UNDERSTANDING FARMERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND THE EFFECTS OF SHEA TREE Vitellaria paradoxa DISTRIBUTION IN AGROFORESTRY PARKLANDS OF THE UPPER WEST REGION, GHANA

Agroforestry parklands represent a vast majority of the agricultural landscape under subsistent-oriented farming in semi-arid West Africa. Parklands are characterized by the growth of well- maintained trees (e.g., shea) on cultivated fields as a result of both environmental and human influences. Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) provides a cultural and economic benefit to the local people of Ghana, especially women. Periods between traditional fallow rotation systems have reduced recently due to agricultural development and a demand for higher production. As a result, shea trees, which regenerate during fallow periods, has decreased over the landscape. The aim of this study was to determine beneficial spatial distributions of V. paradoxa to maintain high yields of staple crops, and how management of V. paradoxa will differ between male and female farmers as a result of farmer based needs and use of shea. Vegetation growth and grain yield of maize (Zea mays) associated with individual trees, clumped trees, and open fields were measured. Soil moisture and light availability were also measured to determine how V. paradoxa affected resource availability of maize in either clumped or scattered distributions of V. paradoxa. As expected, light availability increased as measurement locations moved farther away from all trees. However, soil moisture was actually greater under trees in clumps than under individual trees. Maize stalk height and cob length showed no difference between clumped and single trees at each measurement location. Grain yield per plot and per cob increased as measurement locations moved farther from single trees, but was actually greater near clumped trees that in the open field subplots. Cob length and maize stalk height increased with greater light availability, but grain yield per cob or per plot showed no relationship with light, but were not affected by soil moisture. Conversely, grain yield increased with increasing soil moisture, but had no relationship with light availability. Initial farming capital is the largest constraint to female farmers; therefore the collection of shea can help provide women with added income that could meet their specific farming needs. Our data indicate that overall effects of maintaining clumped distributions of V. paradoxa provided beneficial microclimates for staple crops when compared to single trees. It is recommended that male and female farmers allow shea to grow in clumped spatial distributions rather than maintaining scattered, individual trees.

M. T. Ciceronis De Officiis Lib. III. Cato maior, siue de Senectute. Laelius, siue de Amicitia. Somnium Scipionis. Paradoxa. Sylloge lib.de Repub

Post Postremam Navgerianam et Victorianam correctionem Emendata à Ioanne Sturmio. Cum Indice locupletissimo. Additae etiam sunt Erasmi Roterodami, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et Bartholomaei Latomi annotationes in eosdem libros. Omnia, quàm antehac, et locupletiora et emendatiora.

Blattformen : Zahlbrucknera paradoxa - Cortusa matthioli - Helleborus viridis - Helleborus niger - Anemone nemorosa - Zahlbrucknera paradoxa - Anemone narcissiflora - Betonica officinalis

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Ciceronis de officiis Libri Tres [Texto impreso] ; Cato Maior ; vel de senectute ; Laelius ; Vel de amicitia ; Paradoxa stoicorum sex ; Somnium Scipionis ; Ex libro sexto de republica.

Copia digital: Biblioteca Valenciana, 2011

Una clave humanista de mediados del siglo XV para el Humanismo de la Corona de Aragón desde fines del siglo XIV: Ferran Valentí y el Prólogo a su traducción de las Paradoxa de Cicerón

In this article I study the Preface by Ferran Valentí to his own translation into Catalan of Cicero’s Paradoxa. Ferran Valentí was a humanist from Majorca, author in Catalan language who earned a Low Degree at the University of Bologna and who declared himself a devoted “son and pupil” of humanist Leonardo Bruni. Valentí made an analysis of the humanistic Canon in mid-15th century, including troubadours, Dante, Lullius, Latin literature classics and several Catalan authors, such as Bernat Metge. This proves that humanism was a true trend in the Crown of Aragon from the 2nd half of the 14th Century on.

De Pinguedine pingue Commentariolum, in quo natura, causae, modus generatione, & varia problemata explicantur nouaque, & paradoxa verissima tamen de sedimine urinao opimo stabilitur ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Pinguedine pingue Commentariolum, in quo natura, causae, modus generatione, & varia problemata explicantur nouaque, & paradoxa verissima tamen de sedimine vrinae opinio stabilitur ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Paradoxa ciuilis philosophiae speculationes, quibus tyheoricce, ac practice aliquas iuris communis, & Regni leges novisime interpretatur... et periphrasim difficilium textuum /

Mode of access: Internet.

Q. Moderati Censorini De vita, et morte Latinae linguae paradoxa philologica criticis nonnullis dissertationibus exposita, asserta, et probata...

Mode of access: Internet.

M. Tulii Ciceronis De officiis libri tres item Cato maior vel De senectute Laelius vel de amicitia Paradoxa stoicorum sex Somnium Scipionis

Mode of access: Internet.

Thebana paradoxa,

Reprinted in 1845 under title: Commentationes de Thebarum Boeticarum primordiis ...

Vier Paradoxa

Mode of access: Internet.

De christiana humiltate, aduersus stoicorum decreta et paradoxa : libri duo /

Mode of access: Internet.

M.T. Ciceronis De officiis libri tres. Cato major, vel de senectute. Lælius, vel de amicitia. Paradoxa Stoicorum sex. Somnium Scipionis. :

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