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

20 Native Trees to Plant, January 25, 2010

If you have ever flown in an airplane over Iowa, you would see that our woodlands are scattered along the rivers and streams and areas too steep to farm. You would also see a green carpet of trees within out cities and towns. Did you know the 90% of the over 2.7 million acres of forest in Iowa is owned by over 138,000 different private owners? Or that 30% of the land cover in a typical Iowa community if covered by trees? Trees are vital for the protection of our drinking water supply, critical for wildlife habitat, and help sustain employment of over 7,000 Iowans in the wood products industry. This booklet "20 Native trees to Plant" will help you gain a greater knowledge about Iowa's trees and forests. Learn about and enjoy Iowa's trees. Consider ways that you can improve our environment by planting and caring for Iowa's trees and forests.

In Search of Corporate Renewal: How to Benefit from Corporate Venturing?

Despite the rapid change in today's business environment there are relatively few studies about corporate renewal. This study aims for its part at filling that research gap by studying the concepts of strategy, corporate renewal, innovation and corporate venturing. Its purpose is to enhance our understanding of how established companies operating in dynamic and global environment can benefit from their corporate venturing activities. The theoretical part approaches the research problem in corporate and venture levels. Firstly, it focuses on mapping the determinants of strategy and suggests using industry, location, resources, knowledge, structure and culture, market, technology and business model to assess the environment and using these determinants to optimize speed and magnitude of change.Secondly, it concludes that the choice of innovation strategy is dependent on the type and dimensions of innovation and suggests assessing market, technology, business model as well as novelty and complexity related to each of them for choosing an optimal context for developing innovations further. Thirdly, it directsattention on processes through which corporate renewal takes place. On corporate level these processes are identified as strategy formulation, strategy formation and strategy implementation. On the venture level the renewal processes are identified as learning, leveraging and nesting. The theoretical contribution of this study, the framework of strategic corporate venturing, joins corporate and venture level management issues together and concludes that strategy processes and linking processes are the mechanism through which continuous corporate renewaltakes place. The framework of strategic corporate venturing proposed by this study is a new way to illustrate the role of corporate venturing as a purposefullybuilt, different view of a company's business environment. The empirical part extended the framework by enhancing our understanding of the link between corporate renewal and corporate venturing in its real life environment in three Finnish companies: Metso, Nokia and TeliaSonera. Characterizing companies' environmentwith the determinants of strategy identified in this study provided a structured way to analyze their competitive position and renewal challenges that they arefacing. More importantly the case studies confirmed that a link between corporate renewal and corporate venturing exists and found out that the link is not as straight forward as indicated by the theory. Furthermore, the case studies enhanced the framework by indicating a sequence according to which the processes work. Firstly, the induced strategy processes strategy formulation and strategy implementation set the scene for corporate venturing context and management processes and leave strategy formation for the venture. Only after that can strategies formed by ventures come back to the corporate level - and if found viable in the corporate level be formalized through formulation and implementation. With the help of the framework of strategic corporate venturing the link between corporaterenewal and corporate venturing can be found and managed. The suggested response to the continuous need for change is continuous renewal i.e. institutionalizing corporate renewal in the strategy processes of the company. As far as benefiting from venturing is concerned the answer lies in deliberately managing venturing in a context different to the mainstream businesses and establishing efficientlinking processes to exploit the renewal potential of individual ventures.

Puupellettien soveltuvuus energiantuotantoon

Puupelletit ovat mekaanisen puunjalostusteollisuuden sivutuotteista valmistettua puupuristetta, jota käytetään pääasiallisesti lämmityspolttoaineena. Suomessa puupellettien käyttö on ollut toistaiseksi vähäistä. Pellettien käyttö on Euroopassa suurinta Ruotsissa, jossa pellettiliiketoiminta on viime vuosina kasvanut voimakkaasti. Puupellettituotantolaitoksia on maahamme perustettu viime aikoina useita ja lisäksi hankkeita on vireillä. Työ on muodoltaan soveltuvuustutkimus, Feasibility Study. Työssä selvitetään puupellettien tuotannon ja käytön tekniikkaa sekä taloutta. Työssä kartoitetaan myös puupellettiliiketoiminnan laajenemisen mahdollisia esteitä ja selvitetään mahdollisuuksia puupellettiliiketoiminnan kasvulle Suomessa.