Teorema de Noether do Cálculo das Variações e Controlo Óptimo Estocásticos

Neste trabalho começamos por apresentar os problemas clássicos do cálculo das variações e controlo óptimo determinísticos, dando ênfase ás condições necessárias de optimalidade de Euler-Lagrange e Princípioípio do Máximo de Pontryagin (Capítulo 1). No Capítulo 2 demonstramos o Teorema de Noether do cálculo das variações e uma sua extensão ao controlo óptimo. Como exemplos de aplicação mencionamos as leis de conservação de momento e energia da mecânica, válidas ao longo das extremais de Euler-Lagrange ou das extremais de Pontryagin. Numa segunda parte do trabalho introduzimos o cálculo das variações estocástico (Capítulo 3) e demonstramos um teorema de Noether estocástico obtido recententemente por Jacky Cresson (Capítulo 4). O Capítulo 5 ´e dedicado á programação dinâmica: caso discreto e contínuo, caso determinístico e estocástico.

Kutenai tales / by Franz Boas ; together with texts collected by Alexander Francis Chamberlain

Collection : Bulletin ; 59

The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales.

Emerging evidence indicates that angiogenesis and immunosuppression frequently occur simultaneously in response to diverse stimuli. Here, we describe a fundamental biological programme that involves the activation of both angiogenesis and immunosuppressive responses, often through the same cell types or soluble factors. We suggest that the initiation of these responses is part of a physiological and homeostatic tissue repair programme, which can be co-opted in pathological states, notably by tumours. This view can help to devise new cancer therapies and may have implications for aseptic tissue injury, pathogen-mediated tissue destruction, chronic inflammation and even reproduction.

Tales of the City. Storytelling as a contemporary tool of urban planning and design

Almost thirty years ago, as the social sciences underwent their 'discursive turn', Bernardo Secchi (1984) drew, in what he called the 'urban planning narrative', the attention of planners to the production of myths, turning an activity often seen as primarily technical into one centred around the production of images and ideas. This conception of planning practice gave rise to a powerful current of research in English-speaking countries. Efforts were made to both combine the urban planning narrative with storytelling and to establish storytelling as a prescriptive or descriptive model for planning practice. Thus, just as storytelling is supposed to have led democratic communication off track through a pronounced concern for a good story, storytelling applied to the field of urban production may have led to an increasing preoccupation with staging and showmanship for projects to the detriment of their real inclusion in political debate. It is this possible transformation of the territorial action that will be the focus of the articles collected in this special issue of Articulo - Journal of urban research.