Apropriação de transferências intergovernamentais pela burocracia : um estudo para os municípios brasileiros

Ao contrário do que seria esperado em uma previsão teórica simples, diversos trabalhos empíricos têm verificado que um aumento das transferências intergovernamentais gera um gasto público maior do que uma elevação equivalente na renda dos indivíduos. Uma das hipóteses para este fenômeno, conhecido com o flypaper effect, é de que a burocracia se apropria das transferências por meio de salários, o que é condizente com o pressuposto de que os burocratas estariam interessados em maximizar seu próprio orçamento, e se aproveitariam da assimetria de informação e poder em relação ao eleitorado. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar se tal pressuposto se comprova empiricamente para os municípios brasileiros, verificando a relação entre as transferências incondicionais e o diferencial de salários entre as esferas pública e privada. Para tanto, utilizamos um painel de municípios que cobre o período de 2002 a 2011 e um modelo econométrico de variável instrumental. Para medir o diferencial de salário, foi usada a Decomposição de Oaxaca, que separa o efeito das características individuais daquele que seria gerado pela apropriação. Os resultados apontam para a ocorrência de apropriação, considerando não só o setor público e privado formal como um todo, mas também seus subsetores.

Impacto sobre a renda per capita de longo prazo de um sistema de aposentadoria de repartição simples

Este trabalho constrói um modelo de gerações sobrepostas em tempo contínuo de acumulação de capital. Os indivíduos passam por dois períodos de vida distintos. No primeiro, que transcorre entre o nascimento até a idade de T anos, os indivíduos ofertam trabalho inelasticamente, consomem e acumulam capital de forma ótima e se defrontam com uma probabilidade de morte nula. No segundo aposentam-se e passam a ter uma probabilidade de morte positiva, auferindo renda do patrimõnio acumulado ej ou recebendo transferências financiadas com imposto distorcido sobre a renda. Neste caso há um sistema de previdência de repartição simples. A partir da agregação das escolhas individuais, encontra-se uma equação para o capital de estado estacionário no sistema fundado e no sistema de repartição simples. Pode-se então calcular a renda de estado estacionário em cada um dos sistemas e a sensibilidade do diferencial de renda com ralação a diversos parâmetros.

Os efeitos macroeconômicos das transferências sociais: uma abordagem de matriz de contabilidade social

Government transfers to individuals and families play a central role in the Brazilian social protection system, accounting for almost 14 per cent of GDP in 2009. While their fiscal and redistributive impacts have been widely studied, the macroeconomic effects of transfers are harder to ascertain. We constructed a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for 2009 and estimated short-term multipliers for seven different government monetary transfers . The SAM is a double-entry square matrix depicting all income flows in the economy. The data were compiled from the 2009 Brazilian National Accounts and the 2008/2009 POF, a household budget survey. Our SAM was disaggregated into 56 sectors, 110 commodities, 200 household groups and seven factors of production (capital plus six types of labor, according to schooling). Finally, we ran a set of regressions to separate household consumption into ‘autonomous’ (or ‘exogenous’) and ‘endogenous’ components. More specifically, we are interested in the effects of an exogenous injection into each of the seven government transfers outlined above. All the other accounts are thus endogenous. The so-called demand ‘leaks’ are income flows from the endogenous to exogenous accounts. Leaks—such as savings, taxes and imports—are crucial to determine the multiplier effect of an exogenous injection, as they allow the system to go back to equilibrium. The model assumes that supply is perfectly elastic to demand shocks. It assumes that the families’ propensity to save and consumption profile are fixed—that is, rising incomes do not provoke changes in behaviour. The multiplier effects of the on GDP corresponds to the growth in GDP resulting from each additional dollar injected into each transfer seven government transfers. If the government increased Bolsa Família expenditures by 1 per cent of GDP, overall economic activity would grow by 1.78 per cent, the highest effect. The Continuous Cash Benefit, comes second. Only three transfers— the private-sector and public servants’ pensions and FGTS withdrawals—had multipliers lower than unity. The multipliers for other relevant macroeconomic aggregates—household and total consumption, disposable income etc. —reveal a similar pattern. Thus, under the stringent assumptions of our model, we cannot reject the hypothesis that government transfers targeting poor households, such as the Bolsa Família, help foster economic expansion. Naturally, it should be stressed that the multipliers relate marginal injections into government transfers to short-term economic performance either real growth, or inflation if there is no idle capacity which is also useful to analyze. In the long term, there is no doubt that what truly matters is the growth of the country’s productive capacity.

O novo federalismo social e o Rio: desenho de programas complementares de transferência de renda condicionada

Brazilian public policy entered in the so-called new social federalism through its conditional cash transfers. States and municipalities can operate together through the nationwide platform of the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP), complementing federal actions with local innovations. The state and the city of Rio de Janeiro have created programs named, respectively, Renda Melhor (RM) and Família Carioca (FC). These programs make use of the operational structure of the BFP, which facilitates locating beneficiaries, issuing cards, synchronizing payment dates and access passwords and introducing new conditionalities. The payment system of the two programs complements the estimated permanent household income up to the poverty line established, giving more to those who have less. Similar income complementation system was subsequently adopted in the BFP and the Chilean Ingreso Ético Familiar, which also follow the principle of estimation of income used in the FC and in the RM. Instead of using the declared income, the value of the Rio cash transfers are set using the extensive collection of information obtained from the Single Registry of Social Programs (Cadastro Único): physical configuration of housing, access to public services, education and work conditions for all family members, presence of vulnerable groups, disabilities, pregnant or lactating women, children and benefits from other official transfers such as the BFP. With this multitude of assets and limitations, the permanent income of each individual is estimated. The basic benefit is defined by the poverty gap and priority is given to the poorest. These subnational programs use international benchmarks as a neutral ground between different government levels and mandates. Their poverty line is the highest of the first millennium goal of the United Nations (UN): US$ 2 per person per day adjusted for the cost of living. The other poverty line of the UN, US$ 1.25, was implicitly adopted as the national extreme poverty line in 2011. The exchange of methodologies between federal entities has happened both ways. The FC began with the 575,000 individuals living in the city of Rio de Janeiro who were on the payroll of the BFP. Its system of impact evaluation benefited from bi-monthly standardized examinations. In the educational conditionalities, the two programs reward students' progress, a potential advantage for those who most need to advance. The municipal program requires greater school attendance than that of the BFP and the presence of students’ parents at the bimonthly meetings held on Saturdays. Students must achieve a grade of 8 or improve at least 20% in each exam to receive a bi-monthly premium of R$50. In early childhood, priority is given to the poor children in the program Single Administrative Register (CadÚnico) to enroll in kindergarten, preschools and complementary activities. The state program reaches more than one million people with a payment system similar to the municipal one. Moreover, it innovates in that it transfers awards given to high school students to savings accounts. The prize increases and is paid to the student, who can withdraw up to 30% annually. The total can reach R$3,800 per low-income student. The State and the city rewarded already education professionals according to student performance, now completing the chain of demand incentives on poor students and their parents. Increased performance is higher among beneficiaries and the presence of their guardians at meetings is twice compared to non beneficiaries; The Houston program, also focuses on aligning the incentives to teachers, parents and students. In general, the plan is to explore strategic complementarities, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The objective is to stimulate, through targets and incentives, synergies between social actors (teachers, parents, students), between areas (education, assistance, work) and different levels of government. The cited programs sum their efforts and divide labor so as to multiply interactions and make a difference in the lives of the poor.

Mapa dos programas sociais: transferência de renda e dinâmicas sociais no Rio Grande do Norte (2000-2007)

The question of evaluating the fight against poverty in a given society is very complex task, considering the range of factors that permeate, such as education, culture and economy itself. Come hence the relevance of the theme and its constant presence in discussions on the fruits of public policies, institutional structure and economic development which are the guiding elements of this work, and noted that seeks to highlight the social demographics and most important, the most significant trends and issues pertaining to her. The assessment was initially made in all the municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte doing a verticalilzação to the municipalities Caicó, Pau dos Ferros, Ipueira and Taboleiro Grande. Highlighting the role of a social policy through government programs, such as the Bolsa Familia Program (PBF), which creates the possibility of changes in the socio demographic profile given the importance that the action of this public policy has in shaping the regional economic reality As well as social programs and actions of the government here reported that generate mobility of people and new social demands, such as rural retirements, the benefit of continuing provision (BPC), the Program for the Eradication of Child Labor (PETI) that put on the market of population living on the margins of various forms of consumption. Accordingly, the socio economic profile of the state shows a significant improvement in their social indicators, vital education and redistribution of income, due to the significant improvement in life expectancy in the fall of school drop-out rate and the drop in indicators of Proportion Poor and destitute of the state. Where the fall in the proportion of poor and indigent is strongly associated with an increase in income, from social programs. With this transfer and redistribution of income can be gauged that occurs a strengthening of local economies and an engagement of families with the conditionalities of social programs and PETI Bolsa Familia. Our research concludes that simply raising the rents caused by transfers, presents relevant impacts on the education of young people in beneficiary families. There is no doubt that the programs of transfer income, no facing the social field, representing a mechanism to decrease the most perverse ills of poverty, social and economic inequality that is hungry. For a significant portion of the Brazilian population living below the poverty line, programs for the transfer of income are expressed directly in improving the material conditions of life and indirectly in improving self-esteem of women and all family members receiving encouraging yet the integration family. Experiments have shown that improvements in health and nutrition can be obtained through the implementation of adequate social policies like the programs of transfer income, while social inclusion and economic does not become full

Orçamento público semi-impositivo para transferências voluntárias : diagnóstico, perspectivas e proposta de mudanças

Diagnóstico do modelo legal de transferências voluntárias realizadas pelo Governo Federal para os entes subnacionais, em face das recorrentes irregularidades relatadas pelos órgãos de controle. Questiona os motivos pelos quais o modelo vem sendo mantido há décadas diante da notória ineficiência. O fim da descentralização tutelada é a solução recomendada pela pesquisa.

Orçamento semi-impositivo para transferências voluntárias : diagnóstico, perspectivas e proposta

O estudo tem por base a monografia apresentada pelo autor no Curso de Especialização em Processo Legislativo do Centro de Formação, Treinamento e Aperfeiçoamento (CEFOR) da Câmara dos Deputados, concluído em novembro de 2009. Banca examinadora formada pelos Professores Eduardo Fernandez Silva, orientador e José Roberto Afonso, examinador.

Transferências voluntárias para execução de obras e serviços de engenharia

null

Biocombustíveis, renda e alimentos

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XII - Recursos Minerais, Hídricos e Energéticos.

A subvenção econômica aos consumidores de energia elétrica de baixa renda

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XII - Recursos Minerais, Hídricos e Energéticos.

Os novos critérios de distribuição da renda petrolífera propostos pelo substitutivo ao projeto de lei nº 1.618, de 2003

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XII - Recursos Minerais, Hídricos e Energéticos.

Projeto de lei que conceda dedução do imposto de renda para as pessoas jurídicas que investirem na área da educação

Consultoria Legislativa - Área III - Tributação, Direito Tributário.

Os critérios de distribuição da renda petrolífera: situação atual

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XII - Recursos Minerais, Hídrico e Energéticos.

Inclusão das taxas cartorárias nos financiamentos imobiliários para o segmento de baixa renda : viabilidade e utilidade

Consultoria Legislativa - Área VII - Sistema Financeiro, Direito Comercial, Econômico e Defesa do Consumidor.

Orçamento semi-impositivo para transferências voluntárias : diagnóstico, perspectivas e proposta

Pretende diagnosticar o modelo legal de transferências voluntárias realizadas pelo Governo Federal para Estados, Distrito Federal e Municípios, por meio de convênios, contratos de repasses e instrumentos similares, com vistas a apontar soluções para os recorrentes problemas relacionados à ineficiência, omissão de prestação de contas, desvio de recursos públicos, entre outras mazelas relatadas pelos órgãos de controle.