Design and Test of a High QoS Radio Network for CBTC Systems in Subway Tunnels

Communications Based Train Control Systems require high quality radio data communications for train signaling and control. Actually most of these systems use 2.4GHz band with proprietary radio transceivers and leaky feeder as distribution system. All them demand a high QoS radio network to improve the efficiency of railway networks. We present narrow band, broad band and data correlated measurements taken in Madrid underground with a transmission system at 2.4 GHz in a test network of 2 km length in subway tunnels. The architecture proposed has a strong overlap in between cells to improve reliability and QoS. The radio planning of the network is carefully described and modeled with narrow band and broadband measurements and statistics. The result is a network with 99.7% of packets transmitted correctly and average propagation delay of 20ms. These results fulfill the specifications QoS of CBTC systems.

Measurement of Distributed Antenna Systems at 2.4 GHz in a Realistic Subway Tunnel Environment.

Accurate characterization of the radio channel in tunnels is of great importance for new signaling and train control communications systems. To model this environment, measurements have been taken at 2.4 GHz in a real environment in Madrid subway. The measurements were carried out with four base station transmitters installed in a 2-km tunnel and using a mobile receiver installed on a standard train. First, with an optimum antenna configuration, all the propagation characteristics of a complex subway environment, including near shadowing, path loss,shadow fading, fast fading, level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade duration (AFD), have been measured and computed. Thereafter, comparisons of propagation characteristics in a double-track tunnel (9.8-m width) and a single-track tunnel (4.8-m width) have been made. Finally, all the measurement results have been shown in a complete table for accurate statistical modeling.

Tecnología avanzada de señalización y conducción automática en ferrocarriles metropolitanos : rentabilidad de su inversión

Siguiendo la orientación seguida por la industria aeronáutica de los Estados Unidos en las últimas décadas muchas industrias paralelas han venido a considerar la Operación y Mantenimiento (O&M) como uno de los aspectos más relevantes a la hora de conseguir alcanzar sus objetivos organizativos. La política a seguir en la fase mantenimiento se reconoce como algo fundamental para conseguir los niveles de eficacia operativa precisos, en particular la disponibilidad. La importancia que toman los costes acumulativos incurridos en el periodo de O&M en el total de los acumulados en el ciclo de vida es un hecho cada vez más reconocido. Este concepto ha sido muy analizado y comentado, y comienzan a surgir y a estar en vigor numerosas regulaciones sobre el tema. El coste del ciclo de vida (LCC) se usa cada vez más como uno de los criterios principales a la hora de diseñar o comprar, y así se requiere a los suministradores que aporten soluciones garantizando un bajo coste a lo largo del ciclo vital y que, a la par, mantengan los niveles de servicio requeridos, por unos atributos medibles como son la disponibilidad o la puntualidad. Esta dualidad supone un verdadero reto para los diseñadores cuando afrontan nuevos desarrollos: diseñar para lograr un elevado nivel de servicio a la par que manteniendo un coste bajo en la totalidad del ciclo de vida del nuevo diseño. Hoy en día es indispensable proceder al diseño de los productos y soluciones de forma que sean confiables, fáciles de parametrizar, de configurar y operar, y que además posean las mejores prestaciones para minimizar los esfuerzos para su mantenimiento, renovaciones y eliminación al fin de su vida útil. La política de mantenimiento, tal como se indica anteriormente, ya no es por tanto la preocupación del último momento, sino algo que se debe definir conjuntamente con el diseño, con la perspectiva integrada del soporte logístico preciso. En numerosas industrias las decisiones que se toman sobre el diseño influencian sobremanera los costes futuros del mantenimiento y, particularmente en estos casos, el análisis integral del coste del ciclo de vida se revela como una poderosa herramienta que habilita la toma de las decisiones críticas. Por desgracia el estado del arte de los análisis LCC en el campo ferroviario es casi nulo en comparación con la industria aeronáutica de defensa, o incluso con la tecnología aplicada a la construcción de carreteras. Un enfoque profesional sobre la optimización de los costes y la disponibilidad del sistema ferroviario global es algo inexistente hoy día. Un análisis sistemático de los costes e impactos sobre la disponibilidad a largo plazo es excepcional en las fases de diseño, incluso para los más sencillos componentes de señalización. Más aún, en el mercado de señalización ferroviaria el mantenimiento es el gran paradigma. Las líneas deben mantenerse en servicio comercial bajo cualquier circunstancia, llevando al mínimo cualquier perturbación y por supuesto preservando la seguridad que la sociedad demanda a los sistemas de transporte públicos de masas. Es por ello que la tendencia cada vez mayor es la de comparar, en el momento de la toma de decisión sobre la inversión, las distintas alternativas posibles para elegir la que garantice el menor coste esperable a lo largo del ciclo de vida exigible. El sector ferroviario, como industria que requiere elevadas inversiones de capital en soluciones de larga permanencia, requiere un enfoque que considere el coste del ciclo de vida. Para la infraestructura ferroviaria y la propia vía el ciclo de vida considerado tradicionalmente para la inversión inicial incluyendo el mantenimiento y algunas renovaciones parciales es de 75 a 100 años, para el material rodante son 30 a 35 años con una renovación significativa hacia la mitad del periodo y para los sistemas de señalización se suelen adoptar entre 25 y 30 años. Dados estos elevados plazos el coste debe ser evaluado para cada uno de los elementos constitutivos, considerando no solo los costes de adquisición, sino también a los que conducen las distintas alternativas de diseño y estrategias de mantenimiento, de forma que se minimicen los costes totales acumulados a lo largo del plazo vital sin perder de vista preservar la función deseada, la explotación comercial segura. Concebir las líneas y su mantenimiento bajo el prisma del concepto del coste del ciclo de vida LCC está revelándose como algo imperativo ya que garantiza que las decisiones sobre inversiones/explotación/mantenimiento sean las más efectivas en términos de coste para la sociedad. Pero por desgracia es muy raro encontrar en el sector ferroviario análisis LCC debidamente documentados. Todos los tecnólogos prefieren aportar argumentos de ventas, bonitas transparencias y folletos, entre ellos algunos detalles de LCC o reflexiones dialécticas al respecto, más que permitir obtener clara y francamente sus costes de adquisición de productos incluyendo los de ingeniería e instalación. Igual o similar opacidad hay al respecto de los costes de su mantenimiento (considerando los repuestos y las expectativas de evolución o roadmap del producto). A pesar de reconocerse el hecho de que las decisiones relativas al diseño y a las estrategias de mantenimiento deben apoyarse en análisis sobre los costes y la efectividad asociada debidamente evaluada, en la mayor parte de las veces la carencia de datos imposibilita la realización de estos estudios y se toman las decisiones por proximidad a otros casos similares o guiados por el consejo de una parte sesgada del mercado. Esta tesis demuestra, partiendo de la aplicación de la parte 3.3 de la norma internacional UNE-EN 60300:2004 “Cálculo del Coste del Ciclo de Vida”, que el sistema de señalización que se debe considerar a la hora de definir una nueva línea de Metro típica ha de ser la tecnología de control de tren basada en las telecomunicaciones (CBTC) aplicada en su modo de operación sin conductor (UTO), puesto que su coste de ciclo de vida (LCC) resulta ser sensiblemente inferior al del sistema tradicional de protección y operación automática de tren (ATP/ATO) más avanzado que puede ser usado como alternativa tecnológica, el distancia objetivo. El trabajo es netamente innovador, pues en el estado del arte documental sobre la materia, que se ha analizado en gran profundidad, tal y como demuestra la bibliografía reseñada, no consta ningún análisis de selección de alternativas de características similares hasta la fecha. Aunque se habla de manera extensiva en los foros y revistas ferroviarias sobre el tema de la rentabilidad que se obtiene por la selección del sistema CBTC como sistema de protección de tren sin embargo éste es un aspecto que nadie ha demostrado de manera analítica hasta el trabajo presente. La Tesis en sí misma es un trabajo original, pues contiene a lo largo de toda ella y en sus anejos, una descripción completa, y adecuadamente comprensible por todo tipo de lector, sobre el estado del arte de los sistemas de automatización ferroviaria. No existe actualmente en lengua castellana, inglesa, francesa o alemana un trabajo de alcance similar. La Tesis se estructura debidamente, proporcionando un hilo documental que permite incluso a los lectores profanos adquirir los conocimientos precisos para poder valorar de manera adecuada el análisis de alternativas que se plantea y su resultado, que resulta coincidente con la hipótesis formulada al inicio de la redacción de la Tesis. Se indican como colofón otras posibles futuras líneas de investigación que se han identificado. Los anejos a la Tesis la complementan con información adicional procesada durante su redacción: • Las tablas de los cálculos del modelo de costes de cada alternativa tecnológica analizada • La visión general del universo de los sistemas de conducción automática de metros globalmente conocidos bajo el acrónimo de CBTC (Communications-Based Train Control), con el detalle actual del mercado de este tipo de soluciones: qué Compañías fabrican, en base a qué solución tecnológica de transmisión, dónde los comercializan y qué entes ferroviarios los utilizan. • Las condiciones a tener en cuenta de cara a decidir la implantación de un sistema CBTC UTO. • El estudio en detalle del caso de reseñalización del Metro de Nueva York describiendo los métodos que se siguieron para elegir las compañías que intervinieron en su realización y lograr la interoperabilidad entre las mismas. • El estado del arte de la definición de estándares y actividades para la interoperabilidad en Europa y Estados Unidos (Proyecto Modurban y Normas del IEEC).

Report

Mode of access: Internet.

Optimización del software empotrado de los equipos HMI y sDIAG del TCMS COSMOS

Trabajo realizado en la empresa CAF Power&Automation

Regulation of train service by coasting control in metro railway system

To maximise the capacity of the rail lineand provide a reliable service for pas-sengers throughout the day, regulation of train service to maintain steady service headway is es-sential. In most current metro systems, train usually starts coasting at a fixed distance from the departed station to achieve service regulation. However, this approach is only effective with re-spect to a nominal operational condition of train schedule but not necessarily the current service demand. Moreover, it is not simply to identify the necessary starting point for coasting under the run time constraints of current service conditions since train movement is attributed by a large number of factors, most of which are non-linear and inter-dependent. This paper presents an ap-plication of classical measures to search for the appropriate coasting point to meet a specified inter-station run time and they can be integrated in the on-board Automatic Train Operation (ATO) system and have the potential for on-line implementation in making a set of coasting command decisions.

Coast control of train movement with genetic algorithms

Railway service is now the major transportation means in most of the countries around the world. With the increasing population and expanding commercial and industrial activities, a high quality of railway service is the most desirable. We present an application of genetic algorithms (GA) to search for the appropriate coasting point(s) and investigate the possible improvement on fitness of genes. Single and multiple coasting point control with simple GA are developed to attain the solutions and their corresponding train movement is examined. The multiple coasting point control with hierarchical genetic algorithm (HGA) is then proposed to integrate the determination of the number of coasting points.

Coasting control of train operation by genetic algorithm

Balancing between the provision of high quality of service and running within a tight budget is one of the biggest challenges for most metro railway operators around the world. Conventionally, one possible approach for the operator to adjust the time schedule is to alter the stop time at stations, if other system constraints, such as traction equipment characteristic, are not taken into account. Yet it is not an effective, flexible and economical method because the run-time of a train simply cannot be extended without limitation, and a balance between run-time and energy consumption has to be maintained. Modification or installation of a new signalling system not only increases the capital cost, but also affects the normal train service. Therefore, in order to procure a more effective, flexible and economical means to improve the quality of service, optimisation of train performance by coasting point identification has become more attractive and popular. However, identifying the necessary starting points for coasting under the constraints of current service conditions is no simple task because train movement is attributed by a large number of factors, most of which are non-linear and inter-dependent. This paper presents an application of genetic algorithms (GA) to search for the appropriate coasting points and investigates the possible improvement on computation time and fitness of genes.

Eurobalise-Train communication modelling to assess interferences in railway control signalling systems

The evolution of the railway sector depends, to a great extent, on the deployment of advanced railway signalling systems. These signalling systems are based on communication architectures that must cope with complex electromagnetical environments. This paper is outlined in the context of developing the necessary tools to allow the quick deployment of these signalling systems by contributing to an easier analysis of their behaviour under the effect of electromagnetical interferences. Specifically, this paper presents the modelling of the Eurobalise-train communication flow in a general purpose simulation tool. It is critical to guarantee this communication link since any lack of communication may lead to a stop of the train and availability problems. In order to model precisely this communication link we used real measurements done in a laboratory equipped with elements defined in the suitable subsets. Through the simulation study carried out, we obtained performance indicators of the physical layer such as the received power, SNR and BER. The modelling presented in this paper is a required step to be able to provide quality of service indicators related to perturbed scenarios.

Offshore wind turbine simulation: multibody drive train. Bacl-to-back NPC (Neutral Point Clamped) converters: Fractional-order control

This paper is on offshore wind energy conversion systems installed on the deep water and equipped with back-to-back neutral point clamped full-power converter, permanent magnet synchronous generator with an AC link. The model for the drive train is a five-mass model which incorporates the dynamic of the structure and the tower in order to emulate the effect of the moving surface. A three-level converter and a four-level converter are the two options with a fractional-order control strategy considered to equip the conversion system. Simulation studies are carried out to assess the quality of the energy injected into the electric grid. Finally, conclusions are presented. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of the storage oscilloscope to train deaf children to convey meaning in sentences through intonation control

This paper is a review of a study to determine if profoundly deaf adolescents could be trained in intonation control in using a two-channel storage oscilloscope.

Use of the storage oscilloscope to train deaf children to convey meaning in sentences through intonation control

This paper is a review of a study to determine if profoundly deaf adolescents could be trained in intonation control in using a two-channel storage oscilloscope.

Periodic time-domain modulation for the electrically tunable control of optical pulse train envelope and repetition rate multiplication

An electrically tunable system for the control of optical pulse sequences is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on the use of an electrooptic modulator for periodic phase modulation followed by a dispersive device to obtain the temporal Talbot effect. The proposed configuration allows for repetition rate multiplication with different multiplication factors and with the simultaneous control of the pulse train envelope by simply changing the electrical signal driving the modulator. Simulated and experimental results for an input optical pulse train of 10 GHz are shown for different multiplication factors and envelope shapes.

Maintaining nutrition in aged care residents with a train-the-trainer intervention and nutrition coordinator

Objective: To investigate the impact of a train-the-trainer program on the nutritional status of older people in residential care. ----- Design: Prospective, randomized controlled study. Setting: Eight nursing homes in Southeast Queensland, Australia. ----- Participants: A total of 352 residents participated - 245 were female (69.6%). The mean age was 84.2 years and the majority (79.4%) were classified as high dependency. ----- Intervention: Residents from four nursing homes were randomly selected for a nutrition education program coordinated by Nutrition Coordinators. Residents from the other four nursing homes (control) received usual care. ----- Measurements: The Subjective Global Assessment was used to determine prevalence of malnutrition at baseline and six months post intervention. The Resident Classification Scale measured functional dependency. Prescribed diet, fluids, oral hygiene status and allied health referrals were obtained by chart audit. ----- Results: Approximately half the residents were well nourished with 49.4% moderately or severely malnourished. Residents in the intervention group were more likely to maintain or improve their nutritional status compared with the control group who were more likely to experience a deterioration (P=0.027). The odds of the control group being malnourished post test was 1.6 times more likely compared with the intervention group but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.1). ----- Conclusion: The results of the study encourage the implementation of a Nutrition Coordinator program to maintain nutritional status of aged care residents. Nevertheless, malnutrition rates continue to be unacceptably high. In a rapidly aging society, the aged care sector needs to confront malnutrition and provide better resources for staff to take measures against this problem.

Flexible high-power multi DC-DC converters for train systems

This thesis reports on the investigations, simulations and analyses of novel power electronics topologies and control strategies. The research is financed by an Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage (07-09) grant. Therefore, in addition to developing original research and contributing to the available knowledge of power electronics, it also contributes to the design of a DC-DC converter for specific application to the auxiliary power supply in electric trains. Specifically, in this regard, it contributes to the design of a 7.5 kW DC-DC converter for the industrial partner (Schaffler and Associates Ltd) who supported this project. As the thesis is formatted as a ‘thesis by publication’, the contents are organized around published papers. The research has resulted in eleven papers, including seven peer reviewed and published conference papers, one published journal paper, two journal papers accepted for publication and one submitted journal paper (provisionally accepted subject to few changes). In this research, several novel DC-DC converter topologies are introduced, analysed, and tested. The similarity of all of the topologies devised lies in their ‘current circulating’ switching state, which allows them to store some energy in the inductor, as extra inductor current. The stored energy may be applied to enhance the performance of the converter in the occurrence of load current or input voltage disturbances. In addition, when there is an alternating load current, the ability to store energy allows the converter to perform satisfactorily despite frequently and highly varying load current. In this research, the capability of current storage has been utilised to design topologies for specific applications, and the enhancement of the performance of the considered applications has been illustrated. The simplest DC-DC converter topology, which has a ‘current circulating’ switching state, is the Positive Buck-Boost (PBB) converter (also known as the non-inverting Buck-Boost converter). Usually, the topology of the PBB converter is operating as a Buck or a Boost converter in applications with widely varying input voltage or output reference voltage. For example, in electric railways (the application of our industrial partner), the overhead line voltage alternates from 1000VDC to 500VDC and the required regulated voltage is 600VDC. In the course of this research, our industrial partner (Schaffler and Associates Ltd) industrialized a PBB converter–the ‘Mudo converter’–operating at 7.5 kW. Programming the onboard DSP and testing the PBB converter in experimental and nominal power and voltage was part of this research program. In the earlier stages of this research, the advantages and drawbacks of utilization of the ‘current circulating’ switching state in the positive Buck-Boost converter were investigated. In brief, the advantages were found to be robustness against input voltage and current load disturbances, and the drawback was extra conduction and switching loss. Although the robustness against disturbances is desirable for many applications, the price of energy loss must be minimized to attract attention to the utilization of the PBB converter. In further stages of this research, two novel control strategies for different applications were devised to minimise the extra energy loss while the advantages of the positive Buck-Boost converter were fully utilized. The first strategy is Smart Load Controller (SLC) for applications with pre-knowledge or predictability of input voltage and/or load current disturbances. A convenient example of these applications is electric/hybrid cars where a master controller commands all changes in loads and voltage sources. Therefore, the master controller has a pre-knowledge of the load and input voltage disturbances so it can apply the SLC strategy to utilize robustness of the PBB converter. Another strategy aiming to minimise energy loss and maximise the robustness in the face of disturbance is developed to cover applications with unexpected disturbances. This strategy is named Dynamic Hysteresis Band (DHB), and is used to manipulate the hysteresis band height after occurrence of disturbance to reduce dynamics of the output voltage. When no disturbance has occurred, the PBB converter works with minimum inductor current and minimum energy loss. New topologies based on the PBB converter have been introduced to address input voltage disturbances for different onboard applications. The research shows that the performance of applications of symmetrical/asymmetrical multi-level diode-clamped inverters, DC-networks, and linear-assisted RF amplifiers may be enhanced by the utilization of topologies based on the PBB converter. Multi-level diode-clamped inverters have the problem of DC-link voltage balancing when the power factor of their load closes to unity. This research has shown that this problem may be solved with a suitable multi-output DC-DC converter supplying DClink capacitors. Furthermore, the multi-level diode-clamped inverters supplied with asymmetrical DC-link voltages may improve the quality of load voltage and reduce the level of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Mathematical analyses and experiments on supplying symmetrical and asymmetrical multi-level inverters by specifically designed multi-output DC-DC converters have been reported in two journal papers. Another application in which the system performance can be improved by utilization of the ‘current circulating’ switching state is linear-assisted RF amplifiers in communicational receivers. The concept of ‘linear-assisted’ is to divide the signal into two frequency domains: low frequency, which should be amplified by a switching circuit; and the high frequency domain, which should be amplified by a linear amplifier. The objective is to minimize the overall power loss. This research suggests using the current storage capacity of a PBB based converter to increase its bandwidth, and to increase the domain of the switching converter. The PBB converter addresses the industrial demand for a DC-DC converter for the application of auxiliary power supply of a typical electric train. However, after testing the industrial prototype of the PBB converter, there were some voltage and current spikes because of switching. To attenuate this problem without significantly increasing the switching loss, the idea of Active Gate Signalling (AGS) is presented. AGS suggests a smart gate driver that selectively controls the switching process to reduce voltage/current spikes, without unacceptable reduction in the efficiency of switching.